Yes / Sharing economy is flourishing and increasingly customers are shifting towards “using instead of owning” products and services. The objective of our research is to empirically prove that low organizational trust can trigger strict organizational practices such as ethics training and audits but excessive use of both of these practices can negatively impact the relationship quality in sharing economy. In doing so, it has detrimental effects on co-creation and co-innovation particularly when the goals are related to emotional cognitive, material support and relationship building. This study, therefore, targets to scrutinize the dark side of B2B sharing economy platforms using the ethical theory of organizing. The unique contribution of this study is first, showcasing the relationships between ethical climate, ethical practices and consequences. Second, it highlights that B2B alliances that perceive strictness in ethics audits have a low level of willingness to enhance relationship quality. However, the effect of strictness in ethics training does not lead to the development of a low level of willingness to enhance relationship quality. This is an interesting finding and generates a theoretical debate. The findings of the study will promote the development of an ethical model that addresses the negative aspects of the B2B sharing economy.

受到科技進步、消費者心態轉變、經濟因素三大條件驅動，共享經濟逐漸發展成具規模的集體社會趨勢，更被美國《時代週刊》列為「將會改變世界的十大主意」之一。本研究參考學者研究，將共享經濟定義為：「基於使多數人得以重複使用之目的，將閒置生產力透過中介平台，以群體合作進行有效率的點對點分享，並創造利益之商業模式」。 　　然而，隨著共享經濟企業的規模與版圖逐漸擴展，產業內既有的商業模式面臨破壞式創新所帶來的嚴峻挑戰和威脅，導致既得利益者企圖透過尋租行為要求政府禁止或限制共享經濟企業的營運，造成共享經濟發展受到限制。其中，尋租者多從「私人財產利用界線」及「平台與使用者間關係」來爭執共享經濟企業的合法性，且根據美國Uber案及Smart Apartment案判決分析，可再細部歸納得出「外部成本」、「契約性質」係爭議主因。 　　Airbnb係目前規模最大的私人住宅出租平台，為共享經濟十分成功的個案，使用者可將家中閒置空間刊登於平台上，短租給各地旅客。然而，多數城市均以法律規定業者需取得許可始能提供短期住宿服務，Airbnb使用者未獲得許可即於平台上提供住宅短租的行為，即產生適用法規上的合法性爭議。 　　本研究從「外部成本」及「契約性質」兩大角度切入，以紐約州檢察總長之Airbnb市場研究報告、Airbnb美國訴訟案以及我國日租套房判決，針對Airbnb「短租私人住宅」與「使用者利用平台」兩大行為做出我國法規適用之合法性討論，並企圖以立法管制、寇斯定理及社會規範，提出政府面對Airbnb於臺灣營運時可行之管理方式。 / Driven by the technological, changes, consumers’ purchase behaviors and the economy concern issues, sharing economy becomes a sizable social trend. Furthermore, Times magazine even ranks sharing economy as one of the ideas that would change the world. This research difines sharing economy as “a accessibility based business model for peer-to-peer markets, aimd to share underutilized asset or idling capacity effciently by crowd collaboration through a intermediary platform”. 　　However, as the growth of sharing economy, enterprises are threatened by disruptive innovations and new business models., Thus, stakeholders’ rent-seeking behaviors within the industry would bring the difficulties and limitations to sharing economies. Those rent-seekers argue the issues of “the boundery of private property use” and “the relationship between platform and users” which make sharing economy invalid, and the lawsuits on Uber and Smart Apartment also show that “external costs” and “the nature of contract” are the main reasons resulting to rent seeking. 　　Airbnb is the biggest house-renting platform also one of the most successful sharing economy enterprises. Users could plae their own vacant spaces to rent out to other users on this platform to earn extra profits. While most cities in the world require house-renting or hotel business to obtain permission before providing short-term accommodation services, Airbnb’s users provide short-term accommodation via its platform do not require the permission which arise the disputes of the legality and vaility when applying to local regulation. 　　This theis is base on the perspectives of “external costs” and “the nature of contract”, market research report undertaken by the New York State Attorney General, American lawsuits related to Airbnb and cases of daily-based house-rental business in Taiwan to analyze the issues of short-term rental for private house, the useage of sharing economy platform, and the legality and validity of Airbnb when its business model applying to Taiwanese regulation. Based on the analysis, this theis proposes a solution about how Taiwanese government manages Airbnb’s based on legislative control, Coase Theorem and social norms.

