This study is a cultural investigation into rape, with specific focus on the role of African men. With more than 70 000 cases of rape and sexual violence reported in a year in South Africa, and estimations that this may reflect one ninth of the actual number only, South Africa has been labelled the “rape capital” of the world. The study seeks to explain the root causes of rape, its ontological make-up and possibilities for resolving the issue by identifying cultural aspects, factors and manifestations that either justify or sanction rape. Four concepts, namely, rape, masculinity, culture and rage, serve as the thematic lens for identifying and interrogating cultural conditions through multidisciplinary and Africancentred perspectives. The analyses contained in the study are based on a mapping process involving comparing the data from a wide range of literature and also focus group interviews. Highlighting the multi-layered complexities of rape as phenomena, the study then outlines recommendations for transformative work in research, cultural institutions, communities, families and men / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

Dissociation is commonly associated with sexual crimes or other forms of trauma where a person experienced a threat to the existence or survival of the self. During dissociation the ego may split in such a way that ego-states (subselves or segments of the greater personality) form to encapsulate feelings of guilt, pain, fear, and anger. If dissociation is severe, sufferers will have no conscious recollection of the sexual trauma as it is deeply repressed in the subconscious. This may result in symptoms/pathology later in life. Research indicated that hypnosis (due to its dissociative nature) is favourable as treatment modality for pathology/symptomatology associated with trauma and dissociation. This research study investigates the development of ego-states during experiences of sexual trauma and hypnosis (especially Medical Hypno-analysis and Ego-State Therapy) as effective treatment modality within the field of psycho-education. It proposes a hypnotherapy model where the diagnostic tools as indicated by the Medical Hypno-analysis model, are being used to determine the existence of repressed memories related to sexual trauma. The therapeutic processes as indicated by the Ego-State Therapy model, are being used to resolve and work through the core repressed traumatic experiences through the mobilization of associated and related ego-states. This study presents four case studies and discusses their clinical diagnostic procedures and therapeutic processes. The case studies illustrate that certain symptomatology/pathology experienced later in life may be the result of repressed memories and the formation of maladapted ego-states earlier in life when sexual trauma was experienced. Highly charged emotional and negative beliefs were set in the ego-states and could only be disarmed from their destructive content through regressions and hypnotherapy. A detailed discussion of the proposed hypnotherapy model and its application and concerns regarding its application within the field of psycho-education are also presented. The results of this study indicate that the proposed hypnotherapy model (the combination of Medical Hypno-analysis and Ego-State Therapy) can be used effectively and successfully when working with survivors and symptomatology/pathology associated with sexual crimes. / Educational Studies / D. Ed.

Total institutions' (which include prisons) unique context prescribes "confinement" of inmates. Coping mechanisms applied "outside" (especially the ability to create distance from stressful events) is thus ineffective. Another common feature is lack of privacy, which may result in "forced intimacy" - individuals being forced into a situation of physical and psychological "invasion" (beyond the norm) of their person/personal space. Victims lose control over intimate decisions, including who may and may not be intimate with them. Within prisons, gangs "force intimacy" by sexually victimizing inmates, taking advantage of the context to heighten their power, and to control inmates "under" them. Four (subjects) victims' experiences and means of adaptation/ empowerment were investigated phenomenologically. Results indicated that inadequately empowered victims suffer prolonged and repeated victimization - a continued "posttraumatic stress disorder" - which is more traumatizing and draining than one circumscribed traumatic event (due to its intensity, immobilization and resulting drastic change of "personality"). / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

Violence against children and teenagers includes situations of sexual abuse both inside and outside the family, as well as situations concerning sexual exploitation where a mercantile dimension is clearly present. This study was performed by means of a documental research involving 579 cases registered in 2010 and 2011 in the Serviço de Atendimento a Vítimas de Violência Sexual de Sergipe (SAVVS), located at Maternidade Nossa Senhora de Lourdes (MNSL), and also 222 cases extracted from police records from the Delegacia de Atendimento aos Grupos Vulneráveis (DAGV), aiming at analyzing and characterizing situations of sexual violence against children and teenagers. The characterization of the cases registered at SAVVS implies that 86,5% of victims are female, 56,5% are children (61,5% in the countryside and 32,1% in the capital), and 89,7% of perpetrators are people known to the victim, 94,1% being male. 31,4% of the perpetrators are victims relatives. As to the places where the aggression were committed, it is worth noting that 62,2% of victims were assaulted at their family s residence. There were no significant