The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This dissertation analyses millennial film adaptations of five of Shakespeare's plays with a specific focus on a selection of different kinds of film. These are William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (1999: Dir. Michael Hoffman), 10 Things I Hate About You (1999: Dir. Gil Junger), Hamlet (2000: Dir. Michael Almereyda), Titus (1999: Dir. Julie Taymor), and Scotland, PA (2001: Dir. Billy Morrissette). The films covered include both box office and independent, textually close to Shakespeare's words or not, all totally different from each other. This thesis contextualises these film adaptations within the realm of film studies, music theory, Shakespeare performance theory, critical theory and popular culture. Rather than analysing each Shakespearean film adaptation purely on an aesthetic level, my dissertation will identify and analyse each director's

In Brazil, since 1985 after the end of military dictatorship and the return to democratic freedoms - all segments of society have undergone significant changes, being observed also in artistic doings, especially in theater. If, before the productions turned their eyes mostly for the scenic composition of shows that prioritized issues related to engaging in an action against oppression established, now permeate the reflections by the trade issue, as well as the search for new conceptions of aesthetic languages .Within this perspective, the purpose of this study is the analysis of critical theatrical performances involving Macbeth (Fagundes Artistic Productions, directed by Ulysses Cruz) and Throne of Blood (Macunaíma Group, directed by Antunes Filho), both in 1992. Sought, therefore, raise discussions, within the historical perspective, allowing to understand the issues swathing the reception of the shows and their relationship to the contemporary theatrical scene. / No Brasil, a partir de 1985 após o fim da ditadura militar e o retorno às liberdades democráticas todos os segmentos sociais passaram por significativas mudanças, observadas também nos fazeres artísticos, em especial no teatro. Anteriormente grande parte as produções voltavam seus olhares majoritariamente para a composição cênica de espetáculos que priorizavam temáticas ligadas ao engajamento político. Tratava-se da ação contra a opressão estabelecida pela censura e perseguição política. Nesse novo momento que se estabelecia as reflexões perpassavam pela questão comercial assim como pela busca de novas concepções de linguagens estéticas. Dentro dessa perspectiva, a proposta deste trabalho é a análise das críticas teatrais envolvendo os espetáculos Macbeth (Fagundes Produções Artísticas, direção de Ulysses Cruz) e Trono de Sangue (Grupo Macunaíma, direção de Antunes Filho), ambas em 1992. Buscou-se, portanto, suscitar discussões que, dentro da perspectiva histórica, permitam a compreensão das questões envolvidas na recepção dos espetáculos e suas relações com a cena teatral contemporânea. / Mestre em História

