Kommersiell Sexuell Exploatering av Barn (KSEB) är ett ökande globalt problem,vilket är särskilt tydligt utvecklingsländer med en växande turistnäring. CostaRica har gjort omfattande insatser i det förebyggande arbetet mot dessa brott, menstudier visar att dessa ansträngningar är otillräckliga, särskilt rörande hjälpinsatsertill offer. KSEB har fått betydande uppmärksamhet under de senaste åren ochfrivilligorganisationer har anslutit sig till kampen mot dessa brott. Syftet meddenna studie är att förstå de nuvarande utmaningarna som frivilligorganisationeroch Costa Ricas regering står inför, i kampen att hjälpa offren och bekämpaKSEB, samt att undersöka samarbetet mellan Costa Ricas regering ochfrivilligorganisationer som arbetar för att förhindra dessa brott. Dessa frågor harbesvarats genom kvalitativa intervjuer med frivilligorganisationer och statligaorganisationer under en fältstudie i Costa Rica. Resultaten visar att det störstahindret i kampen mot KSEB är bristen på medvetenhet om förekomsten av dessabrott tillsammans med finansiella hinder i det förebyggande arbetet. Resultatrörande hindren av hjälp till offer visar att diskrepanser på hur hjälpen skaförmedlas är det allvarligaste problemet. Utöver detta saknas det fungerandeåteranpassningsprogram. När det gäller samarbete, visar resultaten attkommunikationen och samarbetet totalt sett är tillfredsställande. Det finns dock entydlig brist på organisatorisk samordning och resultaten visar att regeringen ärovetande om de frivilligorganisationer i landet som arbetar med att förhindradessa brott, vilket utpekades som ett stort hinder för samarbetet. / Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is an increasing global issue, which is especially evident in developing countries with growing tourist industries. Costa Rica has made extensive efforts in the prevention work against these crimes, however, there is evidence that these efforts are insufficient, especially in terms of assisting victims. CSEC has received substantial attention over the last few years and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) has joined the fight against these crimes. The aim of this study is to understand the current challenges NGOs and the government is facing in helping victims and combatCSEC, as well as to investigate the collaboration between the Costa Ricangovernment and NGOs who work within counter-trafficking departments. Byusing a qualitative approach during a field study in Costa Rica, the questions ofissue has been answered by interviewing NGOs and government officials abouttheir experiences. The results show that the largest obstacle in combating CSEC isthe lack of awareness about the prevalence of these crimes along with financialstruggles in the prevention work. Moreover, the results regarding challenges inhelping victims was embedded in discrepancies on how to assist the victims,along with a lack of reintegration programs. Regarding collaboration, the resultsshow that the communications and collaboration is overall satisfying. However,there is a clear lack of organizational coordination and counter-trafficking NGOsare not known to the government, which is pointed out as major challenges interms of collaboration.

This dissertation engages with the driving motivations behind the actions of all those involved in The Gambia’s tourism-based sexual economy: the Gambian and other West African male and female sex workers, the Global North (habitually European) male and female tourists, the Gambian and expatriate Lebanese bar and restaurant owners, the Gambian state, and the semesters (members of the Gambian diaspora on vacation in The Gambia). It presents thick ethnographic accounts of interactions with Gambians and tourists, as they form temporary couples or friendships for the duration of tourists’ vacations, and sometimes for longer. This ethnography-rich dissertation pays careful attention to Gambian voices, which have been somewhat marginalized in the limited literature on sex tourism in The Gambia. It theorizes the existence of a Gambian sexscape, within which socio-sexual scripts are performed. The socio-sexual scripts that make the Gambian tourism-based sexual economy are re-located within Gambian society’s larger sexscape, which allows for a better consideration of the wider socio-economic, cultural, and political processes that have led to the formation of contemporary Gambian society. The dissertation briefly outlines The Gambia’s political and economic history, which explains the ongoing economic dependency and the importance of emigration for contemporary Gambian youth who want to escape the abject poverty in which too many live. It proposes a descriptive analysis of the Gambian sexscape and its socio-sexual scripts. Greater precision is given to the socio-sexual scripts that make the tourism-based sexual economy: chanters and white Global North female tourists; Gambian female sex workers and white Global North male tourists; Gambian men who have sex with Gambian men/semesters, and/or with white Global North male tourists. Finally, I adopt a socio-ecological approach to sexual health and examine the tourism-based sexual economy’ s impact on the country’s sexual health.