differences concerning the age of victims in the countryside or the capital, just as there was no difference concerning the place where aggression was perpetrated and the characterization of aggressors in the countryside and the capital. A comparison concerning the service flow was also drawn, with the purpose of knowing if victims searched for continued service after leaving the police station, and the result indicates that only in 176 out of 222 cases the victims maintained a continued service process and went to the SAVVS. In general, results point to a characterization of sexual violence in Sergipe according to what the scholarship states about other areas in Brazil, with similar dynamics between countryside and capital. This study can be seen as the first one which is dedicated to statistics of sexual violence against children and teenagers in the past few years in the state of Sergipe. Therefore, it shall contribute to the development of strategies to protect children and teenagers, providing scientific foundations to interventionist actions. / A violência sexual infanto-juvenil engloba tanto as situações de abuso sexual intra e extrafamiliar como as situações de exploração sexual nas quais a dimensão mercantil está nitidamente presente. Realizou-se uma pesquisa documental com 579 casos registrados nos anos de 2010 e 2011 do Serviço de Atendimento a Vítimas de Violência Sexual (SAVVS) de Sergipe que funciona na Maternidade Nossa Senhora de Lourdes (MNSL) e com 222 casos de inquéritos policiais da Delegacia de Atendimento aos Grupos Vulneráveis (DAGV), objetivando caracterizar e analisar as situações de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes nestes locais. A caracterização dos casos registrados no SAVVS aponta que 86,5% das vítimas são do sexo feminino, 56,5% são crianças (61,5% no interior e 32,1% na capital) e que 89,7% dos agressores são pessoas conhecidas da vítima, sendo 94,1% do total do sexo masculino. Entre estes agressores 31,4% caracterizam familiares das vítimas. Quanto ao local da agressão, é destacado que 62,2% sofreram na própria residência da família. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à idade das vitimas no interior e capital, assim como não houve diferença quanto ao local da violência e quanto à caracterização dos agressores do interior e capital. Foi feita uma comparação também com relação ao fluxo de atendimento, procurando saber se as vítimas que saem da Delegacia seguem com o atendimento e o resultado aponta que dos 222 casos apenas 176 continuaram com o processo de atendimento e foram para o SAVVS. Em geral, os resultados apontam para uma caracterização da violência sexual em Sergipe de acordo com o que aponta a literatura sobre outras áreas do país, tendo uma dinâmica semelhante entre interior e capital. Este estudo se caracteriza como o primeiro relacionando às estatísticas da violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes nos últimos anos no Estado de Sergipe, dessa forma virá a contribuir com estratégias de proteção a crianças e adolescentes, com o sentido de garantir respaldo científico para ações intervencionistas.

Violence against children and teenagers includes situations of sexual abuse both inside and outside the family, as well as situations concerning sexual exploitation where a mercantile dimension is clearly present. This study was performed by means of a documental research involving 579 cases registered in 2010 and 2011 in the Serviço de Atendimento a Vítimas de Violência Sexual de Sergipe (SAVVS), located at Maternidade Nossa Senhora de Lourdes (MNSL), and also 222 cases extracted from police records from the Delegacia de Atendimento aos Grupos Vulneráveis (DAGV), aiming at analyzing and characterizing situations of sexual violence against children and teenagers. The characterization of the cases registered at SAVVS implies that 86,5% of victims are female, 56,5% are children (61,5% in the countryside and 32,1% in the capital), and 89,7% of perpetrators are people known to the victim, 94,1% being male. 31,4% of the perpetrators are victims relatives. As to the places where the aggression were committed, it is worth noting that 62,2% of victims were assaulted at their family s residence. There were no significant differences concerning the age of victims in the countryside or the capital, just as there was no difference concerning the place where aggression was perpetrated and the characterization of aggressors in the countryside and the capital. A comparison concerning the service flow was also drawn, with the purpose of knowing if victims searched for continued service after leaving the police station, and the result indicates that only in 176 out of 222 cases the victims maintained a continued service process and went to the SAVVS. In general, results point to a characterization of sexual violence in Sergipe according to what the scholarship states about other areas in Brazil, with similar dynamics between countryside and capital. This study can be seen as the first one which is dedicated to statistics of sexual violence against children and teenagers in the past few years in the state of Sergipe. Therefore, it shall contribute to the development of strategies to protect children and teenagers, providing scientific foundations to interventionist actions. / A violência sexual infanto-juvenil engloba tanto as situações de abuso sexual intra e extrafamiliar como as situações de exploração sexual nas quais a dimensão mercantil está nitidamente presente. Realizou-se uma pesquisa documental com 579 casos registrados nos anos de 2010 e 2011 do Serviço de Atendimento a Vítimas de Violência Sexual (SAVVS) de Sergipe que funciona na Maternidade Nossa Senhora de Lourdes (MNSL) e com 222 casos de inquéritos policiais da Delegacia de Atendimento aos Grupos Vulneráveis (DAGV), objetivando caracterizar e analisar as situações de violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes nestes locais. A caracterização dos casos registrados no SAVVS aponta que 86,5% das vítimas são do sexo feminino, 56,5% são crianças (61,5% no interior e 32,1% na capital) e que 89,7% dos agressores são pessoas conhecidas da vítima, sendo 94,1% do total do sexo masculino. Entre estes agressores 31,4% caracterizam familiares das vítimas. Quanto ao local da agressão, é destacado que 62,2% sofreram na própria residência da família. