Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T21:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tonetti_AdrianoLuiz_M.pdf: 4911696 bytes, checksum: 17f72ad475f9781c9cc0c2be169415a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O objetivo deste projeto foi estudar os filtros de areia como um método de baixo custo para o pós-tratamento de filtros anaeróbios alimentados com esgoto sanitário. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se contribuir com o desenvolvimento deste sistema avaliando-se a eficiência de tratamento de quatro filtros de areia com diferentes profundidades de leitos (0,25; 0,50, 0,75 e 1,00 m). A alimentação era proveniente de reatores anaeróbios e foram empregadas cinco cargas diferentes de aplicação (20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 Lm-2). Cada uma delas dispostas diariamente pelo período de um mês. O esgoto bruto, afluente e efluente dos filtros de areia foram analisados semanalmente, permitindo constatar que no emprego de baixas cargas de efluente anaeróbio o sistema propiciava uma remoção superior a 96% da DBO, adequação na emissão de coliformes totais e completa nitrificação. Aumentando-se as cargas, ocorria uma pequena redução da eficiência, no entanto os resultados ainda eram satisfatórios / Abstract: The aim of this project was to study sand filters as a low cost method in the post treatment of upflow anaerobic filter effluent, fed by municipal wastewater. This research intends to contribute with the development of this system estimating the efficiency of the treatment of four sand filters with different depths of the sand layer (0,25; 0,50, 0,75 e 1,00 m). The feed (I think it's influent) was from the four upflow anaerobic filters. Five hydraulic loads (20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 Lm-2) were used to apply the effluent on the sand filters. Each one was applied for one month and later the frequency was increased for two and tree times per day. The municipal wastewater, influent and the effluent of the sand filter were weekly analyzed allowing to conclude that the treatment system had good removal of BOD, COD, TOC, nutrients and microorganisms like total and fecal coli forms. The effluent was good to be disposed or to reused. / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T15:44:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kanegae_AlexandrePatto_M.pdf: 1125389 bytes, checksum: dc519b3abb15e2a72d094f64448f7383 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de se verificar a utilização de filtros de areia, como um sistema de pós-tratamento de efluentes de filtros anaeróbios na remoção de organismos patogênicos presentes nos esgotos, tais como protozoários e helmintos. Para tanto, foi feita a verificação das melhores taxas de aplicação de efluente de filtro anaeróbio em 4 filtros de areia, com profundidades de 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 m. As taxas de aplicação foram de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 Lm-2dia -1. O tempo do experimento foi de Maio de 2003 a Agosto de 2004. Para verificação dos organismos presentes no efluente utilizou-se a metodologia adotada pela Cetesb, descrita pela norma L5.550 (1989) - Hoffman modificado e os resultados foram expressos em número de organismos/L. Os resultados demonstraram que o processo de tratamento biológico ocorrido nos filtros de areia com leito mais profundo (1,00 m) foi o que apresentou melhor performance. Não houve correlação entre o número de organismos encontrados e as taxas aplicadas, mas o valor estipulado pela NBR 7229 (1993) de 100 Lm-2dia-1 de efluente aplicado, apresentou resultados satisfatórios / Abstract: This project was developed with the aim of verifying the use of sand filters as a post treatment system of effluents from anaerobic filters. Most of the pathogens found in the wastewater can be classified as protozoans and helminths. For that, the best application rates of anaerobic effluent were studied in four sand filters. They were 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 and 1,00 m deep. The application rates were 20, 40,60,80 e 100 Lm-2day-1. The experiment was run from May 2003 to August 2004. To verify the presence of the organisms in the wastewater, the methodology adopted by Cetesb was used (described as Standard L5.550, 1989) - Hoffman modified and the results were expressed in number or organisms/L. The results show that the biological process of treatment occurred in the deepest sand filter (1,00 m) was the one which presented the best performance. There was no correlation between the number of microorganisms found and the applied rates but, the value established by NBR 7229 (1993) of 100 Lm-2day-1 of effluent presented satisfactory results / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Chlorine has a wide variety of applications in water treatment. Because of its disinfectant efficacy, it is used world wide for the treatment of potable water, sewage, swimming pools and for the control of nuisance organisms in cooling towers. A problem arises when such chlorinated water enters the natural environment, as chlorine's greatest advantage, i.e. its germicidal capacity, becomes its greatest disadvantage. In particular, the discharge of heated, chlorinated water from cooling towers and chlorinated, treated sewage into rivers have severe consequences for the riverine flora and fauna. This study focused