Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The shift towards minimally invasive dentistry has meant that dental practitioners are now undertaking procedures that are conservative and preserve as much of the existing tooth structure as possible. Repairing composite is a more conservative way of managing damaged restorations when compared to their replacement. A number of different protocols for repairing composite restorations exist but there is little information as to which is the most effective method. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect the following treatment procedures have on the shear bond strength of repaired composite: i. Five different repair protocols, ii. Two different types of repair composite materials and iii. Aging in artificial saliva prior to repairing. Materials and methods: Two hundred and forty composite cylinders of 5mm diameter and 5mm height made from Filtek Supreme XTE (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared with the aid of a silicon matrix. They were then divided into two groups: a hundred and twenty of these cylinders were aged in a solution of artificial saliva for 28 days and the remaining samples were left unchanged with no aging. All the aged and non-aged composite cylinders were then randomly allocated to six groups of twenty each corresponding to the repair protocol applied. The first group from both of the aged and non-aged samples was treated by roughening the top surface with a diamond bur followed by an application of Scotchbond 1XT (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). The second group received a surface roughening with a diamond bur,etching with 35% phosphoric acid and application of Scotchbond 1XT. The third group received an application of Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and the fourth one had a single application of Tetric N-Bond Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) on its top surface. The fifth group was treated by blasting with COJET Sand (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) particles together with an application of Scotchbond Universal. The final group was used as the control where no surface treatment was done. After the surface treatments, each of the composite samples was repaired by the addition of fresh composite in the shape of cylinders measuring 3mm in diameter and 4mm in height. This was done with the aid of a silicon matrix. Within each treatment sub-group (n=20), 10 cylinders were repaired using either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram. All two hundred and forty repaired samples were then subjected to shear bond strength testing on a Universal testing machine. Data analysis: The results of the shear bond strength tests expressed in megapascals (MPa) were recorded and analysed for the effect of three different factors under consideration. The effectiveness of the repair protocols, type of composite and aging in artificial saliva were compared using the analysis of variance. Differences within the groups were identified using a post hoc analysis. Results: The mean highest repair shear bond strength was observed when COJET Sand in conjunction with Scotchbond Universal was used to repair the aged composite blocks. There were no significant differences in the shear bond strength observed when either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram was used as the repair composites. Aging in artificial saliva led to a mean reduction of 18.08% in the repair bond strength across the six treatment groups. Conclusions: The application of a surface treatment and intermediate adhesive is crucial in improving bond strength in the composite repair interface. Repair with Filtek Supreme XTE and Tetric N-Ceram was equally effective. Aging in artificial saliva produced significantly reduced bond strength.

Introduction: An optimal orthodontic bonding system must minimize damage to the enamel during conditioning, have enough bond strength to prevent bracket de-bonding during treatment, and allow bracket removal at treatment completion, such that minimal damage is inflicted to the tooth.1 Pumice followed by acid etching has been the standard for many years; however, Groman Inc. (Margate, FL, USA) has stated that using their air-abrasion product will result in a tripling of bond strength. This method claims a three-fold increase in bond strength compared to traditional acid etching techniques by substituting air-abrasion using the EtchMaster® (Groman Inc., Margate, FL) 50 μm aluminum oxide in place of pumice prophy prior to acid etching. The purpose of this study is to see if this combination does in fact triple shear bond strength, and if so, what impact it has on the residual enamel surface after bracket removal, or de-bonding. Methods: Ninety recently extracted bovine incisors were randomly divided into three groups. Each of the three groups underwent different conditioning methods prior to bracket bonding. Group A: pumice + acid etch (N=30), Group B: air-abrasion + acid etch (N=30), and Group C: air-abrasion only (N=30). Enamel surface conditions were characterized using a Quanta 200 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (FEI, Hillsboro, OR) and a SZX7 Stereomicroscope System (Olympus, Center Valley, PA). American Orthodontics Master Series System twin MBT mandibular incisor brackets (Sheboygan, WI, USA) were then bonded to each tooth. Following bonding, teeth were stored for twenty-four hours in water at 37°C +/- 2°C. All groups then underwent thermocycling of five hundred cycles in water baths set at five and fifty-five degrees Celsius. Next, the samples were mounted in dental stone and brackets de-bonded using a universal testing machine (Instron, Canton, MA) to obtain shear bond strength (SBS) values. SEM and optical stereomicroscopy were again utilized to evaluate the enamel surface and determine the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was