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In 1987, statistics transformed rape from a rare and personal concern into an epidemic in popular consciousness. Mary Koss and colleagues conducted victimization surveys with thousands of college women, 1 in 4 of whom reported completed or attempted rape. This finding received tremendous attention in the 1980s, and continues to influence activists and state officials. Notwithstanding the importance of this and other scientific facts, scholars have rarely explored the role of scientists in shaping perceptions of and responses to sexual violence. This project addresses that gap in the literature, via the following questions: (1) how have scientists conceptualized sexual violence among adults; and (2) what social mechanisms enable, constrain, and otherwise influence scientific research on sexual violence? Drawing on insights from feminist science studies, I approach sexual violence as an intra-active phenomenon, and regard objects of study (sexual violence) as inseparable from agencies of observation (research instruments, researchers). Data came from three sources: content analysis of journal abstracts (N=1,313), in-depth assessment of texts in different subfields (N=84), and interviews with researchers (N=31). Ultimately, I argue that sexual violence research has been dominated by psychological inquiries, as well as gendered assumptions regarding who is most capable of perpetrating and experiencing rape. Scientists have produced a tremendous body of knowledge regarding the individual-level causes, individual-level outcomes, and prevalence of men’s sexual aggression toward women. Systemic forces and sexual violence that deviates from this particular gendered pattern remain underexamined. I further argue that scientific research on sexual violence is shaped by a range of social mechanisms that are particular to fields associated with questions of social morality and social movements including feminism(s). / Sociology

Over the past several decades, the victimization of women on college campuses has not decreased despite an uptick in research and concern surrounding the topic. In this study, I analyzed the victimization prevention messages on the websites of 30 4-year PWIs and 30 4-year HBCUs in the Southeastern United States to investigate how they contextualized such messages. Drawing on a comparative thematic analysis of 132 documents from HBCUs and 138 documents from PWIs, I elaborate on four key themes, with several subthemes: gendered safety messages, rape culture education, racialized safety messages, and collective responsibility. I found that victimization prevention messaging was contextualized by community engagement at HBCUs, and both types of schools engage in victim-centered crime prevention. Additionally, PWIs used language on their webpages that encourages peer-to-peer racialized coveillance. This study contributes to the literature on victimization prevention on college campus, the college-prison nexus, and understandings of sexual assault prevention.