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à idade das vitimas no interior e capital, assim como não houve diferença quanto ao local da violência e quanto à caracterização dos agressores do interior e capital. Foi feita uma comparação também com relação ao fluxo de atendimento, procurando saber se as vítimas que saem da Delegacia seguem com o atendimento e o resultado aponta que dos 222 casos apenas 176 continuaram com o processo de atendimento e foram para o SAVVS. Em geral, os resultados apontam para uma caracterização da violência sexual em Sergipe de acordo com o que aponta a literatura sobre outras áreas do país, tendo uma dinâmica semelhante entre interior e capital. Este estudo se caracteriza como o primeiro relacionando às estatísticas da violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes nos últimos anos no Estado de Sergipe, dessa forma virá a contribuir com estratégias de proteção a crianças e adolescentes, com o sentido de garantir respaldo científico para ações intervencionistas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moacyr_confrontado.pdf: 1891486 bytes, checksum: 72ff06af37ad21b154b4aa17d81ec6c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-06 / This study is based on reports given by psychologists working at several institutions and aims at understanding the impact of interfamily sexual abuse in victimized male children. The research is qualitative. Seven female psychologists were interviewed. In order to collect data, an interview guideline was followed individually with each participant. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed according to the Contents Analysis technique (MINAYO, 2004). It was observed that the suffering brought by the victimized children and their families, when faced with the main procedures at the institutions, which attend them, tend to put those children in a new situation of stress because they bring back the violence process suffered. It became evident the importance of the bond between the child and the psychologist so that he or she can have a more suitable approach to the problem. Family investment is also important since the psychological consequences become more or less difficult to be overcome depending on how the family reacts to the situation of abuse. Children who suffered sexual abuse usually present symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder and dissociative disorder . The psychological consequences seen from the interviews are: nightmares, night terror, depression, lowered self-esteem, autonomy impairment, fear of homosexuality, confusion regarding sexual orientation. In interpersonal relationships they show apathy, passivity, inconstant behavior, aggressive expression and sexual exacerbation, difficulty to create affective bonds and difficulties to express feelings. At school there is evidence of participation blunting with a social group, cognitive obstruction, which has influence on the learning process. We hope the present work would help understanding the subject studied and stimulate further research and interventions so that this kind of violence is confronted. / Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender, a partir dos relatos de psicólogos que atendem em instituições, o impacto do abuso sexual intrafamiliar, nas crianças do sexo masculino vitimizadas. A natureza da pesquisa é qualitativa tendo sido entrevistadas sete psicólogas. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, um roteiro de entrevista foi utilizado individualmente com as participantes. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas com base na técnica de Análise de Conteúdo (MINAYO, 2004). Foi constatado que o sofrimento trazido por essas crianças e suas famílias, em confronto com os procedimentos dominantes nas instituições que lhes prestam atendimento, tendem a recolocá-las em uma nova situação de estresse, pois trazem à tona todo o processo da violência sofrida. Evidenciou-se a importância do vínculo da criança com a psicóloga para uma abordagem mais adequada do problema, como também do investimento familiar, pois as conseqüências psicológicas se tornam mais ou menos difíceis de serem superadas, de acordo com as reações da família frente à situação do abuso. Geralmente as crianças que sofreram o abuso apresentam sintomas do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e transtornos dissociativos . As entrevistadas apontam como conseqüências psicológicas mais freqüentes: pesadelos, terror noturno, depressão, rebaixamento da auto-estima, autonomia comprometida, medo da homossexualidade, confusão e dúvidas com relação a orientação sexual. Nas relações interpessoais, demonstram apatia, passividade, inconstância de comportamento, com expressões de agressividade e de exacerbação da sexualidade, dificuldade para criar vínculos afetivos e bloqueios na expressão de sentimentos. Na escola há indícios de embotamento na participação com o grupo social, apresentando bloqueio cognitivo, o que compromete o processo de aprendizagem. Esperamos que o presente estudo contribua para elucidar melhor o tema investigado e que propicie outras pesquisas e intervenções com vistas ao enfrentamento deste tipo de violência.