on the effects of chlorinated, treated sewage effluent on the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates in two rivers in KwaZulu-Natal viz. the Umsunduze River in the Pietermaritzburg area, and the Umbilo River in the Durban area. The study was conducted in three phases. The first two phases comprised a toxicological investigation of the effects of chlorine on a selected riverine macroinvertebrate, and the third phase comprised an ecotoxicological investigation of the effects of chlorinated treated sewage on benthic macroinvertebrate community structure. The first phase of the study involved the development of an artificial stream system which would be suitable for determining the response of a selected macroinvertebrate species to chlorine. Chlorine is both reactive and volatile, so this necessitated the development of a specialised flow-through system with apparatus which would allow continuous dosing of a sodium hypochlorite solution. The system was set up at the Process Evaluation Facility at Wiggins Waterworks, Durban, where raw water from lnanda Dam was used. The second phase involved the use of this artificial stream system to conduct acute 96 h toxicity tests. Baetid mayfly nymphs (Baetis harrisoni Barnard) were selected as the test organisms after a preliminary investigation found them to be suitable for survival under laboratory conditions. For comparative purposes, tests were run first on B. harrisoni from a relatively uncontaminated stream in a residential area of Westville, then on specimens from the severely impacted Umbilo River. The LC₅₀ of chlorine for organisms from both sources was found to be in the region of 0.004 mg/l (free chlorine). This value was well below the general effluent standard of 0.1 mg/l in effect at the time. The recommended acute environmental guideline is 0.001 mg/l. The third phase of the study involved field validation of the toxicity test results. It was hypothesised that since the LC₅₀ for free chlorine was 0.004 mg/l, B. harrisoni would not be found downstream from a point source of chlorinated effluent where the concentration of free chlorine ranged from 0.06 to 0.2 mg/l, and that the macroinvertebrate community structure would also be altered. In order to test these hypotheses, benthic macro invertebrate community structure was investigated at several sites up- and downstream from the outlets of the Darvill Wastewater Works in the Umsunduze River and the Umbilo Sewage Purification Works in the Umbilo River. In addition, in order to differentiate between the effects of chlorinated and unchlorinated treated sewage, a section of the Umbilo River (upstream from the chlorinated discharge) was exposed to unchlorinated, treated sewage. In this way, a limited "before and after" sewage and an "upstream and downstream" from sewage investigation could be carried out. Organisms were collected from riffles (and from pools in the Umbilo River) and the samples were then sorted and organisms were identified to species level, where possible, otherwise to genus or family. Changes in community composition were shown graphically as pie charts of relative proportions of organisms found at each site, graphs of the average number of taxa at each site; and graphs of the average number of individuals at each site; Data from the Umbilo River were also analysed using TWINSPAN (Two-way indicator species analysis). In both the Umsunduze and the Umbilo rivers, the deleterious effects of the chlorinated effluent were clearly evident. At Umsunduze Site 3 and Umbilo Site 5 (both immediately downstream from the chlorinated effluent) both the number of taxa and number of individuals were substantially reduced, sometimes to zero. Where organisms were found at the next sites downstream (Sites 4 and 6 respectively), the samples were dominated by Chironomus. In contrast, the unchlorinated effluent in the Umbilo River caused very little difference in community structure. As predicted, B. harrisoni was not found in downstream samples in which chlorine was present, yet appeared to be relatively unaffected by the unchlorinated effluent, suggesting that chlorine, rather than the effluent was responsible for its absence at downstream sites. In conclusion, it would appear that while treated sewage effluent certainly causes changes in macroinvertebrate community structure, chlorination of this effluent leads to large scale destruction of the riverine community. This in turn delays the recovery process of the river, rendering a longer stretch unfit for use. The consequences of this delayed recovery are that the failure to meet the water quality requirements of the natural environment results in those of the other water users (agriculture, industry, domestic and recreation) not being met. This reduces the natural capacity of the riverine community to process organic waste and recover from the discharge of sewage effluent. Chlorination increases the distance of impaired water quality and environmental integrity which result from organically enriched treated sewage effluent. The results of the study indicated that the draft water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystems, derived from inadequate data, and calculated with a safety factor, were the correct order of magnitude. The approach followed in the study will be useful in the development and refinement of water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystems.