Abstract not available

International retirement migration (IRM) and its related fields of expatriate residency (expats), residential tourism, long-term tourism and international second homes are rapidly growing and changing. From its early modern beginnings when Northern Europeans moved to Spanish beaches in the 1950’s, geographic distribution has now expanded to include Mexico and the emerging IRM markets of Central and South America as well as Southeast Asia. A combination of many factors will contribute to the growth of IRM in the future with retiring baby boomers being the primary reason. Though the vast majority are of persons older, IRM is a misnomer for this topic as non-retired younger generations are also moving to these destinations, as they are increasingly able to work from virtually anywhere, due to the Internet economy and other trends associated with ever-increasing globalization. IRM in Udon Thani, Thailand consists almost exclusively of retired Western men marrying local women who are almost always much younger. Almost all the men first spend time in the sex tourism haven of Pattaya, Thailand before moving to the interior Northeastern city of Udon Thani at or near where their wives are from. Thus, there are many linkages and commonalities between the expatriate residents in Pattaya and Udon Thani. Without proper planning, Udon Thani will continue to adopt many of the undesirable attributes of Pattaya such as beer bars and sex tourism which are already present and growing rapidly. This practicum focuses on IRM and expats in the city of Udon Thani, Thailand and examines impacts on the host community. The practicum also tries to develop general models of IRM in different communities in developing nations and recommend planning guidelines to help deal with this phenomenon. The research methods employed included: a review of the literature, key informant interviews, informal exploratory interviews with locals and the IRM population as well as observations. Outside of planning research conducted in Spain, no IRM or expatriate research has examined planning issues in detail. This practicum attempts to establish or contribute to a body of work to aide in future work on this topic. The primary planning issues in Udon Thani were found to be: sprawling residential growth, economic development, gender issues and integration of IRM and expat populations into the local communities. IRM shares many commonalities in all its global locations. However, planning for IRM in Udon Thani and possibly other Southeast Asian communities is unique due to the homogenous makeup of male retirees who bring with them a host of Western cultural values and problems related to bars and sex tourism. It has been found that planning for IRM shares commonalities with planning for amenity migration in North American mountain communities. There are many types of IRM communities. For example, beach communities may have a population that is more seasonal and has less attachment to host communities, while interior cities such as San Miguel and Lake Chapala, Mexico as well as Udon Thani may have more permanent year-round populations. Planning issues surrounding care-giving and marriage are also examined as medical care will be a future catalyst for many of these communities. / May 2008

International retirement migration (IRM) and its related fields of expatriate residency (expats), residential tourism, long-term tourism and international second homes are rapidly growing and changing. From its early modern beginnings when Northern Europeans moved to Spanish beaches in the 1950’s, geographic distribution has now expanded to include Mexico and the emerging IRM markets of Central and South America as well as Southeast Asia. A combination of many factors will contribute to the growth of IRM in the future with retiring baby boomers being the primary reason. Though the vast majority are of persons older, IRM is a misnomer for this topic as non-retired younger generations are also moving to these destinations, as they are increasingly able to work from virtually anywhere, due to the Internet economy and other trends associated with ever-increasing globalization. IRM in Udon Thani, Thailand consists almost exclusively of retired Western men marrying local women who are almost always much younger. Almost all the men first spend time in the sex tourism haven of Pattaya, Thailand before moving to the interior Northeastern city of Udon Thani at or near where their wives are from. Thus, there are many linkages and commonalities between the expatriate residents in Pattaya and Udon Thani. Without proper planning, Udon Thani will continue to adopt many of the undesirable attributes of Pattaya such as beer bars and sex tourism which are already present and growing rapidly. This practicum focuses on IRM and expats in the city of Udon Thani, Thailand and examines impacts on the host community. The practicum also tries to develop general models of IRM in different communities in developing nations and recommend planning guidelines to help deal with this phenomenon. The research methods employed included: a review of the literature, key informant interviews, informal exploratory interviews with locals and the IRM population as well as observations. Outside of planning research conducted in Spain, no IRM or expatriate research has examined planning issues in detail. This practicum attempts to establish or contribute to a body of work to aide in future work on this topic. The primary planning issues in Udon Thani were found to be: sprawling residential growth, economic development, gender issues and integration of IRM and expat populations into the local communities. IRM shares many commonalities in all its global locations. However, planning for IRM in Udon Thani and possibly other Southeast Asian communities is unique due to the homogenous makeup of male retirees who bring with them a host of Western cultural values and problems related to bars and sex tourism. It has been found that planning for IRM shares commonalities with planning for amenity migration in North American mountain communities. There are many types of IRM communities. For example, beach communities may have a population that is more seasonal and has less attachment to host communities, while interior cities such as San Miguel and Lake Chapala, Mexico as well as Udon Thani may have more permanent year-round populations. Planning issues surrounding care-giving and marriage are also examined as medical care will be a future catalyst for many of these communities.