International business strategy is a widely investigated topic, with a plethora of related research. Aspects such as the internationalization process and the challenges faced when entering a foreign market have been widely examined, with the majority of existing literature linked to multinational corporations and companies of a traditional nature. However, there is a lack of research based on companies operating within the sharing economy. This is in contrast to the attention that has been given to the study of small entrepreneurial firms, such as international new ventures and born globals. Hence making the sharing economy a valuable area of investigation in terms of internationalization.   With more and more companies breaking away from the traditional norms of operation, this modern approach to business requires a deeper understanding. Due to the very nature of the sharing economy, companies are highly likely to internationalize and do so from an early stage, and knowledge of the challenges related to the process is therefore vital. Such recognition provided the motivation for this study, in the belief that it will provide valuable knowledge to companies, as well as contribute to the existing body of literature.   This study sets out to fill this knowledge gap by exploring the challenges faced by sharing economy companies when internationalizing. Furthermore, the study seeks to examine the effects such challenges have on the company and how they can be overcome. Research was carried out through a qualitative case study of six companies, out of which; four have already internationalized and two are yet to internationalize. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the founders and senior managers, with questions relating to both internal and external challenges. The challenges were examined and their impact on the internationalization process explained.   The researchers conclude that both internal and external challenges impacted the internationalization process, and that many challenges were somewhat interconnected. From the challenges identified, the following were considered critical: networks, business model, funding and leadership decision-making. Overcoming such challenges can lessen the effects of other challenges and make the internationalization process more successful.

Inspired by the recent rise in interest surrounding the Sharing Economy, this report seeks to provide insight into the potential for sharing in cities. I focus my attention on land; as one of the scarcest resources in urban areas land holds some of the greatest potential for sharing. I strive to develop an awareness of the challenges against and opportunities for shareable approaches to land use and development of city-owned land. Through interviews and archival research I explore a variety of projects, programs and initiatives in Austin, TX and San Francisco, CA. Based on my findings I provide suggestions for the City of Austin in developing a more shareable approach to land use and development. / text

The concept of the sharing economy has gained increased attention among academicresearch and practitioners alike. The sharing economy presents a shift from the traditionalcommerce way of business to a more collaborative sharing of resources. Companies suchas Uber, Airbnb and TaskRabbit have contributed to the raising popularity of sharingservices, by providing consumers with a platform to engage in peer-to-peer sharing. Inaddition, Web 2.0 has proven to be an essential factor in the rigorous growth of the sharingeconomy among consumers, by connecting them and enabling consumer engagement.Despite academic researchers devoting more attention to the sharing economy, there hasbeen a lack of research addressing specific influences that Web 2.0 has on the consumerin the sharing economy. In order to fill this gap, this research seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the consumerperspective by providing valuable insights into how Web 2.0 affects consumer behaviorwithin the sharing economy. Therefore, this research first aims to identify the aspects thatdrive consumers to consider the sharing economy as an alternative to traditional options.Following this, the research intends to uncover how both companies and peer consumersin the sharing economy attempt to influence potential consumers’ consideration of asharing option. Finally, it is equally important to highlight how participation and Web 2.0affects the outcomes. To fulfill this purpose, a qualitative study has been conducted among users of the sharingeconomy. The sample group for the semi-structured interviews was selected based ontheir shared characteristic of belonging to Generation Y and having used a sharing optionin the past. In order to add a degree of credibility to our findings, a product manager fromthe sharing economy shared comments and insights in regards to the data gathered duringthe interviews. Several themes were derived from the gathered data through the analysis and discussionin regards to the drivers, influencing factors and outcomes of the participation in thesharing economy. In terms of the drivers, the first theme is financial considerations, whoseimportance is dependent on the nature of the sharing option. The second theme is the needfor experience, which includes authentic and local experiences. Finally, the theme ofsecurity considerations is concerned with the perception of risk of participation in thesharing economy. Within the company influencing factors, the first theme of onlinemarketing is subjected to factors such as presentation and delivery which affect thecredibility of these activities. Meanwhile, the second theme of consumer referral systemsenjoys more credibility due to the overwhelming involvement of peers. On the other hand,influences by other consumers show the importance of trust in peers through eWOM,including reviews and recommendations, as part of the identified receiving consumerengagement theme. The final influencing factors are part of the third-party theme, whichincludes the importance of online news and pop culture as a source of awareness. Lastly,the identified themes in terms of outcomes after participating in the sharing economyrevolve around the change in concerns regarding risk and uncertainty, which affect thedegree of online trust. Finally, the creating consumer engagement theme shows that thequality of the sharing experience motivates the consideration to engage in eWOM and inturn become an advocate for sharing options.

