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This study investigates the conceptualisation of child-on-child sexual offenders from the perspective of a group of isiZulu educators. Although a number of studies focusing on child-on-child sexual offenders have been conducted internationally, this is not the case in South Africa. The lack of literature regarding this issue, particularly in the school environment, and the increasing number of child-on-child sexual offenders provided the motivation for the research. Three focus groups were conducted with educators representing three educational environments, namely: educators teaching at a school for mentally retarded children, educators from a rural school and finally educators from township schools. The focus groups were transcribed and then analysed on two levels. Firstly, the data was examined in terms of explicit concepts and were based on concepts previously identified in the literature. The concepts were, quantified by way of a content analysis. In relation to this, four major conceptualisations emerged, each of which were further subdivided. The four major concepts included: 1) child-on-child sexual offending as "abnormal"; 2) childon-child sexual offending as "normal"; 3) the role of acculturation in child-on-child sexual offending; and, 4) the role of educators and the educational system in relation to child-onchild sexual offending. This analysis was useful in that it highlighted common and significant themes among the three focus groups. Secondly, the data was analysed qualitatively and emerging implicit themes examined in greater depth. During this phase a number of strategies that were used by the educators to normalise, relativise and justify the issue of child-on-child sexual offending were identified. The function of these strategies was considered to be a defensive strategy to make the issue of child-on-child sexual offending more tolerable and thus easier to talk about. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

This study investigates the conceptualisation of child-on-child sexual offenders from the perspective of a group of isiZulu educators. Although a number of studies focusing on child-on-child sexual offenders have been conducted internationally, this is not the case in South Africa. The lack of literature regarding this issue, particularly in the school environment, and the increasing number of child-on-child sexual offenders provided the motivation for the research. Three focus groups were conducted with educators representing three educational environments, namely: educators teaching at a school for mentally retarded children, educators from a rural school and finally educators from township schools. The focus groups were transcribed and then analysed on two levels. Firstly, the data was examined in terms of explicit concepts and were based on concepts previously identified in the literature. The concepts were, quantified by way of a content analysis. In relation to this, four major conceptualisations emerged, each of which were further subdivided. The four major concepts included: 1) child-on-child sexual offending as "abnormal"; 2) child- on-child sexual offending as "normal"; 3) the role of acculturation in child-on-child sexual offending; and, 4) the role of educators and the educational system in relation to child-on- child sexual offending. This analysis was useful in that it highlighted common and significant themes among the three focus groups. Secondly, the data was analysed qualitatively and emerging implicit themes examined in greater depth. During this phase a number of strategies that were used by the educators to normalise, relativise and justify the issue of child-on-child sexual offending were identified. The function of these strategies was considered to be a defensive strategy to make the issue of child-on-child sexual offending more tolerable and thus easier to talk about. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

Hintergrund: Systematische Darstellungen zur Diagnostik und Verhaltenstherapie von sexuellen Gewalttätern mit psychischen Störungen fehlen im deutschen Sprachraum fast völlig. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden deshalb für diese kleine, aber besonders gefährliche Tätergruppe die auf der Basis des DSM IV hauptsächlich relevanten Diagnosen (Paraphilie und Störung der Impulskontrolle) und für diese Störungen geeignete Behandlungsmethoden vorgestellt. Methoden: Merkmale, die Paraphile und Impulskontrollgestörte im Hinblick auf Lerngeschichte, sexuelle Präferenz und tatauslösende Bedingungen differenzieren, werden dabei hervorgehoben. Weiterhin wird eine erste Validierungsstudie vorgestellt, in der untersucht wurde, inwieweit sich beide Störungsgruppen hinsichtlich Impulsivität, sozialer Angst, Konfliktvermeidung und dysfunktionaler Selbstaufmerksamkeit unterscheiden. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die vorgeschlagene Kategorisierung valide ist und dass sich Paraphile und Impulskontrollgestörte psychologisch bedeutsam voneinander differenzieren lassen. Schlussfolgerungen: Auf dieser Basis lassen sich Aussagen über störungsspezifisch relevante Behandlungselemente ableiten. Unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen bei Paraphilen bzw. Impulskontrollgestörten werden für folgende Bereiche skizziert: Aufbau einer therapeutischen Beziehung, Änderung der sexuellen Präferenzen, Training sozialer Fertigkeiten und der Konfliktbewältigung, Modifikation dysfunktionaler Kognitionen und Rückfallprävention. / Background: Systematic work regarding the diagnostics and behavior therapy of violent sex offenders with mental disorders is mostly lacking in German publications. Therefore, this study presents the diagnoses which are mainly relevant for this small but particularly dangerous group of offenders on the basis of DSM IV (paraphilia and impulse control disorders) and describes specifically indicated interventions. Methods: Characteristic features are emphasized which differentiate paraphiliacs and offenders with an impulse control disorder with regard to learning history, sexual preferences, and the stimulus conditions which triggered the offense. Further, a validation study is presented which examined the differences between both disorders concerning impulsivity, social anxiety, avoidance of interpersonal conflicts, and dysfunctional self-consciousness. Results: Results showed that the proposed categorization is valid and that paraphiliacs and offenders with an impulse control disorder can be psychologically useful differentiated. Conclusions: In this framework, first conclusions can be drawn regarding the treatment elements which are considered to be relevant for disorder-specific therapy. Different procedures for the treatment of paraphiliacs and offenders with an impulse control disorder are described for the following areas: establishment of a therapeutic relationship, modification of sexual preferences, training of social and coping skills, conflict management, modification of cognitive distortions, and relapse prevention. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