score of each specimen. Results: The mean of Group A (pumice + acid etch) was 21.52 MPa with a standard deviation of 4.97 MPa. The mean of Group B (air-abrasion + acid etch) was 21.83 MPa with a standard deviation of 7.55 Mpa. The mean of Group C (air-abrasion only) was 8.12 MPa with a standard deviation of 3.05 MPa. Analysis of variance showed a main effect of Group on MPa, F(2, 87) = 60.66, p < 0.001, ηp2= 0.58. Post-hoc analyses using Tukey’s HSD indicated that SBS values were higher for teeth in Group A than for those in Group C (p < 0.001), teeth in Group B had higher SBS values than those in Group C (p < 0.001), but no difference was found for SBS between teeth in Group A and Group B (p =0.981). Results from the Fisher’s Exact test, where we controlled the Type I error using a Bonferroni correction, reveals that ARI scores differed by group (p < 0.001). Stereomicroscope images at 38.75x magnification obtained following enamel conditioning show Groups A (P+AE) and B (AA+AE) are almost indistinguishable; however, Group C (AA) has visual differences. Group C had a speckled reflective property that appeared to be residual aluminum oxide particles. Following de-bond, stereomicroscopic and SEM images showed no enamel defects on the tooth. Conclusions: SBS was not significantly different between Group A (pumice + acid etch) and Group B (air-abrasion + acid etch). SBS was significantly different between Groups A and B, and Group C (air-abrasion only). This means there is not a three-fold increase in SBS when using air-abrasion and acid etch, when compared to pumice and acid etch, as claimed by the manufacturer of the air-abrasion unit used in this study. Additionally, the air-abrasion only group displayed a significantly lower SBS than Group A and B. Air-abrasion only is not a suitable enamel preparation method for orthodontic bonding. Images obtained from the stereomicroscope and SEM reveal no observational damage to the enamel surface topography after de-bonding for any group.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar, através de análise de elementos finitos, a distribuição de tensões em modelos que representam arranjos experimentais nor-malmente utilizados em testes de cisalhamento e micro-cisalhamento, verificar a tendência de variar o local de início e o modo de fratura em função de mudanças nos parâmetros dos ensaios e analisar a influência de dois modos de fixação do substrato sobre a concentração de tensões. Os modelos bidimensionais em estado plano de deformações representaram o compósito (híbrido ou flow) aderido à dentina através de uma camada de adesivo de 50 &#956;m. Duas condições de fixação da dentina foram estabelecidas: na primeira (mais rígida), os deslocamentos foram restritos em todas as direções nos nós das arestas que representam as três superfícies livres de adesão e na segunda, a restrição foi colocada apenas na parte posterior da dentina. Foi aplicado um carregamento pontual a várias distâncias da interface dentina-adesivo, de modo a obter um tensão nominal constante de 4MPa. Foram analisadas as tensões máximas de tração e cisalhamento, a distribuição das tensões ao longo dos nós da interface dentina-adesivo e os vetores de tensão máxima principal, como indicativos do local de início e o provável modo de fratura. A distribuição de tensões ao longo da interface aderida foi sempre não uniforme e apresentou picos muito ele-vados em todos os casos, o que conduz a pensar que os valores de resistência nominal não são representativos da máxima tensão suportada no momento da fratura. A tensão de tração predominou sobre a de cisalhamento. O módulo de elasticidade do compósito aderido, a espessura relativa da camada de adesivo e a distância de aplicação da carga influenciam a concentração de tensões e devem ser padroniza-dos. Para o teste de micro-cisalhamento, a camada de adesivo relativamente mais espessa e o uso do compósito com baixo módulo de elasticidade propiciaram a in-tensificação das tensões. O ensaio de cisalhamento parece mais suscetível que o de micro-cisalhamento para que o início da ruptura ocorra no substrato, pois o ponto de maior concentração de tensões localizou-se na dentina em alguns casos e verifica-se pequena diferença de módulo entre os maiores vetores localizados no adesivo e na dentina de base. O teste de micro-cisalhamento, embora mais favorável a que as fraturas se iniciem no adesivo, concentra muito a tensão, especialmente com a utili-zação de resinas do tipo flow, o que o torna menos representativo da máxima tensão que o espécime realmente resistiu no momento da fratura. / The objectives of this study were to compare the stress distribution in finite element models that represented experimental designs commonly used for shear and micro-shear bond strength testing, to verify the tendency to vary the location and mode of fracture as a consequence of changes in the studied parameters, and to analyze the influence of two substrate restriction conditions on stress concentration. Bi-dimensional plane strain models represented a composite (hybrid or flow) bonded to dentin through a 50 &#956;m adhesive layer. Two dentin restriction conditions were estab-lished: in the first (more rigid), movements were restricted in all directions on the nodes located in the dentin surface edges free of adhesion, and in the second, re-striction was imposed only to the posterior dentin surface. Concentrated loading was applied at several distances from the dentin-adhesive interface so as to obtain con-stant nominal bond strength of 4MPa. Maximum tensile and shear stress values, stress distribution along the dentin-adhesive interfacial nodes and the principal maximum stress vectors as indicative of the most probable location and mode of frac-ture were analyzed. Stress distribution along bonded interfaces was always non-uniform and presented very high stress peaks for all cases. This led to the assump-tion that nominal bond strength