5 Abstract A significance of platforms based on sharing economy principle in tourism has been continuously increasing. Currently, the most significant phenomenon is Airbnb, which allows residents to offer their homes for tourists. Even though Airbnb still works on basic peer to peer principle of sharing economy, due to uncontrolled development, it has been leading to a diversion from values of sharing economy. Unlike Airbnb, couchsurfing still retains values of sharing economy and promotes sustainable tourism. However, there is not enough data about couchsurfing. For example, this platform does not have any public database, which would outline how many people were accommodated through Couchsurfing in particular destinations. The lack of data about couchsurfing is apparent in the academic sphere as well. The vast majority of studies is focused on sociological themes like motivations of people to use couchsurfing or mutual trust among its users. In the meantime, the spatial behaviour of these tourists has been therefore underestimated. Creation of a database of these tourists on international and Czech national scale including an exploration of spatial behaviour in Czechia is the main aim of this research. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was adopted for this research. The quantitative...

<div>The digital transformation of markets can remove traditional geographic restrictions, democratizing access to previously unattainable products, and enable individuals to extract rent from their personal assets. However, these digital innovations often have competitors and complementors that are not immune to the impact of local factors such as the local market structure, economic condition, and even demographics. This dissertation examines the geographic and demographic heterogeneity driven disparities in two digitally transformed markets, the financial and accommodations sectors respectively.</div><div><br></div><div>First, we study the impact of local financial market competition in managing online peer-to-peer loans. With the boom of financial technologies (FinTech), a critical question is whether the local financial market structure still matters. Unlike traditional retail financial institutions that are predominantly territorial, FinTech-based platforms, in particular peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, provide individuals equal access to funds by removing typical geographic restrictions. Combined with other benefits such as ease-of-use and lower interest rates, P2P lenders are increasingly threatening the traditional local lenders. A largely unanswered question in the literature is whether the local retail financial institutions strategically respond to the rise of such P2P platforms. Moreover, if the strategic reaction of traditional institutions continues the legacy of being territorial, borrowers will ultimately gain unevenly from the competition. That is, where a borrower lives may still matter. In this chapter, we devise multiple strategies to empirically analyze the extent and nature of the strategic response of traditional institutions to P2P lending. This includes: (1) utilization of a Probit model that leverages the richness of our local market data and (2) exploitation of bank mergers as exogenous shocks to local market structure. We find consistently that a borrower from a more competitive market is more likely to prepay, suggesting that local market structure plays a pivotal role in P2P borrowers' debt management. We validate the underlying mechanism by studying the improving credit profiles of borrowers and platforms' (exogenous) changes in pricing in moderating the main effect. This mechanism reveals that traditional banks, especially when their local market conditions support, credibly responds to the growth of P2P and are successful in attracting consumers back to traditional financial products. Relatedly, we document heterogeneity in the benefits that borrowers gain from the local market structure (using a machine learning algorithm) and verify the robustness of our main findings. We discuss the implications for P2P lending, other crowd-based markets, and local retail financial markets.</div><div><br></div><div>Second, we examines the heterogeneous economic spillover effects of a home sharing platform---Airbnb---on the growth of a complimentary local service---restaurants. By circumventing traditional land-use regulation and providing access to underutilized inventory, Airbnb is attracting visitors of a city to vicinities that are not traditional tourist destinations. Although visitors generally bring significant spending power, it is, however, not clear if the visitors use Airbnb primarily for lodging, thus, not contributing to the adjacent vicinity economy. To evaluate this, we focus on the impact of Airbnb on the restaurant employment growth across vicinities in New York City (NYC). Our results indicate that if the intensity of Airbnb activity (Airbnb reviews per household) increases by 1\%, the restaurant employment in an average area grows by approximately 1.03\%. We also investigate the role of demographics and market concentration in driving the variation. Notably, restaurants in areas with a relatively high number of Black residents do not benefit from the economic spillover of Airbnb activity. Also, restaurants in more competitive areas reap the benefit from this spillover most. We validate the underlying mechanism behind the main result by evaluating the impact of Airbnb on Yelp visitor reviews -- areas with increasing Airbnb activity experience a surge in their share of NYC visitor reviews. This result is further validated by evaluating the impact of a unique Airbnb neighborhood level policy recently implemented in New Orleans. </div>