Water is an essential need that stimulates health and well being. Increase in population size and urbanization negatively affect water resources due to high demands of effluent outputs. Wastewater is an important reservoir for Escherichia coli and can present significant acute toxicity if released into receiving water sources without being adequately treated. E. coli is used as indicator organism for the detection of faecal contamination. These strains have been considered to be one of the primary causes of diarrhoeal infections worldwide. The present study was conducted between September 2012 and June 2013 to assess the prevalence of pathogenic E. coli strains in the final effluents of four wastewater treatment plants in Chris Hani and Buffalo City Municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Standard membrane filtration technique was used for bacteriological analysis and molecular based technique was used for identification of E. coli pathotypes. The results were recorded in colony forming units/100 ml. Faecal coliforms ranged between 0-9.6×10³ CFU/100 ml for the wwtp-Q and E. coli densities ranged between 0-8.4×10³ CFU/100ml. Faecal coliforms ranged between 4×10²-9.7×10³ CFU/100 ml for wwtp-M and E. coli densities ranged between 1.2×10¹-8.4×10³ CFU/100 ml. The wwtp-E showed to have bacterial counts of faecal coliforms ranging between 4.0×10³-8.2×10³ CFU/100 ml and E. coli densities ranging between 3.5×10¹-7.1×10³ CFU/100 ml. The WWTP-K in this study was only assessed for the presence of E. coli. Faecal coliforms were assessed by the other members of the group. This plant showed to have E. coli densities ranging between 0-7.5×10²CFU/100 ml. A total of 200 presumptive E. coli isolates were subjected to screening by conventional PCR in which (29%) of the wwtp-M isolates were positively identified as E. coli, (16%) of the wwtp-K, (22%) of the wwtp-Q and (34%) of the wwtp-E isolates were positively confirmed as E. coli. A total of 100 randomly selected E. coli isolates were characterised into different pathotypes. (16%) of positive isolates were detected as EPEC and 11% were detected as UPEC strains. There was no detection for the ETEC strains. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of E. coli strains showed high levels of resistance to Penicillin G, Erythromycin, Tetracycline and Sulfamethoxazole. High levels of Susceptibility were observed in antibiotics such as Chloramphenicol, Amoxicillin and Tetracycline. The results of this study reveal that the plants were above the recommended Standard limit of zero CFU/100 ml for effluents meant to be discharge into receiving water sources. This study reveals inadequacy of the plants studied to produce effluents of acceptable quality.