本研究採用質性研究方法，運用深入訪談方法來訪談14位處理兒童及少年校園性侵害案件具有實務工作經驗超過5年的警察人員、教職人員、社工員，從中探討社工員在介入校園性侵害案件服務工作的角色扮演及其與警政、學校一同處理案件的衝突，並從中探究社工員本身的工作困境與因應之道，期能作為社工員介入校園性侵害案件服務工作經驗整理的開始，進而可做為社工員在性侵害防治工作領域專業角色扮演，及與他專業合作分工的參考。本研究發現如下: 一、社工員主觀認知的角色功能，與法定職責相似，且社工 員角色在處理性侵害案件與一般兒少保護案件是有所差異的。另警政與教育人員對性侵害業務社工員角色扮演的看法，彷彿停留在社工員可以協助其業務面向或是被害人面對司法問題上。總之，似乎校園性侵害案件真要進入司法程序，社工員的角色功能才得以有所發揮。 二、警察人員最期待社工員能夠先了解案情，且請社工員不要在當事人面前「指揮」警察該如何偵辦案件。又教職人員最期待社工員能夠提供訪談資訊，以協助性平會調查。 三、社工員服務困境主要來自社政體制本身，與對個案及其家屬服務過程的衝突。前者如依法規定24小時訪案沒有彈性、新案影響提供舊案的服務、夜間陪同偵訊問題、與應對司法制度產生之角色衝突困境。後者如被害人拒絕配合調查程序、與家長對案情認定不一致，以及面臨處理兩情相悅案件的複雜性。 四、而專業間對彼此的抱怨，呈現了警察人員最在意社工員過度干涉筆錄製作事項，社工員反覺得警察人員不清楚兒童及少年被害人的情緒反應狀態與行為模式，卻未積極偵辦之情。另一方面，學校教職人員覺得社工員透漏學校通報之情，而破壞學校師生的信任關係，甚至覺得社工員可以不要再重複訪談被害學生了。相對的，社工員對於學校教職人員忽略被害人感受 與對被害人標籤、未能滿足家長期待、不清楚處理流程等等事項有所抱怨。 五、為因應上述之困境，且促進專業間的合作關係，也為個案提供專業服務，社工員對學校性平調查持一定配合程度。另為避免破壞與警政的合作關係，社工員全力協助被害人配合製作筆錄事宜。且為維護被害人的法定權益，社工員應接納被害人的個別差異性，並協調各專業之差異認定與判斷。更重要的是社工員需進行自我心態調整，清楚社工員職責角色的界線，同時接納與了解不同專業的工作內容。 六、綜合受訪者想法、意見，在目前實務工作場域中的情境，發現專業間可以分別辦理共同訓練、整合調查工作、建立跨單位組織、修訂法規等不同方式來建立以被害人為中心的團隊工作模式。 依上述研究發現，從處理兒少校園性侵害案件的制度面與從社工員實務工作面提出建議。首先在制度面上，中央機關可從法令規章的修訂與建立中央跨部會機關間的協調機制來著手，而縣市政府教育局處可成立跨校專責小組以專責處理性平案件調查業務，並結合警政、社政之性侵害業務專責小組成跨專業團隊來專責處理校園性侵害事件。在實務面上，建議社政主管機關要落實性侵害防治業務社工員之在職教育、建立緊急保護社工員的服務體制與倡導社工員的職責角色，且社工員要了解與運用性侵害防治業務相關法律規定，並開放自我與其他專業對話。 / This paper adopts the qualitative research method to have in-depth interviews with fourteen police officers, school faculties and social workers who have the experience of dealing with campus sexual assault cases of children and youth for more than five years. With the conducted interviews, this paper will discuss the role social workers play when involving in the cases of sexual assault on campus and the conflicts aroused among social workers, the police and school faculty. This paper aims to investigate the dilemma that social workers face in their job and the possible solutions to these problems. In hope that these data can serve as an initial record for social workers who work in this disciplinary; a reference for the role social workers play in sexual assault prevention; and a guide for the collaboration with other professions. This paper has thus reached the following findings: I. The subjective perception of social workers’ function is similar to their statutory duty and that their role in dealing with sexual assault cases differs from that handling general child protection cases. Nevertheless, the police and school faculty still have the impression that social workers who handle sexual assault cases can assist them with their respective duties or provide help for the victim’s confrontation with the judicial problems. Ultimately, it seems like it is only when the campus sexual assault case reaches its judicial stage, then social workers can play their part. II. The police expect social workers to understand the case and meanwhile, they do not want social workers to interfere with their investigation, especially in front of the victim or victimizer. On the other hand, the school faculty expects social workers to provide them with the interview information, so as to assist the investigation of the Gender Equality Committee. III. The problems that social workers face are mainly from the rigidity of the social affair system and the conflicts aroused when communicating with the victim, the victimizer, and their relatives. The former problems are such as the inflexibility of the regulation of the law to attend the case in 24 hours; the past cases are affected by the current cases; the problems of accompanied night interrogation; and the conflicts aroused in confrontation with the judicial system. The latter problems are such as the victimizer’s refusal to cooperate in the investigation, the disagreement on the case with the parents, and the complexity to handle the case involving sexual gratification in mutuality. IV. There are complaints between different professions. For instance, the police concern the most about social workers’ excessive intervention when they are making a report of the case. However, social workers feel that the police are insensitive to the child or youth victim’s emotions and behaviors, and therefore they did not carry out the investigation actively. Moreover, the school faculty feels that social workers’ disclosure of the case would damage the trust between students and teachers. Also, they feel that social workers should not interview the victimized student repeatedly. On the other hand, social workers have complaints about the school faculty. For example, their negligence of the victim’s feelings; their tendency to label the victim; their inability to fulfill the expectations of the parents and their ignorance of the procedure of the case. V. To solve the above problems; to initiate the cooperative relations among different professions; and to provide the case with professional service, social workers will definitely coordinate with the school’s investigation on the gender equality cases. Also, in order not to damage the cooperative relation with the police, social workers will provide full assistance while the police are making a report of the case with the victim. Moreover, social workers should safeguard the legal rights of the victim by accepting the victim’s individual difference and coordinating the difference in judgments between various professions. Most importantly, social workers should undergo an adjustment in mentality to understand their role and the borderline of their duty by accepting and understanding the tasks of various professions. VI. By summing up the interviewees’ ideas and opinions, there comes to a discovery that in the practical practices, it is possible for different professions to conduct trainings together, to synthesize the investigation, to establish a cross-unit organization, to revise regulations and many other ways in order to create a victim-centered working team mode. From the above studies, suggestions can be made on two aspects, the system itself and the practical practices of social workers, while dealing with sexual assault cases on campus. First on the system, the central authority can start with the revision of the laws and regulations and the establishment of the coordination from the central to the other departments. For instance, the County Municipal Bureau of Education Department can set up a cross-school team that deals mainly with gender equality cases, and which is able to synthesize the sexual assault investigative teams from the police and social workers. Next, on the practical practices of social workers, it is suggested that the social affairs authority should implement the in-service education of social workers involving in sexual assault preventive project. Also, it is necessary for the establishment of a service system that protects social workers’ safety in case of emergency and the need to advocate the responsibility of their role. Furthermore, social workers are required to understand and exercise the laws and regulations related to sexual assault preventive cases, and to have an open-mind so that the dialogues with other professions can be made possible.

