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A collection of five memoiristic essays arranged about themes of family, womanhood and the African-American community with a preface. Among the experiences the memoirs recount are childhood abandonment; verbal and emotional child abuse; mental illness; poverty; and social and personal change. Essays explore the lasting impact of abandonment by a father on a girl as she grows into a woman; the devastation of family turmoil and untreated mental illness; generational identity in the African-American community. One essay describes the transition from the identity-forming profession of journalism to academia. The last essay is about complicated and conflicting emotions toward patriotism and flag-waving on the part of a black woman who has lived through riots, little known police shootings of students on black campuses, and many other incidents that have divided Americans.

State violence, and policing in particular, continue to shape the black British experience, racialising geographical areas associated with African and African-Caribbean communities. The history of black struggles in the UK has often centred on spaces of racial violence and resistance to it. But black-led social movements of previous decades have, for the most part, seen a decline in both political mobilisations, and the militant anti-racist slogans and discourses that accompanied them. Neoliberalism, through securitisation, resource reallocation, privatisation of space and the de-racialising of language, has made radical black activism an increasingly difficult endeavour. But this does not mean that black struggle against policing has disappeared. What it does mean, however, is that there have been significant changes in how anti-racist activism against policing is articulated and carried out. Three high-profile black deaths at the hands of police in 2011 led to widespread protest and civil unrest. These movements of resistance were strengthened when the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States mobilised hundreds of young people in solidarity actions in England. In this thesis, I argue that, over time, racist metonyms used to describe places racialised as black (Handsworth, Brixton etc.) and people racialised as black (Stephen Lawrence, Mark Duggan etc.), have led to the rise of metonymic anti-racism. While metonymic anti-racism was used alongside more overt anti-racist language in the period between the 1950s and early 1990s, I argue that such overt anti-racist language is becoming rarer in the post-2011 period, particularly in radical black grassroots organisations that address policing. Intersecting with metonymic anti-racism are gender dynamics brought to the surface by female-led campaigns against police violence, and forms of resistance which target spaces of post-industrial consumer capitalism. Understanding how police racism, and resistance to it, are being reconceptualised through language, and reconfigured through different forms of activism, provides a fresh understanding of grassroots black struggle in Britain.

When Mark David Chapman assassinated John Lennon in December of 1980, he explained that he had to kill him in order to promote the reading of J. D. Salinger's novel, The Catcher in the Rye. Chapman's belief that he could become Salinger's protagonist, Holden Caulfield, is the genesis for this research. The concept that a person could identify with a novel or character in a novel to such an extent that he or she would commit murder is an extraordinary allegation.In order to further explore this accusation, this research focuses on three novels: Alexandre Dumas, pere's The Count of Monte Cristo, J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, and Stephen King's Rage. Michael Sullivan, Mark David Chapman, John Hinckley, and Scott Pennington read one of these literary works before committing, or attempting to commit, murder.This project traces the cognitive processes of these men in an effort to understand why reading a specific novel lead to a murder. By delving into the minds of these murderers, it can be determined if the novel itself is a motive, an impetus, for the crime, or a scapegoat. / Department of English

The discussion regarding the second amendment and gun control in the United States has been a controversial and highly debated topic for many years. However, with the several school shootings taking place, the discussion about gun controls has been taken to a new level. The purpose of this essay is to give an overview of the debate and answer to the main question ”how is the relationship between freedom and rights expressed in the debate about strengthened gun control, in relation to positive and negative liberty, and over time?  In order to achieve the purpose, three different kinds of analyzes have been made. First, two pro-contra analyzes were made on two different occasions. Next, the arguments found was examined through two concepts of liberty: positive and negative liberty. Lastly, a comparison was made between the arguments from the two different occasions. The results show that there are three different core issues in the debate, and that positive liberty is dominating the pro-gun control side, while negative liberty and individual rights are dominating the contra-gun control side. The debate has not been going through a radical change. However, some arguments have grown stronger over the years.