Wastewater discharges may contain health compromising pathogens and carcinogenic and/or chemical substances that could compromise the public health and impact negatively on the environment. The present study was conducted between August 2007 and July 2008 to evaluate the Listeria abundance (as free-living and plankton associated species) and physicochemical qualities of the final effluents of three wastewater treatment facilities in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa selected to represent typical urban, peri-urban and rural communities and the impact of the discharged final effluents on their respective receiving watershed, as well as to elucidated the in vitro antibiotic susceptibilities and resistance genes profile of Listeria species isolated from the final effluents. The suitability of the secondary effluent of the urban treatment facility (as a case study) for use in agriculture and aquaculture with reference to recommended standards was also determined. Wastewater samples were collected from the raw sewage, secondary effluent, final treated effluent, discharge point, 500 m upstream discharge point, and 500 m downstream discharge point from all three locations on a monthly basis throughout the study period. Listeria abundance in the final effluents and the receiving watersheds varied between 2.9× 100 and 3.52 × 105cfu/ml across the sampled locations. Free-living listerial density across the sampled locations ranged between 0 and 3.2 × 103cfu/ml while counts of Listeria species attached to large (180 μm) planktons varied from 0 to 1.58 × 105 cfu/ml and those of the 60 and 20 μm categories were in the range of 0 to 1.32 × 103 cfu/ml and 0 to 2.82 × 105 cfu/ml respectively. Listeria abundance did not vary significantly with location and season; there was however, significant (P < 0.05; P < 0.01) variance in Listeria abundance with plankton sizes across the locations. Free-living Listeria species were more abundant in the rural and urban xii communities than plankton attached Listeria species; whereas the reverse was the case in the peri-urban community. Prevalence of Listeria in terms of total counts was 100 percent across all sampled locations. Free-living Listeria species showed prevalence ranging from 84-96 percent across the sampling locations; while Listeria species attached to large (180 μm) planktons exhibited prevalence ranging from 75 percent to 90 percent. The prevalence of medium-sized (60 μm) plankton associated Listeria species varied between 58 percent and 92.5 percent; whereas those of Listeria species attached to small (20 μm) planktons ranged from 65-100 percent across all three communities. Listeria prevalence was generally a reflection of the turbidity of the water system, with free-living Listeria species being more prevalent than plankton associated cells in the relatively less turbid rural and urban waters compared to the more turbid peri-urban waters where plankton attached cells were more prevalent in comparison with their free living counterparts The final treated effluent quality fell short of recommended standards for turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and phosphate across all three communities. In addition, the final effluent of the rural treatment plant also fell short of recommended standard for NO3, while that of the urban treatment plant did not comply with acceptable limits for dissolved oxygen and nitrite. Other physicochemical parameters were compliant with set standards after treatment. An inverse relationship was observed between chlorine residual and listerial density across the sampled facilities; the effect of chlorine was however not enough to eliminate the pathogen from the water systems. At the urban treatment plant and its receiving watershed, pH, temperature, EC, turbidity, TDS, DO, and nitrate varied significantly with season and sampling point (P < 0.05; P < 0.01). Salinity also varied significantly with sampling point (P < 0.01), while COD and nitrite varied significantly with season (P < 0.05). Although, the treated effluent fell within recommended water quality standard for pH, TDS, nitrate and nitrite, it fell short of stipulated standards for other parameters. Whereas the microbial quality of the secondary treated effluent at this (urban) facility fell short of recommended standard after secondary treatment, its physicochemical quality were generally compliant with recommended standards for reuse wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture. Listeria pathogens isolated from effluents of the rural wastewater facility were sensitive to 11 (55 percent) of the 20 test antibiotics, and showed varying (7-71 percent) levels of resistance to 8 antibiotics; whereas those isolated from the peri-urban community showed sensitivity to 6 (30 percent) of the 20 test antibiotics, and varying (6-94 percent) levels of resistance to 12 antibiotics; while the urban effluent isolates were sensitive to 3 (15 percent) of the 20 test antibiotics, and showed varying (4.5-91 percent) levels of resistance to 17 antibiotics. Multiple antibiotic resistances involving 78.5-100 percent of isolates and antibiotics combination ranging from 2-10 antibiotics was observed across the sampled locations. Penicillin G and ampicillin showed remarkably high (64-91 percent) phenotypic resistance across the three sampled facilities. Other antibiotics, to which isolates showed significant resistance, were linezolid (22-88 percent); erythromycin (43-94 percent) and sulphamethoxazole (7-94 percent). Two of the 14 Listeria strains isolated from the rural effluents were positive for ereA and sul1 antibiotic resistance genes; while sulII genes were detected in five of the 23 Listeria isolates from the urban effluent and none was detected in isolates from the peri-urban community. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolates did not correlate with phenotypic antibiotic resistance. The current study demonstrated that Listeria pathogens easily survived the activated sludge treatment process as free-living and plankton attached entities and suggests that municipal wastewater treatment plants are a significant source of multiple resistant Listeria pathogens in the South African aquatic milieu. While the physicochemical quality of the urban final effluent suggests that it is a major source of pollution to the receiving watershed, the secondary effluent quality demonstrated a great potential for use in agriculture and aquaculture.