The purpose of this research was to describe and explain family violence in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. It was conducted by means of a literature review, followed by empirical research, based on police dockets, against the background of Seligman's theory on learned helplessness. Other theories were also applied eclectically. The literature review was used to design a research schedule (questionnaire). This schedule was used for data capturing from police dockets from the Crime Information Analysis Centre (CIAC) at their Gauteng Regional office in Johannesburg. From this data, a convenience sample consisting of 415 cases, was compiled. These cases were reported at the charge offices of Laudium, Alexandra, Hillbrow, Rietgat, Eersterust and Mamelodi, during the period between 1 January 2001 and 1 March 2002. Domestic violence is caused by macrosocial-, gender- and relationship factors. These causes can be explained by certain aspects of structural- process- reaction and the learned helplesness theories. The adjudication of this causes and explanations focus on primary, secondary and tersiary aspects of prevention. Triggering facors, confrontation, crime incidents and restoring the equalibrium were studied in relation to the dynamics of domestic violence. All these factors such as causes, explanations, prevention and dynamics , are considered to explain the stabilization of domestic violence. / Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om gesinsgeweld in die Gauteng-Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te beskryf en te verklaar. E)it is gedoen aan die hand van 'n literatuurstudie, en is uitgebrei met 'n empiiiese ondersoek wat op polisiedossiere gebaseer is, teen die agtergrond van Seligman se teorie van aangeleerde hulpeloosheid, asook ander teoriee wat eklekties bygewerk is. Die literahmrstudie is gebrnik om 'n skedule (vraelys) te ontwerp. Die navorsingskedule is gebruik vir datavangs uit polisiedossiere. Die polisiedossiere van die Misdaadinligting- Analisesentrum (MIAS) van Gauteng se streekkantoor in Johannesburg is gebruik vir die samestelling van 'n geriefHkheidsteekproef bestaande uit 415 gevalle. Hierdie gevalle kom uit die aanmeldings by die aanklagkantore van Laudium, Alexandra, Hillbrow, Rietgat Eersterust en Mamelodi, tussen 1 Jamiaiie 2001 en 1 Maart 2002. Makrososiale faktore, geslagsrolsosialisering en verhoudingsfaktore veroorsaak gesinsgeweld. Sekere elemente van die struktuur- proses- reaksie- en aangeleerde hulpeloosheidsteoriee kan dit verklaar. Die beregting van bogenoemde fokus op primere, sekondere en tersiere voorkomingsaksies. Die dinamika waarop gefokus word met betrekking tot gesinsgeweld sluit in aspekte soos: die snellerfaktore, konfrontasie, die praktiese misdaadinsident en uiteindelik die herstelde ekwillibrium. A1 die faktore (oorsake, verklarings, voorkoming en dinamika) lei uiteindelik tot die stadium waar waar verduidelik word hoe gesinsgeweld gestabilliseer word. / Criminology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

The purpose of this research was to describe and explain family violence in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. It was conducted by means of a literature review, followed by empirical research, based on police dockets, against the background of Seligman's theory on learned helplessness. Other theories were also applied eclectically. The literature review was used to design a research schedule (questionnaire). This schedule was used for data capturing from police dockets from the Crime Information Analysis Centre (CIAC) at their Gauteng Regional office in Johannesburg. From this data, a convenience sample consisting of 415 cases, was compiled. These cases were reported at the charge offices of Laudium, Alexandra, Hillbrow, Rietgat, Eersterust and Mamelodi, during the period between 1 January 2001 and 1 March 2002. Domestic violence is caused by macrosocial-, gender- and relationship factors. These causes can be explained by certain aspects of structural- process- reaction and the learned helplesness theories. The adjudication of this causes and explanations focus on primary, secondary and tersiary aspects of prevention. Triggering facors, confrontation, crime incidents and restoring the equalibrium were studied in relation to the dynamics of domestic violence. All these factors such as causes, explanations, prevention and dynamics , are considered to explain the stabilization of domestic violence. / Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om gesinsgeweld in die Gauteng-Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te beskryf en te verklaar. E)it is gedoen aan die hand van 'n literatuurstudie, en is uitgebrei met 'n empiiiese ondersoek wat op polisiedossiere