Candida dubliniensis é uma espécie descrita como fenotipicamente semelhante a Candida albicans. Desde sua descrição, em 1995, em Dublin, Irlanda, por Sullivan et al, inúmeros relatos sobre esta levedura são encontrados com o objetivo de se conhecer a origem desta espécie, bem como distinguir as semelhanças e diferenças que existem entre elas. Alguns autores têm observado que esta levedura apresenta resistência a alguns antifúngicos, mais utilizados na prática médica, principalmente sob o ponto de vista imunológico, caso dos portadores de HIV. A gênese do processo de infecção se mostra pouco conhecida. A capacidade de adesão a superfície celular e a produção de exoenzimas são fatores determinantes para o desencadeamento da infecção. A susceptibilidade a toxinas Killer necessita ser estudada, pois permite determinar um significante número de tipos sensíveis de cepas de leveduras. Frente ao exposto, buscamos avaliar o comportamento desta espécie por meio da pesquisa de capacidade de adesão, produção de proteinase e fosfolipase, susceptibilidade a toxinas Killer e resistência a antifúngicos. O ensaio de adesão foi fortemente aderente para a amostra padrão ATCC 777, e aderente para os demais isolados. A atividade enzimática para produção de proteinase mostrou-se se fortemente positiva para a amostra padrão ATCC 777, amostra ATCC 778, CD 07 e CD 14 de C dubliniensis. Entre os isolados presuntivos de C dubliniensis 1 (038), positivo e nos demais 013, 058, 096 e 107, não se observou atividade enzimática. Para a produção de fosfolipase não houve um comportamento distinto entre as amostras de C dubliniensis e os isolados presuntivos. Nenhuma amostra deixou de produzir esta enzima. Os testes de sensibilidade das amostras frente às cepas padrão produtoras de toxinas Killer mostraram dois biótipos diferentes. Os mais freqüentes foram 888 e 688 do total dos 9 isolados estudados. O isolado biótipo 688 (ATCC- 777) de C dubliniensis foi sensível a toxina K2. As demais amostras de C dubliniensis, bem como os isolados presuntivos apesar de serem provenientes de indivíduos HIV+ foram resistentes a K2 e à todas as demais toxinas. Em relação à pesquisa de resistência a antifúngicos, as amostras e isolados presuntivos de C. dubliniensis utilizando se o E-test, foram sensíveis a família dos azóis com valores de CIM de 0.002 1.0 mg/ml e para Anfotericina B os valores de CMI estavam entre 0.002- 0.032. As condições desse estudo permitimo-nos comentar que excetuando a amostra padrão ATCC 777 que teve comportamento distinto em relação às demais amostras, identificadas por genotipagem, como C. dubliniensis e isolados presuntivos, todas apresentaram um comportamento semelhante entre si. Estudos com um maior número de amostras de C. dubliniensis e utilizando-se esses testes ainda são necessários para elucidar se realmente existe um comportamento fenotípico diferencial dessa levedura em relação a C. albicans. / Candida dubliniensis is a newly described specie which is closely related phylogenetically to Candida albicans. It was first identified as a new specie by Sullivan et al., in Dublin, Ireland, 1995.Numerous researches are attempting to identify more detailed characteristics of C. dubliniensis and similitudes and differences between the two related species.The resistence of C. dubliniensis to the usual drugs employed to treat candidosis, particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals has been emphasizely described. The susceptibility to killer toxins may also contribute to explain some aspects of the resistence process in Candidal infection. Other characteristics such as adhesion capability and exoenzymes activity have been studied in comparision with this newer specie.The aim of this study was to evaluate adhesion capability, exoenzymes activity (proteinase and phospholipase), susceptibility to Killer toxins and sensibility to antifungal agents (azoles and amphotericin B) through E-test of 9 Candida dubliniensis isolates from HIV+ individuals.The adhesion test was strongly positive for the strain ATCC 777 and positive for the other strains. Proteinase activity was strongly posive for the strains ATCC 777, ATCC 778, CD 07, and CD 14, positive for the strain 038 and negative for the other. Phospholipase activity revealed strongly positive results for the strains ATCC 777, CD14, 038, 107. The strains ATCC 778, CD 07, 013, 058, and 096 had positive activity and activity was no absent. The Susceptibility to killer toxin showed to different biotypes: 888 and 688. Only the ATCC 777 strain was susceptible to K2 toxin. No strains presented resistance to azoles or amphotericin-B. The results showed MICs ranged between 0.002 1.0 mg/ml e 0.002- 0.032 respectively.

