Este estudo teve por objeto a percepção de risco pessoal e a conduta sexual preventiva em relação a AIDS de estudantes universitários da região da Grande São Paulo. Realizou-se um \"survey analítico\", cujos dados foram obtidos a partir de uma amostra de 1039 estudantes de cursos das áreas de Ciências Exatas e Ciências Humanas, selecionada pelo critério da intencionalidade. Como instrumento de medida utilizou-se um questionário auto-aplicado, com questões elaboradas a partir de estudo exploratório. Os resultados indicaram que os estudantes apresentam-se bem informados acerca dos modos de transmissão da AIDS e consideram-na uma doença muito grave, embora considerem pequena a probabilidade de virem a contraí-la. Menos de metade dos estudantes declararam ter usado camisinha na relações sexuais mantidas nos últimos trinta dias, sendo essa proporção menor em relação às moças. Não foram verificadas relações significativas entre conhecimentos sobre AIDS e percepção de risco de contraí-la, porém os estudantes que admitiram conhecer menos a respeito são os que se percebem mais suscetíveis à AIDS. Os estudantes cuja percepção de risco em relação à AIDS é maior são os que apresentaram atitudes mais favoráveis aos homossexuais e os que avaliaram menos negativamente a conduta sexual dos pacientes de AIDS. O fato de admitir a gravidade da AIDS, no entanto, parece não conduzir a condutas sexuais preventivas. Os estudantes cuja conduta sexual denota maior risco são os que manifestaram maior propensão à crença de que a AIDS está relacionada ao homossexualismo. A aceitação de que a camisinha reduz o prazer nas relações sexuais está relacionada ao menor número de parceiros. Sugere-se que sejam desenvolvidos programas destinados a universitários que enfatizem aspectos afetivos e que procurem descaracterizar a AIDS como doença relacionada a grupos de risco. Sugere-se também que esses programas envolvam a participação dos pares. / This study focused the perception of personal risk and preventive sexual behavior related to AIDS concerning university students attending schools at the Great São Paulo region, State of São Paulo, Brazil. An analytical survey was carried out with a sample constituted of 1039 students attending courses on the fields of Exact Sciences and Human Sciences. The sample obeyed the criterion of intentionality. An exploratory study aiming the elaboration of questions preceded the measuring tool of this survey, which comprehended a self-applied questionnaire. Data disclosed that the students present themselves as well informed on the ways of AIDS transmission. Although considering AIDS a very serious disease, they indicate a low probability of coming to get it. Less than half the students report having used condom in theirs sexual intercourse in the last thirty days, this proportion is lower when young women are considered. No significant relationships were found out between AIDS knowledge and perception of the risk of coming to get it; however, the students who admit having less knowledge about AIDS are the ones who perceive themselves as more susceptible to it. On the other hand, the students whose risk perception in relation to AIDS is higher are the ones who present more favorable attitudes toward homosexuals and who have a less negative evaluation regarding the sexual behavior of AIDS patients. Notwithstanding, admitting the seriousness of AIDS seem does not necessarily imply preventive sexual behaviors. Students whose sexual behavior points to a higher risk are the ones who display a higher degree of adherence to the belief that AIDS is related to homosexuality. The statement that the condom reduces pleasure in the sexual intercourse is related to a lesser number of sexual partners. Taking in view the results of the survey, the Author suggests the development of programs targeted to university students emphasizing affective aspects and attempting to deprive AIDS of the characteristic of being seen as a disease related to risk groups. It is also proposed that these programs get the participation of the peers.