gebaseer is, teen die agtergrond van Seligman se teorie van aangeleerde hulpeloosheid, asook ander teoriee wat eklekties bygewerk is. Die literahmrstudie is gebrnik om 'n skedule (vraelys) te ontwerp. Die navorsingskedule is gebruik vir datavangs uit polisiedossiere. Die polisiedossiere van die Misdaadinligting- Analisesentrum (MIAS) van Gauteng se streekkantoor in Johannesburg is gebruik vir die samestelling van 'n geriefHkheidsteekproef bestaande uit 415 gevalle. Hierdie gevalle kom uit die aanmeldings by die aanklagkantore van Laudium, Alexandra, Hillbrow, Rietgat Eersterust en Mamelodi, tussen 1 Jamiaiie 2001 en 1 Maart 2002. Makrososiale faktore, geslagsrolsosialisering en verhoudingsfaktore veroorsaak gesinsgeweld. Sekere elemente van die struktuur- proses- reaksie- en aangeleerde hulpeloosheidsteoriee kan dit verklaar. Die beregting van bogenoemde fokus op primere, sekondere en tersiere voorkomingsaksies. Die dinamika waarop gefokus word met betrekking tot gesinsgeweld sluit in aspekte soos: die snellerfaktore, konfrontasie, die praktiese misdaadinsident en uiteindelik die herstelde ekwillibrium. A1 die faktore (oorsake, verklarings, voorkoming en dinamika) lei uiteindelik tot die stadium waar waar verduidelik word hoe gesinsgeweld gestabilliseer word. / Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

A journey to healing is a story of women survivors of sexual abuse. Through narrative pastoral conversations a group or community of concern was formed that witnessed how these women managed to move by re-telling from problem-saturated dominant lifestories to rich alternative stories of survival. Post-modern practical theology formed the epistemological backdrop of this study with the focus on taking a prophetically, ethical and political stance. The group deconstructed patriarchal knowledge that has been dominant in constructing understanding of women. Deconstruction lead to the centralising of previously subjugated knowledge about themselves and made multiple identities and preferred realities possible. Feminist theology's liberating spirit contributed to this participator action research where women moved from being right to doing right. The monthly celebration teas hosted by the group were instrumental in the healing of other women who have experienced sexual violation. / Practical Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

Afrikaans text / Hierdie studie bied vanuit 'n ekosistemiese benadering 'n verduideliking van die lewenswereld van die volwasse persoon wat as kind gemolesteer is. Enkele uitgangspunte van die ekosistemiese benadering word bespreek wat dien as vertrekpunt waarvolgens die navorser konstruksies oor die as kind gemolesteerde volwassene konstrueer. Daar word gefokus op die langtermyneffekte van die kindermolestering met spesifieke verwysing na die effek op die • fisiese gedrag van die volwassene; • die aard van die seksuele verhoudings van die volwassene; en • die aard van die interpersoonlike verhoudings van die volwassene. Tydens hierdie bespreking word die oorlewingstrategiee, wat die volwassene aanwend om met die l angtermyneffekte te oorl eef, duidel i k belig. Die he l i ngsproses waardeur 'n vol wassene vol gens sy of haar ei e pas beweeg ten einde die effek van die molestering te verwerk, word volledig bespreek. Die teorie is toegepas in die navorsing om die uitwerking van die kindermolestering op volwassenes te beskryf asook enkele gebeure (events) van die helingsproses waardeur 'n volwassene beweeg het. Gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings word geformuleer ten einde die bruikbaarheid van hierdie studie in die praktyk aan te dui. / In this study the world of the adult survivor of sexua 1 abuse is described in terms of the eco-systemic approach, as well as certain constructions within the approach. These constructions served as a base on which the researcher construed further constructions of the adult survivor of sexual abuse. The study focuses on the 1 ong term effects of the child abuse with specific reference to the effect on • the physical behaviour of the adult; • the nature of the sexual relationships of the adult; and • the nature of the interpersonal relationships of the adult. The strategies of the adult in surviving with these long term effects are also highlighted in the discussion. The healing process through which the adult survivor passes in healing the sexual trauma according to his or her own pace, is fully discussed. In the empirical research the theory is applied to describe the effect of sexual abuse on the lives of adults as well as on certain events of the healing process. Conclusions and recommendations are formulated to indicate the usefulness of this study for the field. / Social Work / D.Phil. (Maatskaplike Werk)