Background: In recent years, the Swedish taxi industry has undergone a number of changes as a result of increased digitalisation in a deregulated market. Most market players have emerged as a result of the freedom of establishment, which in turn has led to higher competition. Among these new entrants, the ride-hailing business model has had an impact by taking a traditional service and performing it differently. This thesis will thus examine how this approach has affected the Swedish taxi industry in more detail. Purpose: The thesis aims to increase understanding of the aspects of the ride-hailing business model that are specifically distinguished by the company Uber. The following secondary purpose is to identify the impact this specific business model has on the Swedish taxi industry as a result of Uber's establishment on the Swedish market. Method: The thesis is an abductive case study of qualitative character. The empirical data has been collected through three distinct approaches, which are the collection of scientific material, semi-structured interviews with three respondents and a Social Media Analysis consisting of data from approximately 100 independent articles and media publications. Furthermore, these three types of empirical data have been selected via a strategic selection. Conclusion: The result of this thesis shows that the specific aspects that stand out in Uber Sweden's use of the ride-hailing business model are value creation, differentiation, innovation and social acceptance. The results also show that the ride-hailing business model has influenced the Swedish taxi industry in terms of the specific aspects' influence on the development of the taxi market and on government regulations. / Bakgrund: Under de senaste åren har den svenska taximarknaden genomgått en rad förändringar till följd av en ökad digitalisering på en avreglerad marknad. Det har uppkommit flertalet aktörer på marknaden till följd av den fria etableringsrätten, som i sin tur lett till en högre konkurrens. Bland dessa nya aktörer har affärsmodellen ride-hailing fått ett genomslag genom att ta en traditionell tjänst och utföra den annorlunda. Uppsatsen kommer därmed att närmare undersöka hur detta tillvägagångssätt har påverkat den svenska taximarknaden. Syfte: Uppsatsen syftar till att öka förståelsen för de aspekter av ride-hailing-affärsmodellen som specifikt utmärker sig hos företaget Uber. Det följande sekundära syftet avser att identifiera den påverkan som denna specifika affärsmodell haft på den svenska taxibranschen till följd av Ubers etablering på den svenska marknaden. Metod: Uppsatsen är en abduktiv fallstudie av kvalitativ karaktär. Empiri har insamlats via tre distinkta tillvägagångssätt, vilka är insamlande av vetenskapligt material, semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre respondenter samt en Social Media Analys bestående av data från cirka 100 fristående artiklar samt mediala publikationer. Vidare har dessa tre typer av empiriska data valts ut via ett strategiskt urval. Slutsats: Resultatet från denna uppsats visar att de specifika aspekterna som utmärker sig inom Uber Sveriges användning av ride-hailing-affärsmodellen är värdeskapande, differentiering, innovation och social acceptans. Vidare visar resultatet på att ride-hailing-affärsmodellen har påverkat den svenska taximarknaden i avseende på de specifika aspekternas inflytande på utvecklingen av taxibranschen samt kring statliga regleringar.