L'injonction de soins est un dispositif qui concerne en premier lieu les auteurs de violence sexuelle. Ce dispositif qui existe en France depuis 1998 se décrit comme une peine supplémentaire qui débute à la sortie de l'emprisonnement. Le condamné doit aller voir un psychologue, un psychiatre et suivre des soins pendant une durée déterminée par la justice. À travers un référentiel d’inspiration psychanalytique nous proposons de comprendre l’injonction de soins comme une figure du tiers. En cela elle possèderait une efficacité symbolique permettant au sujet concerné d’enclencher un processus de subjectivation. Alors que la société semble prise dans une prévention de la récidive « à tout prix », notre travail se pose dans un courant qui redonne toute sa place au sujet à travers la notion de la subjectivation. Le sujet sera au centre de ce travail afin d'explorer ses diverses représentations. Notre problématique étant de voir si l'injonction de soins en tant que tiers peut favoriser l'accessibilité psychique aux soins. Pour la mise en évidence de cette éventuelle efficacité symbolique nous avons choisi un dispositif fait d'outils projectifs (Rorschach, génogramme, dessin) et conçu les rencontres en deux temps à six mois d'intervalle. À partir de l'analyse développée de quatre cas d'auteur, l'injonction semble relancer le processus de subjectivation chez la plupart d'entre eux. / The order of care is a device that primarily concerns sexual offenders. This device which is available in France since 1998 is described as an additional penalty that begins after the sentence. The offender must go to a psychologist, a psychiatrist and take care of him for a period determined by the court. Through a referential inspired by psychoanalytic idea, we propose to understand the order of care as « a figure of third parties ». In this she would own a symbolic efficiency allowing the patient concerned to initiate a process of subjectivity. While society tries to avoid a relapse at any price, our work gives its place to the patient through the concept of subjectivity and explores its various representations. The aim of the study is to see if an order of care as a third party can facilitate access to mental health care. For that we organize meeting in two times with six months intervals with help of projective tools (Rorschach, family tree, drawing). Based on the analysis of four patients, the order of care seems to activate the process of subjectivity in most of them.