values are non-representative of the maximum stress supported at fracture. Tensile stresses were always predominant over shear stresses. The composite elastic modulus, relative adhesive layer thickness and different load application distances influenced stress concentration and should be stan-dardized. For micro-shear tests, the relatively thicker adhesive layer and use of a low modulus composite propitiated stress intensification. The shear test seems to be more susceptible than micro-shear to fracture initiation in the substrate, once the point of highest stress concentration was in some cases located in dentin, and small modulus difference was verified between the greatest stress vectors located both on the adhesive and dentin base. Although more favorable to fracture initiation in the adhesive, the micro-shear test design highly concentrated stresses, especially when flow composite was modeled, hence it might be less representative of the maximum stress the specimen resisted at fracture.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar, através de análise de elementos finitos, a distribuição de tensões em modelos que representam arranjos experimentais nor-malmente utilizados em testes de cisalhamento e micro-cisalhamento, verificar a tendência de variar o local de início e o modo de fratura em função de mudanças nos parâmetros dos ensaios e analisar a influência de dois modos de fixação do substrato sobre a concentração de tensões. Os modelos bidimensionais em estado plano de deformações representaram o compósito (híbrido ou flow) aderido à dentina através de uma camada de adesivo de 50 &#956;m. Duas condições de fixação da dentina foram estabelecidas: na primeira (mais rígida), os deslocamentos foram restritos em todas as direções nos nós das arestas que representam as três superfícies livres de adesão e na segunda, a restrição foi colocada apenas na parte posterior da dentina. Foi aplicado um carregamento pontual a várias distâncias da interface dentina-adesivo, de modo a obter um tensão nominal constante de 4MPa. Foram analisadas as tensões máximas de tração e cisalhamento, a distribuição das tensões ao longo dos nós da interface dentina-adesivo e os vetores de tensão máxima principal, como indicativos do local de início e o provável modo de fratura. A distribuição de tensões ao longo da interface aderida foi sempre não uniforme e apresentou picos muito ele-vados em todos os casos, o que conduz a pensar que os valores de resistência nominal não são representativos da máxima tensão suportada no momento da fratura. A tensão de tração predominou sobre a de cisalhamento. O módulo de elasticidade do compósito aderido, a espessura relativa da camada de adesivo e a distância de aplicação da carga influenciam a concentração de tensões e devem ser padroniza-dos. Para o teste de micro-cisalhamento, a camada de adesivo relativamente mais espessa e o uso do compósito com baixo módulo de elasticidade propiciaram a in-tensificação das tensões. O ensaio de cisalhamento parece mais suscetível que o de micro-cisalhamento para que o início da ruptura ocorra no substrato, pois o ponto de maior concentração de tensões localizou-se na dentina em alguns casos e verifica-se pequena diferença de módulo entre os maiores vetores localizados no adesivo e na dentina de base. O teste de micro-cisalhamento, embora mais favorável a que as fraturas se iniciem no adesivo, concentra muito a tensão, especialmente com a utili-zação de resinas do tipo flow, o que o torna menos representativo da máxima tensão que o espécime realmente resistiu no momento da fratura. / The objectives of this study were to compare the stress distribution in finite element models that represented experimental designs commonly used for shear and micro-shear bond strength testing, to verify the tendency to vary the location and mode of fracture as a consequence of changes in the studied parameters, and to analyze the influence of two substrate restriction conditions on stress concentration. Bi-dimensional plane strain models represented a composite (hybrid or flow) bonded to dentin through a 50 &#956;m adhesive layer. Two dentin restriction conditions were estab-lished: in the first (more rigid), movements were restricted in all directions on the nodes located in the dentin surface edges free of adhesion, and in the second, re-striction was imposed only to the posterior dentin surface. Concentrated loading was applied at several distances from the dentin-adhesive interface so as to obtain con-stant nominal bond strength of 4MPa. Maximum tensile and shear stress values, stress distribution along the dentin-adhesive interfacial nodes and the principal maximum stress vectors as indicative of the most probable location and mode of frac-ture were analyzed. Stress distribution along bonded interfaces was always non-uniform and presented very high stress peaks for all cases. This led to the assump-tion that nominal bond strength values are non-representative of the maximum stress supported at fracture. Tensile stresses were always predominant over shear stresses. The composite elastic modulus, relative adhesive layer thickness and different load application distances influenced stress concentration and should be stan-dardized. For micro-shear tests, the relatively thicker adhesive layer and use of a low modulus composite propitiated stress intensification. The shear test seems to be more susceptible than micro-shear to fracture initiation in the substrate, once the point of highest stress concentration was in some cases located in dentin, and small modulus difference was verified between the greatest stress vectors located both on the adhesive and dentin base. Although more favorable to fracture initiation in the adhesive, the micro-shear test design highly concentrated stresses, especially when flow composite was modeled, hence it might be less representative of the maximum stress the specimen resisted at fracture.