PhD. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / South Africa utilises more antiretroviral (ARV) compounds per capita than any other nation in the fight against Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Considering the main entrance pathways of antiviral drugs into the urban water cycle, excretions via urine or faeces from treated individuals play a dominant role. Due to the limited efficiency of conventional biological treatment (activated sludge), ARVs were detected in South African wastewater treatment plant effluents and surface waters. This poses a threat to aquatic environments due to the toxicity of ARVs and can be a potential contributor to ARV resistance due to persistent low level ARV exposure in the general population. This study investigated the efficacy of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) for ctybtri8nthe elimination of five ARV compounds i.e., tenofovir, emtricitabine, nevirapine, ritonavir and efavirenz from synthetic wastewater. Furthermore, the study also looked at the shift in microbial community compositions of biofilms in the MBBR due to exposure to the ARV compounds. Lastly, the ecotoxicity of the MBBR’s influent and effluent along with the actual ARV compounds were examined. The capacity of ARV degradation by the MBBR was investigated by spiking synthetic wastewater influent with 10 μg/L of five ARV compounds. Actual removal during treatment was assessed by sampling the inlets and outlets of the reactor. A targeted solid phase extraction method with Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to quantify the five ARV compounds. Microbial diversity (alpha-diversity) of seeded sludge from a full-scale municipal WWTP and biofilm samples from a laboratory scale MBBR system during pre- and post-introduction of ARV compounds was investigated by Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Ecological toxicity of the MBBR’s influent and effluent along with the five ARV compounds was determined using the Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum toxicity test kits and measured as EC50. After MBBR treatment; Nevirapine, Tenofovir, Efavirenz, Ritonavir and Emtricitabine all showed marked reduction in concentration between the influent and effluent of the MBBR. On average, the percentage removed for Nevirapine, Tenofovir, Efavirenz, Ritonavir and Emtricitabine was 62.31%, 74.18%, 93.62%, 94.18% and 94.87% respectively. Microbial diversity results demonstrated that the introduction of antiretroviral drugs affects the bacterial community composition and diversity considerably. For instance, Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira and Alicycliphilus were found to be higher in post introduction of ARV compounds biofilm samples than in biofilm samples before the introduction of ARV compounds. The EC50 for Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, Nevirapine, Ritonavir and Efavirenz were 82.5, 41.7, 39.3, 60.3 and 0.21 mg/L respectively for S. capricornutum; 81.3, 50.7, 49, 87.1 and 0.43 mg/L respectively for D. magna; and 73.5, 55.1, 41.3, 83.6 and 0.55 mg/L respectively for V. fischeri. The EC50 of the influent and effluent were found to be above 100% concentration, therefore they could not be specifically determined. The ecotoxicity results show that ARV compounds are potentially toxic to the environment, with efavirenz being more toxic than the other four ARV compounds tested. Since there were no toxic effects observed from the effluent, it can be assumed that mineralisation has occurred, or the transformation products are of less or equal toxicity to the influent (because the influent did not show any toxic effects to the model organisms tested).