Child maltreatment and household dysfunction have long been linked to delinquency, adult criminality, and sexual offending. However, the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), factors related to out-of-home placement, and the onset of maladaptive behaviors has not thoroughly been explored in adolescents who have engaged in sexually abusive behavior. In the present study, we examined archival records of 120 male youths who have received treatment for sexually abusive behavior. As expected, the male adolescents in this sample have experienced higher rates of ACEs than samples of adult males in the community, adult males who committed sexual offenses, and juvenile justice–involved males as reported in the literature. Discrete-time survival analyses yielded increased risks of onset of aggression and sexually abusive behavior during early childhood and mid-to-late childhood, with significant associations between higher ACE scores and a greater number of out-of-home placements. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Background: Exposure to greater Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) has been associated with increased likelihood of general and sex offending behaviors. However, few studies consider both the impact of varied ACE exposures and other early experiences on pathways to offending behaviors in adolescents who have engaged in sexually abusive behaviors. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ACEs and sexual boundary problems within the home on the development of delinquent and sexually abusive behavior. Participants & setting: Data were collected from archival records of male adolescents (N = 285) who had received treatment for sexually abusive behavior at a youth facility. Methods: This study investigated the effects of individual adverse experiences on delinquent nonsexual and sexually abusive behaviors through structural equation modeling. Results: Structural equation modeling revealed a three-factor model for ACEs. Direction and significance of paths between ACEs and the onset, persistence, and nature of maladaptive behaviors differed. Household dysfunction was related to an earlier onset (β = 1.19, p = 0.013) and more persistent nonsexual delinquent offending (β = 1.05, p = 0.048) and contact sexual offending (β = 1.19, p = 0.010). Conversely, sexual abuse and exposure to sexual boundary problems were associated with an earlier onset of sexually abusive behavior (β = −1.08, p = 0.038) as well as indicators of adolescent-onset (β = −1.30, p = 0.002), less persistent (β = −1.53, p = 0.001), and nonviolent (β = −1.89, p = 0.001) delinquency. Conclusions: Findings suggest variations in ACE exposures differentially influence the onset, severity, and persistence of delinquent and sexually abusive behaviors among these youths.

Les statistiques policières québécoises révèlent que près de la moitié des victimes d’agressions sexuelles sont âgées de moins de 18 ans et que près du tiers de celles-ci sont à l’âge de la puberté. Certains chercheurs estiment que les auteurs de ces infractions sont un groupe homogène d’agresseurs sexuels de mineurs, alors que d’autres différencient les agresseurs sexuels d’enfants de ceux d’adolescents. Considérant les variations physiques entre une personne prépubère, une personne en pleine puberté et une personne post-pubère, nous nous sommes intéressés à ce qui distingue les agresseurs sexuels d’adolescents (ASA), des agresseurs sexuels d’enfants (ASE) et des agresseurs sexuels de femmes adultes (ASF). Pour ce faire, à l’aide d’analyses bivariées (chi-deux), nous avons comparé un échantillon composé de 40 ASE (victimes âgées de 0 à 10 ans), 57 ASA (victimes âgées de 11 à 15 ans) et 156 ASF (victimes âgées de 16 ans et plus), totalisant 253 participants. Les analyses révèlent que ces trois types de délinquants sexuels se distinguent sur plusieurs plans notamment pour les psychopathologies (les troubles de la personnalité), les antécédents criminels, les fantaisies sexuelles, les caractéristiques des victimes (relation avec la victime) et le modus operandi (coercition, complicité, affect). Des relations linéaires en fonction de l’âge des victimes sont observées ainsi que des similarités entre les catégories. Donc, les résultats susmentionnés permettent de brosser des portraits différents selon le type de délinquants sexuels. / Quebec police statistics reveal that nearly half of the sexual abuse victims are below 18 years old, and a third of these are at puberty age. Researchers believe that the perpetrators of those infractions are one homogenous group of sexual offenders vs. minors, while other researchers differentiate sexual aggressors of children and teenagers. By taking into account the physical variation among prepubescent individuals, individuals within their puberty, and post-puberty individuals, this research observes what distinguishes adolescent sexual offenders (ASA), child sexual offenders (ASE), and sexual offenders toward adult women (ASF). Bivariate analysis (chi-square) were conducted to compare a sample of 253 participants which includes 40 ASE (victims aged between 0 to 10 years old), 57 ASA (victims aged betwwen 11 to 15 years old), and 156 ASF (victims of 16 years old and more). The results display differentiations among the three types of sexual offenders, especially for psychopathological disorders (personality disorders), criminal records, sexual fantasies, victimology (degree of intimacy), and the modus operandi (coercion, complicity, affect). This paper exhibits linear relations related to the victims’ age, along with similarities within the categories of sexual offenders. Thus, previously mentioned results recognize different categorizations of sexual offenders.