Este estudo teve por objeto a percepção de risco pessoal e a conduta sexual preventiva em relação a AIDS de estudantes universitários da região da Grande São Paulo. Realizou-se um \"survey analítico\", cujos dados foram obtidos a partir de uma amostra de 1039 estudantes de cursos das áreas de Ciências Exatas e Ciências Humanas, selecionada pelo critério da intencionalidade. Como instrumento de medida utilizou-se um questionário auto-aplicado, com questões elaboradas a partir de estudo exploratório. Os resultados indicaram que os estudantes apresentam-se bem informados acerca dos modos de transmissão da AIDS e consideram-na uma doença muito grave, embora considerem pequena a probabilidade de virem a contraí-la. Menos de metade dos estudantes declararam ter usado camisinha na relações sexuais mantidas nos últimos trinta dias, sendo essa proporção menor em relação às moças. Não foram verificadas relações significativas entre conhecimentos sobre AIDS e percepção de risco de contraí-la, porém os estudantes que admitiram conhecer menos a respeito são os que se percebem mais suscetíveis à AIDS. Os estudantes cuja percepção de risco em relação à AIDS é maior são os que apresentaram atitudes mais favoráveis aos homossexuais e os que avaliaram menos negativamente a conduta sexual dos pacientes de AIDS. O fato de admitir a gravidade da AIDS, no entanto, parece não conduzir a condutas sexuais preventivas. Os estudantes cuja conduta sexual denota maior risco são os que manifestaram maior propensão à crença de que a AIDS está relacionada ao homossexualismo. A aceitação de que a camisinha reduz o prazer nas relações sexuais está relacionada ao menor número de parceiros. Sugere-se que sejam desenvolvidos programas destinados a universitários que enfatizem aspectos afetivos e que procurem descaracterizar a AIDS como doença relacionada a grupos de risco. Sugere-se também que esses programas envolvam a participação dos pares. / This study focused the perception of personal risk and preventive sexual behavior related to AIDS concerning university students attending schools at the Great São Paulo region, State of São Paulo, Brazil. An analytical survey was carried out with a sample constituted of 1039 students attending courses on the fields of Exact Sciences and Human Sciences. The sample obeyed the criterion of intentionality. An exploratory study aiming the elaboration of questions preceded the measuring tool of this survey, which comprehended a self-applied questionnaire. Data disclosed that the students present themselves as well informed on the ways of AIDS transmission. Although considering AIDS a very serious disease, they indicate a low probability of coming to get it. Less than half the students report having used condom in theirs sexual intercourse in the last thirty days, this proportion is lower when young women are considered. No significant relationships were found out between AIDS knowledge and perception of the risk of coming to get it; however, the students who admit having less knowledge about AIDS are the ones who perceive themselves as more susceptible to it. On the other hand, the students whose risk perception in relation to AIDS is higher are the ones who present more favorable attitudes toward homosexuals and who have a less negative evaluation regarding the sexual behavior of AIDS patients. Notwithstanding, admitting the seriousness of AIDS seem does not necessarily imply preventive sexual behaviors. Students whose sexual behavior points to a higher risk are the ones who display a higher degree of adherence to the belief that AIDS is related to homosexuality. The statement that the condom reduces pleasure in the sexual intercourse is related to a lesser number of sexual partners. Taking in view the results of the survey, the Author suggests the development of programs targeted to university students emphasizing affective aspects and attempting to deprive AIDS of the characteristic of being seen as a disease related to risk groups. It is also proposed that these programs get the participation of the peers.

Homosexuality is an important and controversial topic in political, philosophical, ethical and religious spheres. We are exposed to the debate of homosexuality in the media on a regular basis and issues related to homosexuality have been taken up by the Supreme Court, politicians and religious institutions. Needless to say, the debate surrounding homosexuality has captured the attention of almost everyone in society to some degree. It is my goal in this thesis to give a candid overview and analysis of the arguments surrounding homosexual sexual conduct. First, I will present an argument by John Corvino, who posits that homosexual conduct can realize the same concrete goods of love, happiness, and pleasure, among others, that heterosexual conduct can realize. Namely, if homosexual conduct can produce these goods, then there is no reason on the face of things to treat homosexual conduct as morally inferior to heterosexual conduct. I will then consider an objection by Michael Levin who asserts that even if this is true, there is a prudential reason to discourage homosexual conduct because it leads to unhappiness. This fact counts prudentially against homosexual conduct and undermines Corvino’s argument. I will then examine an argument by Alan Goldman, who presents a definition of sex which he believes best matches our common intuitions and judgments in regards to what sexual activity is and isn’t. Goldman argues against definitions of sexual activity which posit that the purpose of sexual activity is to fulfill some external goal or purpose to sex itself, such as reproduction or love. Rather, Goldman outlines that sex is essentially a physical desire for contact with another’s body. If Goldman’s definition is correct, then his definition entails that homosexual conduct is not immoral. Afterwards, I will give my own thoughts as to what moral conclusions we should draw about homosexual conduct based on the above arguments.