Dans un bassin versant, la connectivité hydrologique constitue un état hydrologique qui lie le versant à la zone riveraine. Ses impacts sur la production du débit et le transfert des éléments dissous vers le cours d’eau sont présumés substantiels. L’étude vise à 1) détecter les hydrotopes et les connexions hydrologiques à l’aide d’un réseau de puits qui permet la mesure des fluctuations de la nappe phréatique (NP); 2) identifier la variabilité spatio-temporelle et la signature géochimique des sources potentielles en eau à l’aide des éléments majeurs et traces et 3) examiner la contribution spatio-temporelle respective des sources en eau du bassin lors d’un événement de précipitation. L’étude s’effectue dans un bassin versant forestier du Bouclier canadien (l’Hermine). Nous démontrons l’existence de quatre hydrotopes représentant un gradient de convergence de l’eau, soulignant la diversité de comportement de NP. Les connexions hydrologiques se caractérisent par des coefficients de Spearman élevés des relations entre la profondeur de la NP et le débit, dans leur partie en aval, et s’enclenchent par le fill and spill. Le comportement de NP est influencé par la distance aux limites du bassin, l’horizonation du sol et la topographie souterraine. En somme, trois sources en eau se connectent à partir du versant vers la zone riveraine durant l’événement pluvial de manière chronologique: 1) les horizons B et la NP de l’ensemble du bassin (Sr); 2) les horizons LFH des zones de convergence (Ba et Zn) et 3) une dépression de sol humide sur le versant nord (Co et Mn). / In watersheds, hydrologic connectivity consists of a hydrologic state that links the upper part of a hillslope to the riparian zone. Its impacts on streamflow generation and transfer of dissolved elements towards the stream are considered substantial. This study aims to 1) detect hydrotops and hydrologic connections with a network of wells that allow measurements of water table (WT) fluctuations; 2) identify spatial and temporal variability and the geochemical signature of potential sources of water with major and trace elements and 3) examine the spatial and temporal contribution of sources of water within the watershed during a storm event. The study takes place in a small forested watershed of the Canadian Shield (the Hermine). We demonstrate the existence of four hydrotops representing a water convergence gradient, highlighting diversity of behavior of the WT. Hydrological connections are characterized by high Spearman coefficients of the relationship between WT depth and streamflow in their downstream portion. Some hydrological connections are engaged by the fill and spill mechanism. WT behavior is influenced by the distance limits of the basin, soil horizonation and subsurface topography. In sum, three water sources connect the hillslope to the riparian zone during the storm event in chronological order: 1) WT and B horizons of the entire basin (Sr), 2) LFH horizons of convergence zones (Ba and Zn) and 3) a depression of wet soil on north hillslope (Co and Mn).

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Final master work consists of 62 pages, 9 figures, 11 tables, 40 sources of literature, lithuanian language. Key words: tax, taxation, principles, the burden of taxation, tax rate, tax shield, tax-free income, tax object, tax subject. The object of researching is income tax. The subject of researching is analysis and improvement of income tax. The aim of the work is to explore the essence, necessity and functions, to analyse taxable principles and purposes of the income tax in order to make suggestions how to improve and perfect them. The purpose of the work: 1. to survey tax doctrine and show why tax is needed; 2. to do the analysis of income tax and the burden of taxation; 3. to make suggestions how to improve income tax. The methods of research: in combining methods of analysis (monographic, statistic, logical, horizontal and vertical analysis ) and means (comparicon, graphical) to present suggestions how to improve the Tax of Personal Income.

本文建立一公司稅、累進個人稅、非債稅盾和破產可能之不確定經濟模型，探討公司的投資理財決策行為。和以前文獻最大的不同點，在於公司風險債利率水準明顯且完全的內生化處理，此內生化利率不僅受公司舉債額度的財務決策影響，也會反應公司現行投資或資本存量的實質決策，模型中的財務和實質決策具有完全互動之特性。 累進個人稅下，只要存在一組投資人間的邊際稅率結構，能排除套稅資產配置，則市場無套稅價格和競爭均衡便存在。此一結果，使本文模型中的資產評價得以建立於競爭財務市場均衡的基礎。市場均衡下，公司債利率會隨公司舉債額度而同向、投資額度而反向調整，此時股東與債權人間的代理成本問題完全消失、市場具有公平保護債權人的機能。如果公司債利率外生而無法依市場均衡評價，則由於代理成本問題存在，使公司最適投資相對低於、舉債額度則高於利率內生之最適水準。另外，傳統一些稅制分析法的資本結構決定理論，只是本文之特例。 稅盾變化，如投資減免率或定額減免等，對公司最適投資和舉債的影響，除以前文獻之結果外，還包含一利率回饋效果，後者可能改變以前文獻之結論。例如，本文發現獎勵投資之折舊率或投資扣抵的政策美意，可能反而造成抑制投資的結果，本文這部分之結論，或可提供有關公司資本結構決定之實證研究新的詮釋，另外在稅制設計上亦具政策上的含意。