Orientador: Suzi Frankl Sperber / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T08:54:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Closel_RegisAugustusBars_M.pdf: 2038312 bytes, checksum: 7c1b1af36416b37e4e7597571df3f57d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A presente dissertação tem por objetivo propor um diálogo entre duas obras dramáticas de grande significância, Ricardo III e As Troianas, no cânone de seus autores, respectivamente, William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) e Lucius Annaeus Sêneca (4 a.C - 65 d.C). A premissa inicial é a relação tradicional entre ambos, que atribui ao tragediógrafo elisabetano uma influência textual, temática e estilística originária do filósofo e tragediógrafo latino. Para o estudo dessas relações, limitadas ao escopo de duas obras, o trabalho foi dividido em três partes. No primeiro capítulo é realizado um percurso sobre toda a historiografia da crítica da influência que Sêneca teria exercido sobre os dramaturgos que escreveram durante a segunda metade do século XVI, na Inglaterra. Observa-se, principalmente, como a visão e a metodologia de se tratar o tema da influência se altera, ao longo dos anos, chegando, por exemplo, a ser negada por alguns críticos durante certo tempo, além da observação do delineamento do próprio objeto. Toma-se o cuidado, durante todo o trabalho de não fazer opção a favor ou negar a presença de Sêneca para não incorrer em extremismos. No segundo capítulo, busca-se, com base nos resultados do primeiro capítulo, a leitura histórica dos elementos temáticos e estilísticos lidos como derivados de ou influenciados por Sêneca. Neste ponto o foco distancia-se do campo de discussão crítica do fenômeno para o campo de crítica histórico-literária e os objetos focados, agora, são exatamente aqueles que anteriormente foram levantados como ?"senequianos". No terceiro capítulo, conhecida a história da influência e tendo sido feita uma gama de opções e leituras sobre a época de Shakespeare, inicia-se a leitura das duas obras. Tal abordagem preambular se fez necessária para que houvesse um embasamento tanto da crítica da discussão da influência, como da leitura histórica da cultura que produziu Ricardo III. Foi feita a opção de seguir com a leitura de René Girard sobre os conceitos de Teoria Mimética e Crise de Diferenças, pois tocam em noções basilares do mundo Elisabetano, apresentando, portanto, uma atmosfera na qual os diálogos poderiam situar relações de aproximação e afastamento entre a dupla de obras escolhida. Observa-se uma leitura mítica, muito rica politicamente, ao trabalhar com a história/mito conhecidos por ambas as obras / Abstract: This dissertation aims to propose a dialogue between two dramatic works of great importance, Richard III and Trojan Women, both canonic for their authors, respectively, William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) and Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD). The initial premise is the traditional relationship between them, which presupposes that the Elizabethan tragedies have textual, thematic and stylistic influence of the Latin philosopher and tragedian. In order to study these relationships, restricted to the scope of the two referred plays, the dissertation was divided into three parts. The first chapter is about Seneca's influence on playwrights who wrote along the second half of the sixteenth century in England. It focuses mainly the vision and methodology used to study the issue of influence and changes of views over the years, reaching, for example, the fact that the influence was denied by some critics for some time. It also observes the outline of the object - the relation between plays - itself. Along these considerations, I was aware that I should not propose or deny the influence of Seneca in order not to incur in extremism. The second chapter, based on the results of the first chapter, seeks to read the historical interpretation of stylistic and thematic elements as derived from or influenced by Seneca. At this point, the analysis moves away from the critical discussion to approach the field of historical and literary criticism. The focused objects are exactly those that have previously been raised as "senequians", like the blank verse, the tyrant and the presence of ghosts. In the third chapter begins the interpretation of both tragedies. This preliminary approach was necessary in order to have a critical foundation for the discussion of influence, as that one produced by historical reading of Richard III. The mimetic theory of René Girard and the Crisis of Differences offered fundamental notions for the Elizabethan world, which presented interlocution between both tragedies, so that it was possible to examine approaches and distances between the two chosen plays. It was observed a very rich mythical and political relation among the plays using the known versions of history/myth / Mestrado / Teoria e Critica Literaria / Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

In act I, scene 2 of Shakespeare's Hamlet, one of the key themes presented is the theme of order versus disorder. Gertrude's hasty marriage to Claudius and their lack of grief over the recent death of King Hamlet violate Hamlet's sense of order and are the cause of Hamlet's anger and despair in 1.2. Rather than contrast Hamlet with his uncle and mother, Olivier constructs an Oedipal relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude--unsupported by the text--that undermine's the characterization of Hamlet as a man of order. In contrast, Tony Richardson presents Claudius' and Gertrude's actions as a violation of the order in which Hamlet believes.

The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Estudios Latinoamericanos / La tesis que a continuación se presenta es una aproximación al campo de las apropiaciones de The Tempest de William Shakespeare, en el cual destacan dos versiones afrocaribeñas articuladas por George Lamming y Aimé Césaire en The Pleasures of Exile (1960) y Une tempête (1969), respectivamente. Se trata de un análisis literario y comparativo entre los dos textos con el propósito de investigar la manera en que los dos pensadores antillanos resisten y desmantelan el legado colonial para los afrodescendientes y sus países dependientes en el periodo tanto de los procesos de descolonización caribeña, como del movimiento por los derechos civiles en los Estados Unidos. El análisis se conduce por las líneas de las propuestas teóricas de pensadores caribeños anticoloniales del siglo XX que denuncian las secuelas del colonialismo para los colonizados y en sus países dependientes. Estudia, además, la representación de afrodescendientes en el personaje de Calibán, el cual los dos autores vinculan con líderes antillanos y norteamericanos de la lucha anticolonial: Toussaint Louverture y Malcolm X. Desarrolla también los temas de la transculturación y la revalorización de las identidades culturales y el desmantelamiento de la construcción de alteridad de sus Calibanes negros. Así, la tesis propone que las contraescrituras de The Tempest por estos autores afrocaribeños logran agregar al drama canónico los mecanismos para la liberación del personaje de Calibán, representante del sujeto negro del siglo XX.