Purpose: To compare the in-vitro shear bond strengths of a new paste-paste formulation of resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (Rm-GIC) to an exising powder-liquid formulation. The study will test the hypothesis that the new paste-paste formulation of Rm-GIC (Fuji-Cem ™, GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan) has the same bond strength as an existing popular powder-liquid formulation of Rm-GIC (Rely-X ™ Luting Cement, 3M, St. Paul, MN)Materials and Methods: A total of 33 human molars were sectioned parallel to the occlusal surface to expose mid-coronal dentin and mounted parallel to the bond shearing device on the universal testing machine (Instron). For Group I samples (Rely-X, n=15), the powder and liquid were measured and adjusted to achieve a ratio of 1.6 and mixed for 30 seconds as recommended by the manufacturer. For Group II (Fuji-Cem, n=18), the paste-paste was expressed from the paste-dispenser provided by the manufacturer and mixed for 10 seconds as recommended. After testing, the teeth from group II were bonded on a different site with the same material but mixed for 20 seconds (n=18). To ensure a uniform flow and bond surface area, the mixed cement was syringed into a cylindrical mould (diameter 2.38mm, height 2mm) and allowed to set under constant force. All samples were subjected to fracture by shear loading on a universal testing machine (Instron) at a uniform crosshead speed of .02" per minute and expressed as MPa. Values were analyzed at the pResults: Wilcoxon rank sums test showed significantly higher shear bond strength values for Rely-X compared to Fuji-Cem mixed both at 10 seconds and 20 seconds. Mixing for 20 seconds resulted in stronger bonds for Fuji-Cem compared to 10 seconds, but was still significantly lower than Rely-X.Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, the Rely-X powder-liquid formula shows a significantly stronger dentin shear bond strength when compared to the new paste-paste formula of resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Fuji-Cem.

Para avaliar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos superficiais sobre a resistência ao cisalhamento da união entre uma liga metálica (Co-Cr-Mo - Remanium CD) e uma resina composta (Z-250) e analisar o tipo de fratura durante a separação dos espécimes, sessenta discos metálicos foram fundidos, regularizados e polidos, submetidos a quatro ciclos térmicos (vácuo, 960ºC, 8 minutos) e divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos. Cada grupo recebeu um tipo de tratamento: Grupo ASB: Asperização com ponta diamantada (No 3118); Grupo ASI: Asperização e aplicação do silano (3M); Grupo AAP: Asperização e aplicação do Alloy Primer (Kuraray); Grupo JSB: Jateamento com óxido de alumínio (50µm, 75lib/pol2); Grupo JSI: Jateamento e aplicação do silano; Grupo JAP: Jateamento e aplicação do Alloy Primer. Todos os espécimes receberam aplicação do adesivo Single Bond e da resina Z-250 (3M), foram armazenados em água deionizada a 37ºC por 24 horas e separados em ensaio de cisalhamento. Os resultados e desvio-padrão de cada grupo, expressos em MPa foram: ASB: 12,708±2,962; ASI: 16,343±2,714 e AAP: 16,723±2,666; JSB: 25,958±5,650; JSI: 28,185±3,322; JAP: 28,670±3,246. Os maiores valores foram produzidos pelos grupos jateados (JSB, JSI e JAP); o silano e o Alloy primer aumentaram a retentividade entre a resina Z-250 e a liga de Co-Cr-Mo, independente da textura superficial e sem apresentar diferença entre os mesmos; todos os espécimes apresentaram falha adesiva na interface testada. / To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on shear bond strength between a metallic alloy (Co-Cr-Mo - Remanium CD) and a composite resin (Z-250) and to evaluate the fracture mode after testing, sixty disks were casted, polished, submitted to four thermal cycles (960ºC/8min) and divided randomly in six groups. Each group received a different type of treatment: Group ASB: roughen with diamond bur (No 3118); Group ASI: roughen and application of a ceramic Primer; Group AAP: roughen and application of a metallic Primer; Group JSB: Sandblasting with 50 µm aluminum oxide (75lib/pol2); Group JSI: Sandblasting and application of a ceramic Primer; Group JAP: Sandblasting and application of a metallic Primer. All the specimens received the application of an adhesive (Single Bond) and a composite resin (Z-250 /3M). The groups were stored in distilled water at 37ºC during 24 hours and submitted to shear bond strength test. The results and the standard deviation of each group (expressed in MPa) were: JSB: 25,958±5,650; JSI: 28,185±3,322; JAP: 28,670±3,246; ASB: 12,708±2,962; ASI: 16,343±2,714 and AAP: 16,723±2,666. The highest values were obtained by the sandblasted groups (JSB, JSI e JAP). In spite of the surface, ceramic primer and alloy primer increased the retention between the composite resin Z-250 and the Co-Cr-Mo alloy without statistical differences on the results; all of the specimens showed adhesive failures.