Master Evil plans to rule the earth and set up his evil empire so that all may worship and adore him. However, six teenagers discover six crosses that have powers that will help them defeat the evil that will soon cross their path. Each cross possesses a quality of God that each of these teenagers must develop in order to stop Master Evil: faith, peace, salvation, truth, righteousness, and the Spirit. These six teenagers pose as a threat to Master Evil's plans, and he'll stop at nothing to defeat them and rule the world. It is the ultimate battle between good and evil. These six young people must have faith themselves and each other, but most importantly, they must have faith in God in order to defeat the ultimate evil.

Les effondrements massifs de flancs sont des évènements destructeurs qui affectent tous les édifices volcaniques. Ces effondrements peuvent impliquer quelques dizaines, voire centaines de km3 de roche. Les volcans boucliers océaniques, bien que possédant de faibles pentes, sont également affectés par ces épisodes destructeurs, entraînant la formation de tsunamis. Dans le contexte de bouclier océanique, ces déstabilisations n’ont jamais été observées. Actuellement, seules des reliques sont présentes sur les îles volcaniques, avec la présence de cicatrices d’effondrements, de dépôts détritiques en mer ou de dépôts de tsunami sur les îles voisines. Les relations entre le magmatisme des volcans boucliers et les effondrements de flanc sont peu contraintes. Afin de mieux comprendre ces relations, deux effondrements de flanc de volcans boucliers océaniques ont été étudiés : l’effondrement de Monte Amarelo sur l’île de Fogo, dans l’archipel du Cap Vert, et l’effondrement de Güímar, situé sur la rift-zone Nord-Est de Tenerife, dans l’archipel des Canaries. Les deux archipels résultent de l’activité d’un panache mantellique sous la plaque africaine.Les produits volcaniques pré et post-effondrement de ces deux secteurs ont été étudiés d’un point de vue géochimique (majeurs, traces, isotopes Sr-Nd-Pb), pétrologique et géochronologique (K-Ar, Ar-Ar), de manière à identifier à la fois les sources et les processus magmatiques mis en jeu lors de leur formation. L’évolution temporelle des sources, ainsi que des processus magmatiques, a été reconstruite afin d’identifier d’éventuels liens avec l’effondrement de flanc étudié.Les résultats montrent que l’évolution du magmatisme de l’île de Fogo amène à la formation de zones superficielles de stockage, de complexes intrusifs et d’éruptions explosives conduisant à de nouvelles instabilités de l’édifice. Suite à l’effondrement, ces zones de stockage sont déstabilisées en quelques milliers d’années. Les processus magmatiques lithosphériques (assimilation, fusion partielle) sont également perturbés mais sur une période plus longue (plusieurs dizaines de milliers d’années). L’effondrement de Güímar ne montre aucun lien avec le magmatisme de l’île de Tenerife.La différence principale entre ces deux contextes est la localisation de la zone effondrée par rapport au système magmatique. En effet, l’effondrement de Güímar est situé en périphérie du système magmatique et ne montre aucun lien avec ce dernier ; à l’inverse l’effondrement du Monte Amarelo, situé à l’aplomb du système magmatique, se répercute rapidement sur ce système à faible profondeur, mais également à des profondeurs lithosphériques avec un délai plus long. / Massive flank collapses are destructive events that affect all volcanic edifices. They can take off huge volumes of rock, from tens to hundreds km3. Oceanic shield volcanoes are also affected by such events even if they have shallow slopes, thus, tsunamis could also be generated in this context. However, a shield volcano flank collapse has never been observed. Nowadays, only relics are visible, such as collapse scars, detritic deposit offshore or tsunami deposits on nearby islands. The relationships between collapse and magmatic history of oceanic shield volcanoes are poorly constrained. Two flank collapses are studied in this thesis, with the aim to better understand these relationships: the Monte Amarelo collapse, on Fogo Island (Cape Verde), and the