PhD (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / This research has investigated the effects of conjugation on the visible light absorption capacity of polyene modified TiO2 nanoparticles as well as the efficiency of these nanoparticles for the mineralisation of acetaminophen (APAP), a non-antibiotic and chloramphenicol (CAP), an antibiotic pharmaceutical compound (PC) which are commonly used worldwide. The efficiency of polyene modified TiO2 (CPE-TiO2) compared with bare TiO2 was further assessed for the mineralisation of the selected PCs under visible light. To achieve this aim, the synthesised nanoparticles were appropriately characterised and tested for the photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen (APAP) and chloramphenicol (CAP), under visible light. Furthermore, the mechanism and the kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of the PCs were investigated by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to monitor the photodegradation intermediates, e.g. Hydroquinone, p-nitrophenol and oxamic acid. The DRS UV-vis spectra result of the CPE-TiO2 indicated that it has a lower band-gap than bare TiO2 nanoparticles and demonstrated a better absorption ability in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm. This result was further confirmed by other optical analyses, such as electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL). The analysis indicated a less recombination rate of electron/hole pairs in CPE-TiO2 compared to TiO2. Notably, CPE-TiO2 nanocomposite exhibited higher photocatalytic properties for both pollutants, compared to bare TiO2 under visible light. Importantly, photocatalytic degradation experiments demonstrated that the CPE modified nanoparticles were significantly more efficient for PCs degradation (94.21 % for APAP and 80.47% for CAP) compared to bare TiO2 (27.12% for APAP and 36.12% for CAP). The role of CPE-TiO2 photocatalysis in degrading APAP and CAP was examined by varying experimental parameters such as PC concentrations, catalyst loading and solution pH. All the parameters were observed to influence the degradation of the PCs to some extent, albeit, at optimum conditions, most of these PCs were degraded within 210 minutes of visible light irradiation. A significant relationship between the ionic state (+ve or -ve based on the pH) of the solution and CPE-TiO2 photocatalytic process was observed. For the mineralisation, CPE-TiO2 photocatalysis led to higher oxidation rates compared to direct photolysis and bare TiO2 photocatalysis. The results confirm that the co-existence of multiple bonds in poly-conjugated carbon chains with a reduced band-gap in CPE-TiO2 composite were able to enhance charge separation and migration as well as improve the photocatalytic efficiency. This study has clearly demonstrated that polyene modified TiO2 nanoparticles can be applied to degrade PCs in aqueous solution and offers an attractive option for small-scale pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. However, the complex nature of real effluents with co-existing pollutants and higher levels of organic and inorganic matter may call for possible coupling of a biological process as pre- or post-treatment to improve their biodegradability.

Industrial effluents with high concentrations of heavy metals are widespread pollutants of great concerns as they are known to be persistent and non-degradable. Continuous monitoring and treatment of the effluents become pertinent because of their impacts on wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between heavy metal pollution in water and the location of industries in order to ascertain the effectiveness of the municipal waste water treatment plant. Heavy metal identification and physico-chemical analysis were done using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and multi-parameter probe respectively. Correlation coefficients of the measured values were done to investigate the effect of the industrial effluents on the treatment plants. Heavy metal resistant bacteria were identified and characterised by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Leeuwkuil wastewater treatment plants were effective in maintaining temperature, pH, and chemical oxygen demand within South Africa green drop and SAGG Standards whereas the purification plant was effective in maintaining the values of Cu, Zn, Al, temperature, BOD, COD, and TDS within the SANS and WHO standard for potable water. This findings indicated the need for the treatment plants to be reviewed.The industrial wastewater were identified as a point source of heavy metal pollution that influenced Leeuwkuil wastewater treatment plants and the purification plants in Vaal, Vereenining South Africa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus sp. strain and Bacillus toyonensis that showed 100% similarity were found to be resistant to Al, Cu, Pb and Zn. These identified bacteria can be considered for further study in bioremediation. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