Doctor of Philosophy / School of Family Studies and Human Services / Joyce Baptist / Sexual violence is pervasive in the lives of women across the globe. Survivors commonly experience a range of mental health conditions following sexual trauma, rendering the development and examination of effective treatments to be critical. Preliminary research supports the use of adjunct exercise interventions for the treatment of trauma. In order to explore the impact of exercise interventions for the treatment of sexual violence, specifically, it is necessary to first come to understand survivors’ experiences of exercise. To better understand the experience of exercise among women survivors of sexual violence, a phenomenological study, informed by a feminist perspective, was conducted with survivors of sexual violence receiving services at a rape crisis center. Data analysis uncovered four themes that capture the survivors’ experience: exercising (and avoiding exercising) fosters safety, exercising is risky, past trauma restricts exercise choices, and exercising is beneficial. Survivors’ choices related to exercise were found to be conscious and deliberate and were impacted by their stage of recovery. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

As the written accompaniment for The Luxury of Tears, a twelve-minute documentary video exploring the emotional impact of sexual assault on male survivors and their partners, this document examines the visual texts of both the fiction and nonfiction genres. Specifically, I contend that fiction film manufactures male survivorship with regard to rape events in such manner which contributes to the thematization of social silence. Such silence perpetuates the feminization of rape as a social problem, and dissolves the development of male survivor resources. A discussion of production processes, challenges, and resolutions is included.