Güímar collapse, located on North-East rift-zone of Tenerife (Canary Islands). Those archipelagos are the result of hot spot activity below the African plate. Geochemical (major and trace elements, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes), petrological and geochronological (K-Ar and Ar-Ar) analyses were carried out on volcanic samples as to identify the source and magmatic processes at stake during magma genesis. The temporal evolution of source and magmatic processes is reconstructed in order to track possible links with the flank collapse. The magmatic system of Fogo Island evolves through time, favouring the formation of superficial storage zones, intrusive complex and explosive eruptions prior to the collapse, which participate to the instability of the edifice. Following the Monte Amarelo collapse, shallow storage zones are destabilized within a few thousand years. Lithospheric magmatic processes (assimilation, partial melting) are also affected but on a longer timescale (tens of thousands years). The Güímar collapse shows no links with the magmatic evolution of Tenerife Island. The main difference between the two collapses is the location of the collapse area with respect to the plumbing system. Güímar collapse is located at the periphery of the plumbing system and show no link with the magmatic history. Contrariwise, the Monte Amarelo collapse is located directly above the plumbing system and influence rapidly the superficial plumbing system, and the deep plumbing system in the long term.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica Rodrigues Camara.pdf: 4063408 bytes, checksum: d160fbb4a019fe268fcee175023d69fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / In this work, it was studied the physical-mechanical properties of elastomers based on ethylene-propylene-diene monomer copolymer (EPDM) with barite addition, witch is a filler in powder form, opening way for application of these composites in the protection and shield against X radiation, in the form of aprons. These aprons come to substitute the elastomeric ones with lead filler in ergonomic and economically advantageous conditions. Elastomeric composites with different barite concentrations were studied: 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150phr (parts per hundred of ruber). Among the studied properties are distinguished: tensile strength, module strength, tear strength, compression set, hardness, fluid absorption, morphologic analysis, X-ray attenuation and equivalent thickness of attenuation in Pb. The results showed that all the compositions present a good dispersion of the filler in the matrix. It was observed that the increase of the barite concentration provokes an increase in the X-ray attenuation, equivalent thickness of attenuation in Pb, hardness, tensile strength, elasticity module, tear strength and in the compression set of composites, as well as a decrease in the oil absorption. / Neste trabalho estudou-se as propriedades dos elastômeros a base do copolímero de etilenopropileno-dieno monômero (EPDM) com a adição de barita, que é uma carga em pó, abrindo caminho para aplicação destes compostos na proteção e blindagem contra a radiação X, na forma de aventais, em substituição dos aventais a base de elastômero carregado com chumbo em condições. Foram estudados compostos elastoméricos com diferentes concentrações de barita: 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150phr (partes por 100 partes de borracha). Entre as propriedades estudadas destacam-se: resistência à tração, módulo sob tração, resistência ao rasgo, deformação permanente à compressão, dureza, absorção de fluído, análise morfológica, atenuação de raios X e espessura equivalente de atenuação em Pb. Os resultados mostraram que todas as composições apresentam uma boa dispersão da carga na matriz. Observou-se que com o aumento da concentração de barita há um aumento na atenuação de raios X, na espessura equivalente de atenuação em Pb, na dureza, na resistência à tração, no módulo de elasticidade, na resistência ao rasgo, na deformação permanente sob compressão dos compostos, bem como um decréscimo na absorção de óleo.