International retirement migration (IRM) and its related fields of expatriate residency (expats), residential tourism, long-term tourism and international second homes are rapidly growing and changing. From its early modern beginnings when Northern Europeans moved to Spanish beaches in the 1950’s, geographic distribution has now expanded to include Mexico and the emerging IRM markets of Central and South America as well as Southeast Asia. A combination of many factors will contribute to the growth of IRM in the future with retiring baby boomers being the primary reason. Though the vast majority are of persons older, IRM is a misnomer for this topic as non-retired younger generations are also moving to these destinations, as they are increasingly able to work from virtually anywhere, due to the Internet economy and other trends associated with ever-increasing globalization. IRM in Udon Thani, Thailand consists almost exclusively of retired Western men marrying local women who are almost always much younger. Almost all the men first spend time in the sex tourism haven of Pattaya, Thailand before moving to the interior Northeastern city of Udon Thani at or near where their wives are from. Thus, there are many linkages and commonalities between the expatriate residents in Pattaya and Udon Thani. Without proper planning, Udon Thani will continue to adopt many of the undesirable attributes of Pattaya such as beer bars and sex tourism which are already present and growing rapidly. This practicum focuses on IRM and expats in the city of Udon Thani, Thailand and examines impacts on the host community. The practicum also tries to develop general models of IRM in different communities in developing nations and recommend planning guidelines to help deal with this phenomenon. The research methods employed included: a review of the literature, key informant interviews, informal exploratory interviews with locals and the IRM population as well as observations. Outside of planning research conducted in Spain, no IRM or expatriate research has examined planning issues in detail. This practicum attempts to establish or contribute to a body of work to aide in future work on this topic. The primary planning issues in Udon Thani were found to be: sprawling residential growth, economic development, gender issues and integration of IRM and expat populations into the local communities. IRM shares many commonalities in all its global locations. However, planning for IRM in Udon Thani and possibly other Southeast Asian communities is unique due to the homogenous makeup of male retirees who bring with them a host of Western cultural values and problems related to bars and sex tourism. It has been found that planning for IRM shares commonalities with planning for amenity migration in North American mountain communities. There are many types of IRM communities. For example, beach communities may have a population that is more seasonal and has less attachment to host communities, while interior cities such as San Miguel and Lake Chapala, Mexico as well as Udon Thani may have more permanent year-round populations. Planning issues surrounding care-giving and marriage are also examined as medical care will be a future catalyst for many of these communities.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. / The potential for the sex tourism industry to become legalised in South Africa with the upcoming 2010 FIFA World Cup is an issue which has raised much controversy and is now at the top of the agenda for debate within government, the business sector and civil society. The study investigates perceptions of students at a Further Education & Training College towards the sex tourism industry, together with selected components of that industry. The study is undertaken to better understand student's perceptions of the sex tourism industry. In order to achieve this, the researcher set out to better understand the sex tourism industry as a whole; as well as to investigate selected socio-cultural impacts that the sex tourism industry can have upon society in order to explore the positive and negative impacts that sex tourism can have upon the youth. In terms of South African legislation, prostitution is illegal under the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957, and the study examines current calls for the sex tourism industry to be legalised or decriminalised in light ofthe forthcoming 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup. The study further examines life orientation for learners and sex education for sex workers. Life orientation is examined as it may have an effect on students' perceptions towards the sex tourism industry. The training of tourism and hospitality staff is seen as a vehicle for combating one of the components ofthe sex tourism industry, namely, child sex tourism and, thus, it is necessary to examine a number ofits other components. The study briefly touches on life orientation, as a key element in ensuring that learners become competent members of society, and as a tool which assists in providing them with essential life skills. Sex education is seen as necessary for both learners and sex workers in order to enable them to comprehend their rights and choices in life. For the purposes ofthe empirical study, the researcher makes use of first year tourism students at an FET College to gain insight into a student's perspective of the sex tourism industry. The iv researcher makes use of students in order to obtain a varied perspective as the students hail from different walks oflife and have diverse views and opinions. Entry into prostitution comes as a result of one or more of a number of contributing factors such as poverty and human trafficking. The contributing factors are researched and are explained in the literature review. The need to conduct the study emanates from the fact that the sex industry forms a large part of the tourism industry and it is a growing industry in South Africa. The research focuses on two areas: the students' perceptions of the sex tourism industry and the social impacts that the sex tourism industry can have upon society. The research methodology includes a literature search followed by the data collection for the empirical survey. The data collection procedure is explained in detail in the relevant chapter. A combination of the qualitative and quantitative approaches are followed for the· empirical survey. Such an approach is also known as a ''triangulative approach". The empirical survey together with the ensuing statistical analysis are conducted in collaboration with the CPUT registered statistician. The responses to the questionnaire are statistically analysed by the statistician, after which the results are described and interpreted by the researcher. The study finds that the majority of students do not want the sex tourism industry to become legalised and perceive the sex industry as immoral. The social impacts of the sex tourism industry can be harmful to society and the study found that the majority ofstudents understood the impact the industry can have and the role that education plays in reducing a few ofthese selected impacts. Finally, a set ofrecommendations and a number ofconcluding remarks are made. A comprehensive bibliography is included.