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es correlacionar las conductas de riesgo y representación de estilos de apego en adolescentes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 177 escolares cuyas edades oscilan entre 12 y 17 años. Los instrumentos empleados fueron el Cuestionario de Evaluación Cognitiva de Eventos de Riesgo (Fromme, Katz & Rivet, 1997) y la Versión Reducida del Cuestionario CaMir para la evaluación del apego adaptado a Perú (Valenzuela, 2014). Los resultados indican que se ha encontrado una correlación inversa, baja y significativa entre Seguridad: Disponibilidad y apoyo de figuras de apego con Conductas agresivas (r = -.189, p < .05), Conductas académicas irresponsables (r = -.199, p < .05) y Conductas sexuales de riesgo (r = -.149, p < .05). / The purpose of this work was to correlate risk behaviors with the representative attachment styles among adolescents in a school in Lima. Participants were 177 adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 17 years. Two instruments were used to measure the variables: the CaMir-R (Valenzuela, 2014) and the CARE (Fromme, Katz & Rivet, 1997). The results showed that there is an inverse, low and significant correlation between Safety: Availability and attachment figure supports with Aggressive behaviors (r = -.189, p < .05), Irresponsible academic behaviors (r = -.199, p < .05) and Risky Sexual Behaviors (r = -.149, p < .05). On the other hand, there were significant, direct and low correlation between the factors. / Tesis

There appears to be little doubt about the nature of the relationship between the fashion model and the young girl in contemporary Western culture. Dominant literature, emerging from medico-psychological and feminist research, situates the model as a disorderly influence, imbued with the capacity to infect and, hence, distort the healthy minds and bodies of 'suggestible' young girls. Opposing these perspectives is a smaller, more recent body of literature, emerging from post-feminist work that argues that the model-girl relationship is a delightful influence. Thus, the contemporary field of scholarship reveals an increasingly dichotomous way of thinking about fashion model influence: the model influences young girls in ways that are disorderly or delightful, never both. This thesis argues that to assume that the model-girl encounter is 'neatly' disorderly or delightful is shifty at best. It suggests that, in their rush to judge the fashion model as either pernicious or pleasurable, existing literature fails to account for the precision with which young girls know the fashion model. Using poststructuralist theory, the thesis argues that 'influence' may be more usefully thought of as a discursive effect, which may produce a range of effects for better and worse. Following Foucault (1972), fashion model influence is interrogated as a regime of truth about the model-girl encounter, constituted discursively under specific social, cultural and historical conditions. In so doing, the thesis makes different sense of fashion model influence, and questions influence as an independently-existing 'force' that bears down on vulnerable young girls. Drawing on a poststructural conceptual architecture, this thesis re-conceptualises the model-girl encounter as a pedagogical relationship focused on the (ideal) female body. It suggests that the fashion model, as an authoritative embodied pedagogue, transmits knowledge about 'ideal' feminine bodily conduct to the young girl, as attentive gazing apprentice. Fashion model influence is re-interrogated as the product of certain forms of disciplinary training (Foucault, 1977a), with young girls learning a discursive knowledge about how to discipline the body in ways that are properly feminine. Such a perspective departs from the notion that fashion model influence is necessarily disorderly or delightful, and makes possible a re-reading of influence in terms of learning outcomes. A problematic arises conceptualising the fashion model in this way. To consider the model as a 'good' teacher breaches a number of discursive rules for best pedagogical practice in postmodern times: She is not a pedagogue of the mind; she is not student-centred, facilitative, asexual, interpersonally engaged, relational, or authentic. To create a space for thinking differently about the model as a teacher, then, the thesis looks to ancient historical times and places in which female-to-female and body-to-body pedagogies were practised and understood. The first phase of the research project embedded in this thesis defamiliarises pedagogical work using historical texts from ancient Greece. It examines in particular the erotically embodied pedagogical relationships conducted between older, authoritative elite prostitutes known as hetairae, and their younger female apprentices. The discursive rules governing these pedagogical relationships are examined with a view to diagnosing the model-girl encounter in terms of these rules. These rules are then used to interrogate ethnographic data generated through observation of the model-girl encounter in situ in a modelling course, and through focus group interviews with groups of young girls. Working through notions of corporeal embodiment, self as art, desire, discipline, stillness, spectacle, the gaze and the conduct of conduct, the study interrogates the model-girl encounter as a contemporary pedagogical encounter. To avoid reaffirming more traditional binaries, the reading of data is ironic, working within and between binaries such as disorder/delight. Three ironic categories of femininity are produced out of the analysis: unnaturally natural, stompy grace and beautifully grotesque. These categories 'speak' the fragmentation, fissure, contradiction, inconsistency and absurdity that permeate the talk of young girls and model-girl pedagogy in the modelling classroom. Thus, the thesis offers up an analysis of the model-girl encounter that refuses the neatness and uni-dimensionality that characterises existing literature.