The work of this master thesis is based on analyses of monthly precipitation data from 70 stations of the SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) in Sweden, in the period 1860-2014, using the information for the year of introduction of the wind shield at each station. The primary goal is the calculation of correction factors which will be applied on the precipitation data in the period of measurements before the introduction of the wind shield. This correction will counterbalance the underestimation of the collected precipitation by the unshielded precipitation gauges due to the effect of the wind. The wind induced error, related to aerodynamical effects, increases with increasing wind speed. The stronger the wind, the more capable it is of deflecting the precipitation water droplets or snowflakes, falling towards the gauge orifice, away from it. In spite of the important efficiency of the wind shield which acts to diminish the wind error, the long-term effect of changing the measuring instrumentation at some time in the observations history is the production of inhomogeneous data in the measurements records. Inhomogeneous precipitation data are sources of errors in climatology and hydrology and result in misleading conclusions regarding the climate change and climate variations, hence they should be identified and corrected through a homogenization method. The analysis includes the comparison of the precipitation data of each station during two periods, one before and one after the introduction of the wind shield. This comparison leads to the calculation of ratios representing the increase in the catch between the two periods due to the introduction of the wind shield. Temperature data are also processed in order to estimate the type of precipitation (snow/rain) in each case. The monthly corrections ranged between 5 %, for rain, and 27 % for snow precipitation. The absolute value of the increase of the average annual precipitation due the implementation of the correction was 50 mm. The comparison of the corrected against the uncorrected precipitation time series indicated a less pronounced increase (0.74 mm/y) of the precipitation during the last 150 years, after the application of the correction, compared to the increase indicated from the uncorrected data (1.19 mm/y). / Kontinuerliga samt felfria nederbördsmätningar är av stor betydelse för geovetenskaper som klimatologi och hydrologi därför att nederbördsdata är en av de primära meteorologiska parametrarna för forskning om klimatförändringen. Att säkerställa felfria (homogena) nederbörds tidsserier betyder i stort sett att säkerställa homogenitet genom att identifiera och korrigera inhomogena data. Icke homogena data uppkommer på grund av förändringar i mätmetoder och mätförhållanden under observationstiden, sedan 1860-talet tills idag alltså. Denna studies syfte är att beräkna en korrektion som ska användas för att korrigera nederbördsmätningar som utfördes sedan 1860 utan vinskydd. Vindskyddet eller vindskärmen, en speciell utrustning som användas på nederbördsinsamlare, infördes gradvis under perioden 1900-1960 vid de svenska nederbördstationerna. Vindskyddet introducerades med avsikt att minska vindens påverka vid nederbördsinsamling. Men trotts den positiva effekten som vindskyddet ledde till, genom den ökade nederbördsmängden som samlades in, skapade denna förändring av mätarutrustningen inhomogena data. Bearbetningen skedde för månadsnederbördsdata från 70 stationer från SMHIs meteorologiska nätverk genom att jämföra nederbördsobservationer som genomfördes under perioderna tio år före och tio år efter införandet av vindskydd. Dessutom användes temperaturdata från samma stationer för att uppskatta nederbördslag (snö/regn). Skälet till detta är att vinskyddseffekten är olika mellan snö och regn. Beräkningarna och bestämningen av nederbördslag ledde till en 5 % respektive 27 % nederbörds ökning för regn och snö för de mätningarna som utfördes utan vindskydd. I genomsnitt har de korrigerade värdena, under perioden som vinskyddet saknades, ökat med omkring 50 mm.

Notre étude démontre que les sujets dépressifs unipolaires et bipolaires, présentent une difficulté de régulation des flux excitatifs découlant de la défaillance de la fonction pare-excitative, nommée dans notre travail, « défaillance du contenant psychique ». Nous la mettons en relief à partir de la cotation de trente protocoles de Rorschach à l’aide d’un indice de régression, élaboré pour notre recherche. Nous réalisons, en complément, une étude prospective des notes T à trente échelles et sous-échelles du MMPI-2 de ces mêmes sujets. Nous y relevons certaines constantes en note T, caractérisant en fréquence cette population dépressive, dont une constante en note basse à l’échelle Force du Moi. Nous utilisons ces résultats cliniques pour argumenter l’intérêt d’une prise en charge thérapeutique à partir d’un dispositif basé sur un tissage de médiations groupales, comme voie de restauration du contenant psychique internalisé et de sa fonction pare-excitative. / Our study demonstrates that unipolar and bipolar depressed subjects present a difficulty of excitement flows regulation, arising from the failure of the pare-excitations function, named in our research: "psychic container failure". We highlight this malfunction by the cotation of thirty Rorschach protocols, using a regression index, developed for our research. We carry out a prospective study in complementary from the notes of the scales and subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 of these subjects. We identify the constants, low notes, and elevations, appearing frequently and significantly in this population, which is a constant low note to Ego Strength Scale. We use these results to point out the value of therapeutic support based on groupal mediations as way to restore the internalized psychic protective shield.

Diploma thesis deals with solving of the problem with heat shield used in a turbocharger for heavy duty vehicles. The description of the problem origin with focus on environmental standarts and therefore a need of changes in turbocharger construction, is included. Further, the procedure for finding the component failure causes using the results of stress tests and analyses performed is described step by step. Most of the practical part is focused on a use of quality tools for finding a root cause of heat shield failure and also on advanced material analysis, verifying the results from quality analysis performed. An the end of the thesis there are suggested and accepted measures for elimination of similar failure recurrence and recommendations for further development.