My dissertation on Cuban tourism links political, economic, social, and cultural history to show how the development of tourism on the island between 1945 and 2007 has been crucial in helping to cultivate identities for Cuba and the Cuban people on multiple levels. I focus on three distinct periods - 1945 to 1958, 1959 to 1979, and 1980 to 2007. While significant shifts occurred within each of these three phases, this periodization best illuminates the relationship between tourism development and identity. The fall of the Soviet Union, for example, certainly altered the pace of the industry's growth. Arrivals soared beginning in the 1990s, yet much of the institutional framework for conditioning the relationships between touristic actors had been established years earlier. Cuban planners had begun to target a range of specific markets by 1980, over a decade before the economic strife of the 'Special Period' in the early 1990s virtually forced them to move in this direction. For the entire period between 1945 and 2007, tourism and Cuban identity were linked in two very important ways. Tourism provided a lens for foreign visitors to view the island, its people, and its culture; to know what it meant to be Cuban. As well, the industry offered a framework for powerful interests to control the behaviors of Cuban citizens; to instruct them on how to be Cuban.

MA (Youth in Development) / Institute for Gender and Youth Studies / Commercial sex work (CSW) has turned out to be a subject of concern in most societies. CSW occurs in most countries of the world, and has existed since ancient times. Different nations have different viewpoints with regards to prostitution. In some nations it is illegal while in others it is legal. Prostitution is regarded as a social problem that offends culture, societal morals and values and leads to the spread of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). In most studies about sex work, male counterparts receive little attention but they play a role in the industry. In light of the profiled background context of the problem, this study explored the experiences of female sex workers (FSWs) at Ngundu Growth Point in Zimbabwe. This study endeavored to examine the circumstances that drive women into CSW and the impact of prostitution on the wellbeing of FSWs. The study further examined the role played by government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and health professionals towards service delivery to CSWs. In order to understand the experiences of sex worker intersectionality and feminist standpoint theories were deployed. A case study approach involving Ngundu growth point in Masvingo was utilized. The choice of Ngundu emanated from the fact that it is located along the highway that connects South Africa with Zimbabwe, Zambia and Democratic Republic of Congo and as a result, it experiences varying prostitution encounters. Methodologically, the study followed a qualitative research path involving the use of open-ended interviews as data collection methods. A total of nine participants were interviewed that includes sex workers as well as the key informants. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis. The overall study finding was that prostitution at Ngundu is proliferating due to economic hardships where most people are unemployed and living in poverty. From the field interviews with those involved in the prostitution business, it emerged that the socioeconomic situation in the country is forcing women to be in the sex industry. The recommendation proffered is that is that the government should create employment opportunities for the people, open vocational training centres and there should be awareness campaigns targeting sex workers. / NRF

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ACFF2.pdf: 673146 bytes, checksum: 00948fad214028772cd4866f5f357ebd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The main objective of this dissertation is to propose mechanism in order to elaborate a public policy to eradicate child and teenage sexual exploitation at called sex tourism in Rio de Janeiro city. So, it is reflect upon theory of the theme, considering the situation of social vulnerability that major part of the population is located. Besides, defines the meaning of public policy in order to understand how they can help in the solution of the main problem. Data was collected through personal interviews based on unstructured script, to make possible the construction of a relation between a bibliographical review and an in loco perception of sex professionals about the subject. Therefore, it was possible to achieve the final objective and to propose themes for future studies. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo principal propor mecanismos para elaboração de uma política pública visando à erradicação da exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes no chamado turismo sexual na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Para tanto, faz-se reflexões teóricas sobre o tema, considerando a situação de vulnerabilidade social na qual se encontra grande parte da população. Além disso, define-se o significado de políticas públicas a fim de compreender como estas podem auxiliar na solução do problema proposto. Como procedimentos de coleta das informações, foram feitas entrevistas presenciais baseadas em roteiros não estruturados, que possibilitaram a construção de uma relação entre a revisão bibliográfica realizada e a percepção in loco das profissionais do sexo sobre o assunto. A partir disso, foi possível atingir ao objetivo final e propor temas para estudos futuros.