Este trabalho avaliou in vitro a ação de estímulos triboquímicos que simulam o ciclo mastigatório na resistência ao cisalhamento de duas resinas compostas Filtek P90®- 3M ESPE (P) e Z250®-3M ESPE (Z) com e sem presença de contaminação salivar, assim como a liberação de íons e a qualidade e a quantidade do desgaste produzido. A amostra foi composta por 12 grupos experimentais (n=5): P1 e Z1, sem contaminação/contra dente decíduo; P2 e Z2, com contaminação/contra dente decíduo; P3 e Z3, sem contaminação/contra dente permanente; P4 e Z4, com contaminação/contra dente permanente; P5 e Z5 sem contaminação (controle); P6 e Z6 com contaminação (controle). Ensaios de tribocorrosão foram efetuados na configuração pino-placa de deslizamento linear alternativo, na presença da solução de saliva artificial, carga de 3N e frequência de 1Hz, totalizando 900 ciclos de desgaste durante 15 minutos. As pistas de desgaste foram caracterizadas por MEV, EDX e XRD e o volume de desgaste por análise da variação de massa. A MEV demonstrou que os grupos Z apresentaram maior quantidade de desgaste quando comparados aos grupos P e que os antagonistas de dente permanente apresentaram maior quantidade de resíduos do material desgastado que os antagonistas em dentes decíduos. A análise por XRD não apresentou variação na caracterização de nenhuma das amostras quando se comparou os espécimes antes e após a realização dos experimentos. Na análise por EDX observou-se picos correspondentes aos elementos Ítrio e Silício para os antagonistas dos grupos P e de Zircônia para os dos grupos Z. Os dados obtidos pelo ensaio de nanoendentação não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante para nenhum dos grupos estudados (ANOVA e Teste de Duncan p&le;0,05). Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significante foi encontrada pelos corpos de prova em resina composta ou antagonistas em nenhum dos grupos estudados quando da análise da variação de massa. Os valores de resistência ao cisalhamento foram: P1 11,20 (±1,44); P2 9,28 (±1,88); P3 8,94 (±1,03); P4 5,76 (±1,47); P5 17,50 (±3,28); P6 15,31 (±1,19); Z1 12,17 (±1,56); Z2 9,60 (±1,56); Z3 10,79 (±3,33); Z4 9,14 (±2,06); Z5 9,77 (±2,27) e Z6 9,22 (±1,98). Os valores de resistência ao cisalhamento foram menores para os grupos P submetidos à contaminação salivar. Na análise de ICP-MS maior liberação de íons Cálcio foi constatada em todos os grupos. A liberação de íons Fosfato foi observada na solução resultante do ensaio tribológico do corpo de prova em resina composta P90 contra antagonista dente permanente. Conclui-se que não há alterações químicas na superfície das resinas após o ensaio mecânico de desgaste e a resina composta P90 apresentou os menores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento em comparação com a resina Z250. A contaminação salivar interferiu negativamente nos valores de resistência ao cisalhamento quando a resina composta P90 foi avaliada. Dente utilizado como contra corpo não teve sua superfície alterada pela incorporação de resíduos de desgaste da resina composta, mantendo o módulo de elasticidade e a nanodureza, sendo que o desgaste ocorreu de forma mais acentuada nas restaurações de resina composta Z250. A liberação de íons Cálcio foi maior que a de íons Fosfato em todas as situações analisadas e a liberação de íons Fosfato foi maior na situação em que o corpo de prova em resina composta P90 foi submetido ao ensaio tribológico contra antagonista dente permanente. O ciclo mastigatório interferiu na resistência ao cisalhamento da resina composta P90. / This study evaluated in vitro the action of tribochemical stimuli simulating the masticatory cycle on the shear bond strength of two composite resins Filtek P90®- 3M ESPE (P) and Z250®-3M ESPE (Z) - with and without salivary contamination, as well as the release of ions and the quality and amount of composite resin/tooth wear. Twelve experimental groups (n=5) were formed: P1 and Z1, without contamination/against primary tooth; P2 and Z2, with contamination/against primary tooth; P3 and Z3, without contamination/against permanent tooth; P4 and Z4, with contamination/against permanent tooth; P5 and Z5, without contamination (control); P6 and Z6, with contamination (control). Tribocorrosion assays were performed using the pin-on-plate configuration under linear reciprocating sliding, in the presence of an artificial saliva solution and under 3 N load and 1 Hz frequency, totalizing 900 wear cycles during 15 minutes. The wear was characterized by SEM, EDX and XRD analyses and the wear volume was determined by mass variation analysis. The SEM analysis showed that the Z groups presented less wear than the P groups, and that the permanent tooth