CAPES; EMATER / Um dos maiores problemas ambientais da população brasileira é a falta de tratamento de esgoto, principalmente em comunidades rurais e de baixa renda. O desenvolvimento de tecnologias para saneamento eficientes e de baixo custo precisam ser desenvolvidas para atender a população desfavorecida deste serviço básico. Nesse trabalho foi proposta a implantação de uma tecnologia denominada wetlands construídos, também conhecida por Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto por Zona de Raízes – ETEZR. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver uma proposta de Educação Ambiental não formal para o saneamento, utilizando metodologias de sensibilização para os moradores e implantação desta tecnologia ETEZR na comunidade rural da Colônia Mergulhão em São José dos Pinhais - PR. Com o apoio técnico do Instituto Paranaense de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural – EMATER e da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – UTFPR, foram implantadas 5 ETEZR na colônia, por meio de 3 Oficinas teóricas e práticas, nas quais participaram no total 67 pessoas da comunidade, 5 técnicos da EMATER e 13 da Prefeitura Municipal do Município. Após 4 meses da implantação foram realizadas 2 coletas do efluente bruto e tratado para analisar parâmetros físico-químicos e biológicos. Os resultados avaliados pelos parâmetros químicos DBO, DQO, fósforo, nitrogênio amoniacal comparando esgoto bruto e tratado, demonstram que as ETEZR são eficientes no tratamento de esgoto.Nas 5 estações a eficiência mínima e máxima entre os parâmetros básicos analisados foram de 52,2 a 95,5% para a DBO; 47 a 94,5% para a DQO; 21,5 a 96% para fósforo; 30 a 98% para nitrogênio amoniacal. Os óleos e graxas, e a série de sólidos também obtiveram significativa redução em seus valores quando comparados o esgoto bruto e o esgoto tratado, e os parâmetros biológicos avaliados por meio dos coliformes apresentaram uma redução entre 80 a 99%. Com a aplicação do processo de Educação Ambiental voltado ao saneamento foi possível avaliar a percepção da população para a aceitação da tecnologia de saneamento ambiental utilizando as ETEZR, compreender as necessidades e conceitos de saneamento para a comunidade. : Esta pesquisa avaliou o desenvolvimento da metodologia aplicada pela Educação Ambiental não formal, a fim de proporcionar subsídios ao processo do plano de saneamento rural para o município. / One of the biggest environmental problems of the population is the lack of sewage treatment, especially in rural communities and low-income. The development of technologies for efficient, low-cost sanitation need to be developed to meet the disadvantaged people of this basic service. This work was the implementation proposal of a technology called constructed wetlands, also known as Wastewater Treatment Plant for Roots Zone - ETEZR. The objective was to develop a non- formal environmental education proposal for redevelopment, using outreach methods for residents and deployment of this technology ETEZR in the rural community of Cologne Grebe in Sao Jose dos Pinhais - PR. With technical support from the Paranaense Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Institute -EMATER and the Federal Technological University of Paraná - UTFPR, 5 ETEZR were deployed in the colony through three theoretical and practical workshops, which involved total 67 people from the community 5 technicians EMATER and 13 of the Municipal Town Hall. Após4 months of implementation were carried out two collections of raw wastewater and treated to analyze physical, chemical and biological parameters. The results evaluated by chemical parameters BOD, COD, phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen comparing raw and treated sewage, demonstrate that ETEZR are effective in the treatment of sewage. 5 Seasons minimum and maximum efficiency between the basic parameters analyzed were 52.2 to 95.5% for BOD; 47 to 94.5% for COD; 21.5 to 96% phosphorus; 30-98% for ammonia nitrogen. Oils and greases, and a series of solid also achieved a significant reduction in their values when comparing the raw sewage and treated sewage, and biological parameters evaluated by means of coliforms showed a reduction of 80 to 99%. With the implementation of environmental education process aimed sanitation was possible to evaluate the perception of the population to accept the environmental sanitation technology using the ETEZR, understand the needs and sanitation concepts for the community. This research evaluated the development of the methodology applied by the non-formal environmental education in order to provide subsidies for rural sanitation plan process for the municipality.