A presente pesquisa explora uma adaptação amadora em contexto escolar de Romeu e Julieta para as redes sociais desenvolvida em comunidades em risco na cidade de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, na região de fronteira entre Brasil e Uruguai. O objeto de estudo é a adaptação multiplataforma Romeus & Julietas, uma reinterpretação da história dos jovens amantes em ambiente digital. Cada ato da peça é mostrado ou contado em uma plataforma diferente (através de textos, imagens e sons) e o leitor navega a adaptação preenchendo lacunas e reconhecendo as referências aos personagens arquetípicos e, assim, tecendo a história. A hipótese dessa pesquisa é que a adaptação pode ser uma ferramenta para aproximar a obra de Shakespeare do público e que as mídias digitais podem ser usadas como instrumentos para possibilitar a criação de adaptações amadoras. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é descrever como a adaptação multiplataforma Romeus & Julietas é apresentada e interpretar e explicar as escolhas adaptativas focando nas questões provocadas pela própria adaptação. O objeto de estudo exigiu uma abordagem metodológica multidisciplinar, que foi ajustada conforme o propósito desse trabalho. A pesquisa iniciou através de uma perspectiva descritiva para que fossem geradas ideias e, depois disso, a abordagem formal e cultural foram integradas. Por fim, a adaptação multiplataforma Romeus & Julietas apresenta um comentário crítico contextualizado e aborda a história dos amantes arquetípicos criativamente. / The present research explores a student amateur adaptation of Romeo & Juliet to social networks developed by at risk communities in Bagé, a city in the border region of Brazil and Uruguay. The object of study is the multiplatform adaptation Romeus & Julietas, which is a reinterpretation of the young lovers’ story in a digital environment. Each act of the play is shown or told in a different platform (through texts, images and sounds) and the reader needs to navigate through the adaptation filling in the gaps, recognizing references to the archetypical characters, and connecting the dots between the parts of the story. This dissertation raises the hypothesis that adaptation might be a tool to make Shakespeare’s work more accessible to people and that digital media can be used as an instrument to make an amateur adaptation happen. The objective of this dissertation is to describe how the multiplatform adaptation Romeus & Julietas is presented and to interpret and explain the adaptational choices by focusing on issues raised and provoked by the adaptation itself. The object of study required multi-disciplinary methodological approaches, which were adapted to the purpose of this research. The research started from a descriptive perspective in order to generate ideas and integrate formal and cultural approaches. In conclusion, the multiplatform adaptation Romeus & Julietas provides a contextualized critical commentary and accesses the star-crossed lovers’ archetype creatively.

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William Shakespeare es, sin lugar a dudas, uno de los dramaturgos más brillantes y más representados del teatro universal. Su obra es ampliamente reconocida y considerada en la literatura y las artes escénicas por la riqueza temática que guarda y las múltiples posibilidades interpretativas que alberga, según el punto de vista de cada director. El reto de montar un Shakespeare no es sencillo, pues hay que combatir cierta resistencia del público hacia los llamados autores clásicos. El hecho de pretender acercar a Shakespeare al espectador de hoy conlleva siempre riesgos. Muchas veces se pretende actualizar a Shakespeare empleando recursos escénicos modernos, como vestuario, escenografia, modismos al hablar, etcétera. Pero sólo se consigue una modernización artificial que no cumple con la misión de revelar la verdadera esencia de la obra. La pieza, entonces, se puede convertir en el mejor de los casos, en una buena crónica moderna pero su temática pasará desapercibida, descontextualizada. Ante el problema de la modernización superficial, surge la invitación a realizar el montaje shakespeareano bajo la perspectiva de una verdadera contemporaneidad, la cual buscará compenetrar la temática de la obra con el contexto social del público. La coincidencia se vuelve un resultado feliz cuando el público encuentra en escena una problemática en la cual se reconoce y se identifica. / Tesis