antagonists presented more worn material residues than the primary tooth antagonists. The XRD analysis did not reveal variation in the characterization of any of the samples, comparing the specimens before and after the experiments. The EDX analysis revealed peaks corresponding to the elements yttrium and silicon for the P groups\' antagonists and zircon for the Z groups\' antagonists. Data from the nanoindentation test did not show statistically significant difference for any of the groups (ANOVA and Duncan test p&le;0.05). For the mass variation analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between the composite resin specimens or antagonists in any of the groups. The shear bond strength results were: P1 11.20 (±1.44); P2 9.28 (±1.88); P3 8.94 (±1.03); P4 5.76 (±1.47); P5 17.50 (±3,28); P6 15,31 (±1.19); Z1 12.17 (±1.56); Z2 9,60 (±1.56); Z3 10.79 (±3.33); Z4 9.14 (±2.06); Z5 9.77 (±2.27) and Z6 9.22 (±1.98). The shear bond strength values were lower in the P groups subjected to salivary contamination. The ICP-MS analysis revealed greater calcium ion release in all groups. Regarding phosphate ion, greater release was observed in the solution resulting from the tribological assay when the P90 composite resin specimens were tested against permanent tooth antagonists. In conclusion, there were no chemical alterations on resin surface after the mechanical wear assay and P90 composite resin presented lower shear bond strength values than Z250 composite resin. Salivary contamination affected negatively in the shear bond strength values when P90 resin composite was evaluated. Teeth used as counterbody did not have their surface altered by the incorporation of composite resin wear residues, maintaining the modulus of elasticity and nano-hardness, and the wear was more accentuated in the Z250 composite resin restorations. There was greater release of calcium ions compared with phosphate ions in all analyzed situations and the release of phosphate ions increased when P90 was subjected to tribological assay against a permanent tooth antagonist. Tribochemical stimuli simulating the masticatory cycle interfered with the shear strength of composite resin P90.

Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar se a delimitação da área adesiva a ser testada no ensaio mecânico de microcisalhamento é capaz de alterar os resultados de resistência de união obtidos; determinar se a delimitação da área adesiva do ensaio mecânico de microcisalhamento pode alterar o ranqueamento dos sistemas adesivos analisados e correlacionar os tipos de fratura encontrados com valores de resistência adesiva obtidos em cada um dos grupos experimentais. As unidades experimentais foram confeccionadas sobre 18 superfícies de dentina obtidas a partir de incisivos bovinos distribuídas aleatoriamente em 3 grupos, segundo o sistema adesivo a ser utilizado (Adper Single Bond 2, Clearfil Se Bond, Clearfil S3 Bond). Desta forma foram compostos 6 grupos experimentais segundo os dois fatores de variação a serem estudados: sistema adesivo e delimitação da área adesiva. Sobre cada superfície dentinária foram confeccionados 4 cilindros em resina composta, sendo 2 com delimitação da área adesiva e 2 sem a delimitação desta área, totalizando n=12. Após 24 horas de armazenamento os espécimes foram submetidos ao ensaio mecânico de microcisalhamento. O teste estatístico ANOVA (p<0,01) e o teste auxiliar de Tukey determinaram que todos os grupos experimentais em que a delimitação da área adesiva foi realizada apresentaram menores valores de resistência adesiva quando comparados aos seus respectivos grupos controle (sem delimitação da área adesiva). Para os grupos em que não foi realizada a delimitação da área não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os adesivos empregados. Em contrapartida, quando não foi realizada a delimitação, o sistema adesivo Clearfil S3 Bond mostrou maiores valores de resistência adesiva quando comparado aos sistemas Adper Single Bond 2 e Clearfil SE Bond, que por sua vez não se mostraram estatisticamente diferentes entre si. Concluiu-se que a delimitação da área adesiva no ensaio de microcisalhamento alterou os resultados de resistência adesiva obtidos, e que a modificação da metodologia do ensaio mecânico de microcisalhamento foi capaz de alterar o ranqueamento dos sistemas adesivos analisados. / This study had as objectives to evaluate if the delimitation of adhesive area on microshear test is capable to modify the values of shear bond strength; to determine if this delimitation can modify the ranking of the analyzed adhesive systems and to correlate the found types of failure with the values of bond strength in each experimental group. The specimens were