This dissertation, which is both exploratory and descriptive in nature, initially describes the development of the polygraph against a background of understanding society's rejection of the lying phenomenon. The theoretical foundations of polygraph thinking are then presented as forerunner to practical illustration of polygraph use in the private sector. The criminal justice system represents the sphere of polygraph ulitization central to the research. With strong American accent, polygraph use in all four components of the system is described in such a manner so as to provoke thought on the part of criminal justice functionaries as to polygraph possibilities in the execution of their functions. Research findings and recommendations aimed at stimulating thought and improvement in the field of polygraphy conclude the dissertation. / Criminology / M.A (Penology)

La récidive sexuelle est un sujet d’intérêt pour plusieurs chercheurs et intervenants qui travaillent auprès des délinquants sexuels. Afin de mieux prévenir la récidive sexuelle, il importe de bien connaître les causes sous-jacentes à cette problématique. De cette manière, il sera possible d’élaborer des programmes de traitement efficaces et spécifiques à la problématique. Au cours des dernières années, les études sur les prédicteurs de la récidive sexuelle ont mis l’accent essentiellement sur les prédicteurs statiques, mais aussi et de plus en plus sur les prédicteurs dynamiques. Cependant, il ressort de ces études que les caractéristiques inhérentes à l’implication du délinquant à l’intérieur de son programme de traitement ont été peu étudiées. Conséquemment, le but de cette étude est d’analyser les prédicteurs dynamiques de la récidive, l’alliance thérapeutique, la motivation en cours de traitement et le support social en lien à la récidive sexuelle. Pour ce faire, un échantillon de 299 agresseurs sexuels adultes de sexe masculin est pris en considération. Les données pour mener à terme les analyses statistiques sont recueillies avant le début du traitement et en cours de traitement. Trois types de récidive sont considérés : 1) sexuelle, 2) violente, 3) générale. Les variables indépendantes portent sur des outils psychométriques et sont de deux ordres : 1) pré-traitement, 2) en cours de traitement. Deux variables contrôles sont utilisées : 1) traitement complété ou non, 2) type de traitement; cognitivo-comportemental ou mixte. Ainsi, des analyses préliminaires (test T pour groupes indépendants) sont effectuées afin de sélectionner les variables utilisées pour la réalisation des analyses de survie. En raison de la faible prévalence de récidive sexuelle (5,4%), seules les récidives violentes (10,5%) et générales (18,7%) sont considérées. L’étude nous apprend que les résultats aux analyses de survie pour les récidives violentes et générales tendent à être en continuité à celles retrouvées dans les études existantes sur le sujet. Effectivement, l’étude actuelle informe de la pertinence de compléter un programme de traitement comme facteur de protection contribuant à réduire le risque probable de récidive. Le fait de présenter des croyances pédophiliques ou encore, de ne pas présenter de traits de personnalité compulsive sont des facteurs qui contribuent à augmenter les risques relatifs de récidive criminelle. / Repeat sexual offence is a subject of interest for several researchers and workers who intervene with sexual offenders. In order to prevent having second or habitual offenders, it is important to better understand the causes underlying this issue. This will help for the elaboration of more specific and efficient treatment programs. In recent years, research on predictors of sexual recidivism essentially focused on static predictors, but also, and more and more, on dynamic predictors. However, looking at those studies, it is realized that the characteristics of the offender’s participation in his treatment program have not been the subject of much study. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to analyse the dynamic indicators of repeat offence, therapeutic alliance, motivation during treatment and the social support related to repeat sexual offence. For the study, we took a sample of 299 subjects, adult male sexual offenders. Data for the statistical analyses were gathered before and during treatment. Three types of repeat offence are considered: 1) sexual, 2) violent, 3) general. Independent variables are of two kinds: 1) pre-treatment variables, 2) in-treatment variables. Psychometric tools are used here for the independent variables. Two control variables are used: 1) complete or incomplete treatment, 2) type of treatment (cognitive-behavioural versus mixed). Preliminary analyses (T-test for independent groups) were effectuated in order to select the variables to be used in the final analyses. Due to the low rate in regard to repeat sexual offence (5,4%), only violent (18,7%) and general (16%) repeat offences are considered in the final analyses. The study shows that the results for violent and general repeat offences tend to agree with what has been reported in prior studies on the subject. Effectively, the present study informs as to the pertinence of elaborating treatment programs in terms of protection factors so as to reduce the risk of a repeat offence. The fact of holding paedophile beliefs or, still, of not presenting traits of compulsive personality are factors that contribute to increase the risks relatively to a repeat general offence.