Les espaces de coworking sont des espaces de travail partagés par des individus de plusieurs organisations au sein d’un espace ouvert. Cette thèse analyse le développement d’un marché du coworking en Ile-de-France au regard des modalités de réalisation du travail dans ces espaces. Le rôle de la proximité physique dans le développement de pratiques collaboratives y est observé dans un espace de coworking parisien. L’étude des croisements entre échanges marchands et non-marchands permet de montrer que les effets de réciprocité contribuent à renforcer les liens entre coworkers. Les espaces peuvent faciliter les projets entrepreneuriaux par un apprentissage entre pairs et l’accès à des ressources communes au sein de l’espace. Cela nécessite cependant que les gestionnaires de coworking organisent la collaboration et la rendent visible. Ils font du coworking une nouvelle forme de service immobilier qui articule espace physique et service informel de mise en relation des travailleurs. La valeur des espaces de coworking est alors coproduite par les utilisateurs. Cette thèse resitue également le développement du coworking en Ile-de-France par rapport à un ensemble de politiques publiques. Les collectivités territoriales ont contribué à structurer le marché avant que des promoteurs immobiliers n’opèrent un changement d’échelle dans la notion-même de coworking. L’opérateur de coworking devient un intermédiaire permettant de mutualiser la demande de bureaux des petites entreprises en zone métropolitaine, et est amené à prendre une place au sein de la chaîne de valeur de l’immobilier / Coworking spaces are flexible workspaces shared by individuals from different organizations in an open-plan space. This thesis analyses the development of a coworking market in the Greater Paris region in light of the working arrangements in those spaces. The role of proximity in collaboration is observed in a Parisian coworking space. The overlap between commercial and non-commercial exchanges shows that reciprocity contributes to reinforcing ties between coworkers. Coworking spaces can encourage entrepreneurial projects through peer learning and the access to resources in the space. However, this requires the work of coworking managers who are key in organizing collaboration and making it visible. They are thus creating a new form of real estate service that ties physical space to an informal networking service between coworkers. The value in coworking spaces is therefore coproduced by its users. This research also shows that the development of coworking in Greater Paris was first structured by local public policies, and that real estate developers are now scaling up the idea of coworking. Coworking space operators are becoming intermediaries enabling small companies to share their offices in metropolitan regions, thus positioning themselves in the corporate real estate value chain

Sharing economy services have grown significantly in the last decade. Thereby, P2P accommodation sharing services represent one of the largest sectors and play a crucial role in the tourism industry. The purpose of this paper is to explain the relationship between motives as well as concerns and the customer satisfaction of users in accommodation sharing services. Furthermore, it is investigated if the generation is affecting this relationship. In order to answer the research questions a quantitative method was used. A survey was carried out, which delivered 157 valid responses from existing users of accommodation sharing services. The findings of this research support the positive impact of the motives and the negative impact of the concerns on customer satisfaction. However, no effect of generation on the relationship could be found, whereas there is an indication that nationality might be an influencing factor. Since only the motives and concerns of existing users are studied, the sample is limited to a small share of the whole population, which has already used accommodation sharing services. The paper tests empirically the concept of generation and its impact on the relationship between the motives as well as concerns and the customer satisfaction in the setting of accommodation sharing services. This study shows that it is important for P2P accommodation sharing platform providers and hosts of P2P accommodations to deal with the concerns of the customers as well as to address aspects of the motives in their marketing campaigns to increase the customer satisfaction.