Sections 15 and 16 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amended Act 32 of 2007 regulate consensual sexual acts between children. Both these sections criminalised children engaging in consensual sexual acts. The constitutionality of sections 15 and 16 of the Act where tested before the Constitutional Court by the Teddy Bear Clinic and RAPCAM. The Constitutional Court held that both articles are unconstitutional and ruled that these articles violate children's right to human dignity, privacy and the best interest of the child. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate whether children’s best interests are protected by law when they are involved in consensual sexual conduct. In order to answer this question, the historical background of legislation that regulated consensual sexual acts between children is analysed. Legislation that gives and protects children’s right to self-determination is examined. International instruments are also analysed. The High Court and the Constitutional Court judgements relating to children involved in consensual sexual conducts are discussed. The negative consequences of both these articles are discussed. The best interest principle is discussed according to case law. Ultimately a conclusion is reached. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Sections 15 and 16 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amended Act 32 of 2007 regulate consensual sexual acts between children. Both these sections criminalised children engaging in consensual sexual acts. The constitutionality of sections 15 and 16 of the Act where tested before the Constitutional Court by the Teddy Bear Clinic and RAPCAM. The Constitutional Court held that both articles are unconstitutional and ruled that these articles violate children's right to human dignity, privacy and the best interest of the child. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate whether children’s best interests are protected by law when they are involved in consensual sexual conduct. In order to answer this question, the historical background of legislation that regulated consensual sexual acts between children is analysed. Legislation that gives and protects children’s right to self-determination is examined. International instruments are also analysed. The High Court and the Constitutional Court judgements relating to children involved in consensual sexual conducts are discussed. The negative consequences of both these articles are discussed. The best interest principle is discussed according to case law. Ultimately a conclusion is reached. / LLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Despite the extensive research conducted on sexual harassment, very little work has focused on the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment. In exploring the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment, we are confronted with salient issues pertaining to the determination of the welcomeness requirement which call for a reflection. A key characteristic of sexual harassment is that it is unwanted by the recipient. It is for each person to decide what behaviour is acceptable to them and what they regard as offensive. Thus, although there is general agreement about what can constitute sexual harassment, the experience of sexual harassment is subjective in nature and the precise quantification of workplace sexual harassment is problematic. The present study aims to: (a) identify the reasoning/history behind the "unwelcomeness/unwanted" requirement, (b) assess the reasonableness of· the requirement of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct, taking into account the various pieces of legislation and case law, (c) determine how the courts have interpreted this requirement and what factors are looked at, (d) determine whether the test is subjective or objective, (e) identify the struggle and debilitating effects sexual harassment has on women in the workplace. The results of this study will assist in gaining knowledge and understanding of the concept of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct in sexual harassment cases and the effects it has on the victim which will go a long way in assisting management in any business to effectively implement strategies and disciplines to manage the problem of sexual harassment in the workplace. / Private Law / LLM (Labour Law)

Despite the extensive research conducted on sexual harassment, very little work has focused on the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment. In exploring the legal and psychological constructions of women's resistance to sexual harassment, we are confronted with salient issues pertaining to the determination of the welcomeness requirement which call for a reflection. A key characteristic of sexual harassment is that it is unwanted by the recipient. It is for each person to decide what behaviour is acceptable to them and what they regard as offensive. Thus, although there is general agreement about what can constitute sexual harassment, the experience of sexual harassment is subjective in nature and the precise quantification of workplace sexual harassment is problematic. The present study aims to: (a) identify the reasoning/history behind the "unwelcomeness/unwanted" requirement, (b) assess the reasonableness of· the requirement of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct, taking into account the various pieces of legislation and case law, (c) determine how the courts have interpreted this requirement and what factors are looked at, (d) determine whether the test is subjective or objective, (e) identify the struggle and debilitating effects sexual harassment has on women in the workplace. The results of this study will assist in gaining knowledge and understanding of the concept of "unwelcomeness/unwanted" conduct in sexual harassment cases and the effects it has on the victim which will go a long way in assisting management in any business to effectively implement strategies and disciplines to manage the problem of sexual harassment in the workplace. / Private Law / LLM (Labour Law)