confectioned on 18 incisors bovine dentine surfaces randomly distributed into 3 groups, according to adhesive system used (Adper Single Bond 2, Clearfil If Bond, Clearfil S3 Bond). In such a way, 6 experimental groups were designed according to two factors of variation to be studied: adhesive system and delimitation of the adhesive area. Over each dentin surface were confectioned 4 composite resin cylinders, being 2 with delimitation of the adhesive area and 2 without the delimitation of this area, totalizing n=12. After 24 hours of storage the specimens were submitted to microshear test Statistical test ANOVA (p<0,01) and Tukey?s test determined that all the experimental groups where the delimitation of the adhesive area was carried through presented lesser values of shear bond strength when compared with its respective control groups (without delimitation of adhesive area). Groups without area delimitation did not been demonstrate statistical significant differences between adhesives. On the other hand, when such delimitation was not carried through, the adhesive system Clearfil S3 Bond demonstrates greater values of shear bond strength compared to Adper Single 2 Bond and Clearfil SE Bond, which did not showed statistical difference between them. It was concluded that the delimitation of the adhesive area in the microshear test altered the obtained results of adhesive resistance, and that the modification of microshear test methodology was capable to modify the ranking of the analyzed adhesive systems.

Este estudo avaliou a resistência de união de cimentos resinosos à zircônia tetragonal parcialmente estabilizada com ítrio (NobelProceraTM Zircônia) submetida a tratamentos superficiais mecânicos e químicos. Os cimentos utilizados foram o cimento resinoso auto-condicionante de polimerização química Multilink (Ivoclar Vivadent) associado ao Metal/Zirconia Primer (Ivoclar Vivadent) e o cimento resinoso auto-adesivo de polimerização química e dual RelyX U100 (3M-ESPE) associado ao adesivo Adper Single Bond Plus 2 (3M-ESPE). Utilizando 40 cilindros de zircônia (diâmetro de 3,5 mm) foram realizados 120 ensaios (n=40 para cada cimento). Para cada cimento os cilindros foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=10) em função do tratamento superficial avaliado: 1- sem tratamento; 2- agente de união (primer ou adesivo); 3- jateamento com oxido de alumínio 50µm; 4- associação do jateamento e o agente de união. A aplicação do cimento resinoso foi realizada utilizando uma matriz de teflon com orifício central de 3,5mm de diâmetro por 3,0mm de profundidade. Após a aplicação de cada cimento nas 4 condições de superficie, os espécimes foram armazenados em água deionizada a 37ºC durante 24h e submetidos ao teste de resistência ao cisalhamento. Os resultados foram analisados com ANOVA a dois critérios e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Sem tratamento superficial o RelyX U100 químico (5,52 Mpa) e dual (6,53 Mpa) tiveram melhor comportamento que o cimento Multilink (0,76). A associação do jateamento e o agente de união melhorou os valores de resistência de união para o cimento Multilink (7,68 Mpa) e para o cimento RelyX U100 dual (10,26 Mpa), sendo este último superior a todos os outros grupos. A associação do Adper Single Bond Plus 2 e o RelyX U100 sem jateamento, deve ser evitado. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of resin cements to the yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia (NobelProceraTM Zirconia) subjected to mechanical and chemical surface treatments. The cements used were: a self-etching resin cement with chemical polymerization Multilink (Ivoclar - Vivadent) associated to the Metal / Zirconia Primer (Ivoclar - Vivadent) and self-adhesive resin cement with chemical and dual polymerization RelyX U100 (3M-ESPE) associated to the adhesive Single Bond Plus Adper 2 (3M-ESPE). Using 40 cylinders of zirconia (3.5 mm diameter) were performed 120 trials (n = 40 for each cement). For each cement, cylinders were divided into four groups (n = 10) based on the surface treatment rated: 1 - untreated, 2 - bonding agent (primer or adhesive) 3 air abrasion with 50µm aluminum oxide, 4 - combination of air abrasion and bonding agent. The application of resin cement was performed using a teflon matrix with a central hole 3.5 mm in diameter and 3.0 mm deep. After application of each cement in the four surface conditions, the specimens were stored in deionized water at 37 ° C for 24 hours and tested for shear bond strength. Results were analyzed with an ANOVA Two Criteria and Tukey\'s test (p <0.05). Without surface treatment, chemical RelyX U100 (5.52 MPa) and dual (6.53 MPa) had better behavior than Multilink Cement (0.76). The combination of air abrasion and bonding agent improved the bond strength values for Multilink (7.68 MPa) and for RelyX U100 dual (10.26 MPa), this one superior to all other groups. The association of Adper Single Bond 2 and RelyX U100 Plus without air abrasion, should be contraindicated.