Metoo-rörelsen startade 2017 när kvinnor inom flera olika branscher offentligt berättat att de utsatts för sexuella övergrepp (SÖ) och sexuella trakasserier (ST). Metoo möttes med både hyllningar och kritik, och vi önskar därför undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar allmänhetens inställning till metoo. Vi har undersökt detta via en explorativ enkätstudie med ett bekvämlighetsurval med 288 kvinnor och 119 män, där medelåldern är 25 år. Vi har fyra hypoteser; kvinnor kommer vara mer positiva till metoo än män, de som i hög grad tror på könsmaktsordningen kommer vara mer positiva till metoo, de som tycker att SÖ är mycket allvarligt kommer vara mer positiva till metoo, samt att de som har egna erfarenheter av SÖ kommer vara mer positiva till metoo.  En stegvis regressionsanalys, med stöd till metoo som beroendevariabel, visade att samtliga variabler har ett signifikant förklaringsvärde, där tro på könsmaktsordningen är viktigast. Detta innebär bland annat att ideologi är en starkare prediktor än kön. Det betyder att män som tror mer på könsmaktsordningen är mer positiva till metoo än kvinnor som tror mindre på könsmaktsordningen, trots att metoo främst är en rörelse för kvinnor. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan kvinnor och män gällande hur allvarligt de tycker att SÖ är. Sammanfattningsvis ser vi att inställning till metoo har starka samband med ställningstaganden relaterade till ideologi och feminism, och resultaten kan användas för att bättre förstå människors reaktioner i dessa sammanhang. / The metoo movement started in 2017 when women in different fields of work spoke out about being victims of sexual assault and sexual harassment. Metoo was received with both tributes and criticism, and therefore we wish to examine which factors affect the public's attitudes to metoo. We investigated this through an explorative survey study with a convenience sample of 288 women and 199 men, with an average age of 25 years. We have four hypotheses; women will be more positive to metoo compared to men, those who strongly believe it exists a gender order will be more positive to metoo, those who think sexual assault is very severe will be more positive to metoo and those who have experienced sexual assault will be more positive to metoo. A stepwise regression analysis, with support to the metoo movement as the dependent variable, showed that all variables had a significant impact, where belief in the gender order was most important. Ideology is thus a stronger predictor than sex. That means that men who believe in the gender system are more positive to metoo than are women that do so to a lesser extent, in spite the fact that metoo is mainly a movement for women. There was no significant difference between women and men regarding how severely they viewed sexual assaults. In summary, we found that attitudes to metoo are strongly connected with standpoints related to ideology and feminism, and the results can be used to better understand people's reactions in these contexts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Erica Prado Machado grafica.pdf: 851937 bytes, checksum: ad4eb4bf3389af3757cbfc4615707e6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-14 / This paper deals with the inter-relation between the sexuality of the perverse adult and the polymorph perverse sexuality of the child, therefore infant, leading into incestuous relations, printing on the infant s psyche, on the daughters of the abuser fathers, the trauma print. Indeed necessary to emphasize that, where there is no mutual agreement, there is invasion, and, therefore, there is abuse, either physical or emotional. For such, I make use of the study and analysis of four clinical cases, of female patients serviced by me in my private clinic. I also comprehend that there is no way of thinking on the meaning of trauma, without pointing to the matter of violence. Although the crucial axis to be debated does not relate of a study about the trauma itself, there is no way to refute the experience of sexual assault, mainly in the childhood or adolescence, is emotionally overwhelming, and, obviously, traumatic. I could note peculiar and characteristic traits on each familiar group, on which I was able to comprehend that the incest issue does not encompass only the father-daughter pair, but indeed englobes a complex weft of unconscious turns that drag for generations (unconscious conflicts between paternal and maternal grandparents), and that leads into the sexual abusive situation. On the incestuous-perverse scene, there is a spectacle of Oedipus Complexes , and of non-crafted conflicts, of all this familiar group. Looking at the incestuous relation is also lean towards the comprehension of the familiar dynamics, and marital relationships. Therefore, this research also builds a reflexion about the conjugality, and, on the study of the familiar psychoanalysis, both within the incestuous situation. Cyrulink (1994) advocates the concept of physical predator by naming the abuser, signalling the desire for present destruction, and endorsing that the usage of the other like a thing-object , perpetrated by the former, has a devastating symbolic effect on his victims. I could conclude that the incestuous family leaves marks on the overwhelming victims of abuse, which can be developed with difficulties, but are not impossible to overcome / Este trabalho trata da inter-relação entre a sexualidade do adulto perverso e a sexualidade perversa polimorfa da criança, portanto infantil, culminando em relações incestuosas, imprimindo no psiquismo infantil das filhas dos pais abusadores a marca do trauma. Para tal, utilizo-me do estudo e da análise de quatro casos clínicos de indivíduos do sexo feminino, atendidos por mim em meu consultório particular. Compreendo também que não há como pensarmos no significado de trauma sem nos remeter à questão da violência. Embora não se trate de um estudo sobre o trauma em si, não há como refutar que a experiência de abuso sexual, principalmente na infância e/ou na adolescência, é emocionalmente avassaladora e, obviamente, traumática. Constatei traços peculiares e característicos em cada grupo familiar e pude compreender que a questão do incesto não envolve apenas a dupla pai-filha , mas sim uma imbricada trama complexa de nós inconscientes que se arrastam por gerações (conflitos inconscientes dos avós paternos e maternos) e que culminam na situação abusiva sexual. Na cena perversa-incestuosa, há um espetáculo dos complexos de Édipo e de conflitos não-elaborados de todo o grupo familiar. Olhar para a relação incestuosa também é debruçar-se sobre a compreensão das dinâmicas familiares e de relacionamento entre casais, portanto esta pesquisa também empreende uma reflexão sobre a conjugalidade e sobre o estudo da psicanálise da família, ambos na situação incestuosa. Cyrulnik (1994) defende o conceito de predador psíquico ao nomear o abusador, assinalando a ânsia de destruição nele presente e endossando que o uso do outro como objeto-coisa , perpetrado pelo abusador tem em suas vítimas um efeito simbólico devastador. Pude concluir que a família incestuosa deixa marcas avassaladoras nas filhas vítimas de abuso, traumas que serão elaborados com dificuldade, mas não são impossíveis de superação

The present study examined dispositional hope as a potential mediator of the association between sexual assault and negative affective conditions, namely, depressive and anxious symptoms in a sample of 223 female college students. Results from conducting bootstrapped mediation analyses indicated that hope agency, but not hope pathways, mediated the link between sexual assault victimization and negative affective conditions in females. Importantly, the associations of sexual assault with both depressive and anxious symptoms remained highly significant independent of hope. Some implications of the present findings are discussed.

The present study sought to examine how social problem solving and sexual assault are involved in suicidal risk in a sample of 221 female college students. Specifically, we were interested to examine whether sexual assault may play an additive as well as interactive role in the prediction of suicidal risk (viz., hopelessness and suicidal behaviors) above and beyond social problem solving. Results from regression analyses indicated that deficits in social problem solving, especially low positive problem orientation, and sexual assault were important and unique predictors of suicidal risk in female students. Moreover, we found support for a Social Problem Solving × Sexual Assault interaction in predicting hopelessness. Significant interactions emerged specifically for negative problem orientation and impulsivity/carelessness style. Some important implications of the present findings are discussed.