Skolskjutningar eller andra skolattacker är tack och lov inte så vanliga i Sverige men då och då sker attacker, senast i Malmö i mars 2022. Det förväntade kunskapsbidrag som detta examensarbete är tänkt att bidra med är att presentera vad forskningsfältet säger om skolattacker runt om i världen mellan 1999–2021. För att kunna presentera forskningsfältet var syftet med detta arbete att göra en litteraturöversikt om skolattacker mellan 1999 – 2021 utifrån begreppen: School shooting, social exclusion, social isolation och bullying. Via denna sökning var syftet att försöka kartlägga vilka anledningar som förklaras ligga bakom attackerna, presentera om det finns en koppling mellan marginalisering och skolattacker samt sammanställa vad forskningen beskriver som framgångsfaktorer i skolors arbete kopplat till området. Ytterligare en aspekt som detta arbete syftade till att presentera i litteraturöversikten var vad forskningen säger om den specialpedagogiska rollen och arbetet i förhållande till marginaliseringen. Ansatsen till syftet tas genom följande frågeställningar: Vilka kopplingar mellan skolattacker och marginalisering presenteras i forskningen mellan 1999 – 2021?Vad visar forskningen för framgångsfaktorer i skolors arbete med att på individ-, grupp- , organisations- och samhällsnivå, motverka marginalisering av elever i skolan?Hur beskriver forskningen den specialpedagogiska rollen och arbetet i förhållande till marginaliseringen? För att göra litteraturöversikten användes SMART-metoden av Claes Nilholm som utgångspunkt för att sammanställa och på ett tydligt presentera resultatet. För att analysera resultatet och besvara de tre olika forskningsfrågorna användes tre olika teoretiska perspektiv som utgångspunkter: kritisk eller kategoriskt perspektiv, pragmatiskt perspektiv och verksamhetsteori. Resultatet visade att uttrycket marginalisering inte är vanligt förekommande och när, används det för att beskriva individer. I resultatet framkommer inte heller något om det specialpedagogiska perspektivet och inga beskrivningar av specialpedagogers arbete. Inte heller presenteras det några framgångsfaktorer som vilar på en vetenskaplig grund. De framgångsfaktorer som presenteras är främst riktade till individen genom psykologer och kuratorer. Vidare ges ett exempel på framgångsfaktor i form av förebyggande arbete som spänner hela vägen från samhälls- till individnivå genom möjligheten att ge anonyma tips. De specialpedagogiska implikationer som detta arbete är tänkt att bidra med är insikt om ett tomrum i informationen om hälsan för elever i skolan och betydelsen av specialpedagogens arbete. Denna uppsats är ett bidrag till forskningsfältet genom att sätta fingret på ett område som behöver utvecklas. Det blir synligt att resurser behövs för översyn och förändring av den psykosociala skolmiljön och här har specialpedagogen en roll att fylla.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur olika brottsförebyggande aktörer ser på det 364 dagar långa uppehållet av skjutningar som varade i Linköping mellan 28 januari 2022 och 27 januari 2023. Syftet var även att studera hur aktörerna ser på förebyggande arbete mot skjutningar i Linköping på ett övergripande plan. För att studera detta har kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts med sex relevanta brottsförebyggande aktörer i kommunen. Resultatet visade att uppehållet utifrån informanternas beskrivning till stor del berodde på tillfälligheter som lett till avhållsamhet hos de som annars genomför skjutningar. Aktörerna hade dock tilltro till det egna och andra aktörers arbete på området, både preventivt och ingripande, och menade att samverkan mellan aktörerna är fundamentalt i arbetet mot skjutningar. De viktigaste slutsatserna var att det inte går att säkerställa varför uppehållet uppstod, men att aktörernas bilder av uppehållet och vilka åtgärder som fungerar var samstämmiga. Dessa åtgärder avser främst samverkan och närvaro. / The purpose of this study was to examine the perspectives of crime prevention actors regarding the 364-day absence of shootings in Linköping between January 28, 2022, and January 27, 2023. Additionally, the study aims to investigate how these actors perceive preventive efforts against shootings in Linköping. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six relevant crime prevention actors in Linköping to examine these aspects. The findings revealed that, according to the informants' descriptions, the absence of shootings during this period was largely due to coincidental factors that abstained potential perpetrators. Nevertheless, the actors expressed confidence in the effectiveness of their own and other actors' preventive and intervention initiatives, emphasizing the fundamental role of interagency collaboration in preventing shootings. The study concludes that while specific reasons for the absence cannot be determined, actors' perceptions and the importance of interagency collaboration was consistent. The findings highlight interagency collaboration and active presence in crime prevention.

Prior literature has investigated the connection between school shootings and factors of familial trauma and mental health. Specifically, experiences related to parental suicide, physical or sexual abuse, neglect, marital violence, or severe bullying have been associated with a propensity for carrying out a mass shooting. Given prior research has shown common histories among school shooters, it follows that a person's violent tendencies can be revealed by their previous communications with others, thus aiding in predicting an individual's proclivity for school shootings. However, previous literature found no conclusions were drawn from online posts made by the shooters prior to the mass shootings. This thesis applies NVivo-supported thematic analysis and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to study school shootings by comparing the online speech patterns of known school terrorists versus those of non-violent extremists and ordinary teenagers online. Findings indicate that out of all the possible NLP indicators, conversation, HarmVice, negative tone, and conflict are the most suitable school shootings indicators. Ordinary people score eight times higher than known school shooters and online extremists in conversation. Known shooters score more than 14 times higher in HarmVice, than in both ordinary people and online extremists. Known shooters also score higher in negative tone (1.37 times higher than ordinary people and 1.78 times higher than online extremists) and conflict (more than three times higher than ordinary people and 1.8 times higher than online extremists). The implications for domestic violence prediction and prevention can be used to protect citizens inside educational infrastructure by linking the flagged accounts to the schools or colleges that they attend. Further research is needed to determine the severity of emotional coping displayed in online posts, as well as the amount of information and frequency with which weapons and killing are discussed.

The increase of mass shootings in the U.S. has amplified news reporting on mental illness as a possible factor in the shootings despite no evidence linking the two issues. Sources used to explain mental illness in stories that explore the motivations of mass shooters affect audience perception. Through a qualitative content analysis of local newspaper coverage of five U.S. mass shootings in 2015, journalists linked mental illness as a possible motive through sources who were not qualified to treat or diagnose mental illness. Journalists also ignored professional guidance from the Associated Press on mental illness reporting in the context of mass shootings. Additionally, journalists assumed the audience was knowledgeable of mental illness in general terms and specific diagnoses. These findings indicate coverage of mass shootings includes inaccurate information about shooters' motives, and it also continues to frame mental illness as dangerous.