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emigdio Enrique Orellana Jimenez.pdf: 1399808 bytes, checksum: 9a5dfb23c60c52032fb9609d09fd87ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-04 / The present study evaluated in vitro the shear bond strength of new bonded and rebounded metallic brackets with three orthodontic composites. Ninety extracted first superior premolars were randomly divided in three groups, according to the different tested composite. All bonding procedures followed the manufacturer’s specifications with a 300g standard pressure over the bracket during positioning. Alpha plast (AP), Concise (CO) and Transbond XT (TB) were the evaluated composites. For each group, three shear bond strength examinations were performed in three different times, initial (T0), first rebonding (T1) and second rebonding (T2), with a 24 hour interval between them. The tests were performed with a SHIMADZU AG-I, (10KN) machine with a 0,5 mm/min cross-head speed and the fracture strength was recorded in Megapscal (MPa) considering brackets base area. The mean shear bond strength was evaluated and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was scored. The results showed that in T0 the groups AP and CO presented similar and higher values than TB, in T1 and T2 the highest shear bond strength values were found in group AP, followed by group CO and TB. Those data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey´s and Bonferroni´s test (p<0,05) and the ARI results were analyzed by the Kruskal Wallis test followed by the Dunn´s test. It was found a statistical significant difference (p<0,05) in shear bond strength between groups but not between the different bonding and rebonding times. The highest shear bond strength values were observed in the group AP, followed by CO and TB. In relation to ARI, it was noticed a significant statistical difference (p<0,05) between the groups, and the TB presented higher values (p<0,05) than those verified in AP and CO, for T0 and T2. It was concluded that repeated bondings with new brackets presented an adhesive difference in shear bond strength considering the utilized composite, however, at bonding and rebonding with the same composite, there are no significant differences. / Este estudo avaliou in vitro a resistência ao cisalhamento de braquetes metálicos novos colados e recolados com três resinas ortodônticas. Foram utilizados 90 primeiros pré-molares superiores humanos extraídos para a confecção dos corpos de prova, os quais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos;(n = 30) de acordo com a resina utilizada. Todos os procedimentos de colagem seguiram as recomendações do fabricante com uma pressão padronizada em 300g. Foram utilizadas as resinas Alpha Plast (AP), Concise (CO) e Transbond XT (TB). Para cada um dos grupos foram realizados três ensaios de cisalhamento em três tempos, um inicial (T0) e os outros dois T1 e T2, primeira e segunda recolagens, respectivamente, com intervalos de 24 horas. Os testes de cisalhamento foram realizados em uma máquina eletrônica de ensaios eletromecânicos SHIMADZU AG-I, (10KN), com velocidade de pressão de 0,5mm/min e carga de ruptura registrada em Megapascal (MPa). Considerando a área da base do braquete, foram mensuradas as resistências médias ao cisalhamento e o índice de adesivo remanescente (IAR). Os resultados demonstraram que para T0 os grupos AP e CO apresentaram valores próximos e superiores a TB, para T1 e T2 os maiores valores de resistência foram observados para o grupo AP, seguido dos grupos CO e TB. Estes dados foram submetidos à ANOVA 2 critérios e ao teste de Tukey e de Bonferroni (p<0,05) e para o IAR o teste Kruskal Wallis, seguido de teste Dunn. Existe diferença estatística significante (p<0,05) na resistência ao cisalhamento (MPa) entre os grupos mas não entre os tempos de colagem e recolagem de braquetes novos, sendo que os maiores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento foram encontrados no grupo AP, seguido de CO e TB. Em relação ao IAR, existiu diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre os grupos, o grupo TB foi estatisticamente superior (p<0,05) aos grupos AP e CO, para o T0 e T2. Concluiu-se que colagens repetidas com braquetes novos apresentam diferença adesiva de resistência ao cisalhamento considerando a resina utilizada, porém na colagem e recolagens com a mesma resina não há diferenças significativas.