CAPES / Atualmente há preocupação da sociedade em relação aos impactos gerados pelas indústrias ao meio ambiente. Para produção de celulose e de papel é usada grande quantidade de água, madeira e produtos químicos, sendo gerado efluente nos diferentes processos produtivos da indústria. A matéria orgânica e a cor do efluente do processo Kraft se devem à presença de moléculas derivadas da lignina que são difíceis de serem removidas ou biodegradadas. Com vistas à remedição deste efluente, o presente trabalho busca avaliar a remoção de cor e matéria orgânica residual de efluente de celulose Kraft pré-tratado biologicamente, usando carvão ativado de casca de coco e argila montmorilonita pelo método de adsorção através de delineamentos experimentais. Para remoção de cor e matéria orgânica foram avaliados os fatores: a) pH do efluente; b) massa do material adsorvente no processo de adsorção e c) temperatura. A capacidade de adsorção de matéria orgânica e cor no carvão ativado e argila montmorilonita foram determinados pelo modelo matemático de Langmuir e Freundlich, por meio de ensaios de construção de isotermas de adsorção em efluente Kraft. O efluente foi caracterizado quanto a DQO, DBO5,20, COT e cor verdadeira antes e depois do tratamento terciário. Para o tratamento do efluente foram empregadas duas temperaturas: 25 e 40°C, seguiu-se planejamento fatorial completo 32 em triplicata com ponto central tendo como variáveis pH (5,0; 6,0 e 7,0) e massa de material adsorvente (0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 g). O planejamento experimental utilizado permitiu obter os melhores resultados com carvão ativado em 40 °C, pH 7,0 e 1,5 g de adsorvente com remoção de: 98% de COT, 83% de DQO, 97% de DBO5,20 e 95% de cor verdadeira e para argila em temperatura de 40 oC, pH 7, e 1,5 g de adsorvente com remoção de: 55% de COT, 50% de DQO, 90% de DBO5,20, e 56% de cor verdadeira. A principal variável responsável pela remoção de cor e matéria orgânica foi a massa de adsorvente seguida do pH. Também foi avaliada a possibilidade de aproveitamento do resíduo obtido a partir do processo de adsorção na incorporação de cinzas de carvão na produção de argamassas com teores de 0,4%, 1,0% e 1,2%; em cimento portland, areia e água com tempos de cura de 7 e 28 dias fazendo testes de resistência à compressão. Para a reutilização da argila foram utilizados 15% de argila do processo de adsorção, 25% de vidro e 60% de argila vermelha, para a confecção de corpos de prova cerâmico à temperatura de 1100 oC a 1150 oC. De modo geral, o processo de tratamento proposto neste trabalho utilizando carvão ativado, demostrou ser boa alternativa comparado com argila montmorilonita para redução de cor e matéria orgânica residual do efluente de processo Kraft, tendo-se em vista a utilização da cinza do carvão utilizado no processo de adsorção como um agregado para formação de argamassas na construção civil e argila utilizada na adsorção como material cerâmico. / Nowadays, there is a concern of society regarding the impacts caused by the industries on the environment. Large amounts of water, wood and chemichal are used to produce cellulose and paper, and contaminated effluents are generated through the various industrial processes associated. The organic matter and the color of the Kraft effluent are due to the presence of lignin-derived molecules that are difficult to be removed or biodegraded. With intent to remediate this effluent, this study aim to evaluate the removal of color and residual organic matter from biologically pretreated Kraft effluent, using activated carbon from coconut shell and montmorillonite clay by adsorption method through experimental designs. For the color and organic matter removal, the following factors were evaluated: a) pH of the effluent; b) the mass of the adsorbent material in the adsorption process and c) temperature. The adsorption capacity of organic matter and color in the activated carbon and in the montmorillonite clay were determined by the mathematical model of Langmuir and Freundlich, by means of isotherm adsorption construction in Kraft effluent.The effluent was characterized by COD, DBO5,20, COT and true color before and after the tertiary treatment. For it treatment two temperatures were employed: 25 °C and 40 °C, followed by a 32 full factorial design with center point in triplicate, using pH (5.0, 6.0 and 7.0) and masses of adsorbent material (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g) as variables. The experimental design used showed that the best results with activated carbon are obtained at 40 ° C, pH 7.0 and 1.5 g of adsorbent with removals of 98% of TOC, 83% of COD, 97% of BOD5,25 and 95% of true color. With clay, the best results occurred at temperature of 40 ° C, pH 7, and 1.5 g of adsorbent to remove 55% of COT, 50% of COD, 90% of BOD5,20 and 56% of true color. The main responsible for the removal of color and organic matter was the mass of adsorbent, followed by the pH. It was also evaluated the possibility of using the residue obtained from the adsorption process in the incorporation of carbon ash to produce mortars with levels of 0.4%, 1.0% and 1.2% in Portland cement, sand and water, with curing times of 7 and 28 days, for which compressive strength tests were performed. To reuse the clay, 15% of the clay from the adsorption process was used, together with 25% of glass and 60% of red clay, in order to construct ceramics bodies specimen generated at temperatures from 1100 °C to 1150 °C. The treatment process proposed in this work using activated carbon demonstrated to be, in general, a good alternative compared to montmorillonite clay for the color reduction and residual organic matter removal from Kraft process effluent, while residues from both process can be used as aggregates for mortars and ceramic body production.