La presente tesis es el resultado de una investigación en Gerencia Social acerca del Programa de Atención Médica Periódica (AMP) de la ONG IMPACTA, cuyo objetivo es disminuir la adquisición de virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en la población más vulnerable de adquirirla. / Tesis

En la última década, los casos de VIH-Sida se ha ido diseminando sigilosamente entre la población de los pueblos indígenas de la Amazonía peruana. Tal es el caso de las Comunidades Aguarunas del distrito de Santa María de Nieva (de la provincia de Condorcanqui en Amazonas), donde esta enfermedad ha presentado un significativo incremento entre los años 2010 al 2014. / Tesis

Reform ideas, such as results measurement and management, tend to come and go in different ‘tides of reforms’. The purpose of this thesis is to increase our understanding of tides of reforms by identifying and discussing mechanisms that drive the rise, as well as the fall, of management reforms. This is done by studying four so-called ‘results initiatives’ launched at Sida, the Swedish International Development Agency in 1971, 1981, 1998 and 2012. The thesis tries to understand what happened both in Sida’s external environment as well as within the agency prior to the initiation, during implementation and when the four results initiatives fell out of favor. The life of each of the four results initiatives can be understood as having taken place in five phases: 1) the pressure phase, 2) the launch, 3) implementation, 4) point of re-do or die, 5) phase of opening up for something new. During these five phases different internal and external mechanisms contributed to either further institutionalization or to de-institutionalization of the results measurement and management ideas and technologies. It is argued that the need to gain legitimacy can be seen as the main mechanism that has driven the initiation of the results initiatives. During implementation, problems and difficulties arise. It is argued that whilst resistance towards the initiatives, as well as changed external demands, accelerates de-institutionalization, these mechanisms do not explain why the initiatives fall. In turn, the failure to find a standardized reporting category for “results”, the non-use of the results information produced and the fact that the initiatives no longer fulfill the function of providing legitimacy, are mechanisms that lead to the final death of the initiatives. The study concludes that whilst different external pressures can be considered important in initiating reforms, it is mainly internal mechanisms, within the organization, that explain the reason why the initiatives fall. Earlier literature has argued that tides of reforms are driven by hope and optimism to be and to be seen as effective. The findings in this study show that also the solidarity rationale, i.e. the wish to do good for someone else, and the feeling of doing so, drives the reforms. It is moreover argued that the reforms are also driven by fear and other emotions. In general, the occurrence of tides of reforms can be understood by the tension between the two rationales in development aid: solidarity and effectiveness. The study contributes with insights to what happens within an organization and over a longer time perspective when public agencies are faced with conflicting demands. It provides a broader understanding of reasons behind the quest to report on results and also what happens when results are not reportable. Since new and similar reforms will most probably arise in the future, findings from this study ought to be interesting not only in development aid but in all public policy sectors, for any policy maker or practitioner involved in the implementation of such reforms. / <p>Degree: Fil Dr in Economics </p><p>Research funder: Sida, Swedish International Development Agency </p> / The results agenda in Swedish Development Cooperation /SCORE

Le V.I.H/ SIDA continue à être un problème important, tant socio-économique que sur la plan physiologique qui affecte les jeunes au Kenya, et ce, en dépit des interventions préventives qui visent à donner les moyens d’éviter la contamination. Ceci a suscité plusieurs études sur les facteurs contextuels régissant ce fléau. Cependant, ce qui manque dans ces études, c’est l’examen du processus de formation des représentations à l’origine des comportements sexuels dans les différents contextes culturels. En ce qui concerne la sexualité et le V.I.H / SIDA, cette étude traite des structures et des processus de formation de ces représentations à l’intérieur des groupes sociaux. Elle traite aussi comment les significations produites influencent l’interprétation et l’adoption des stratégies préventive à l’égard du V.I.H / SIDA. Employant la théorie de la construction sociale, cette étude examine la compréhension des stratégies de prévention du V.I.H / SIDA telle que l’Abstinence, la Fidélité, l’utilisation des Préservatifs (AFP) et la Connaissance de son statut (VCT) parmi les jeunes Abagusiis dans leurs expériences vécues. Spécifiquement, l’étude examine comment les significations sociales à l’égard de la sexualité et du V.I.H / SIDA influencent l’interprétation et la prise de mesures concernant l’AFP et les approches de prévention de V.I.H / SIDA. Les données de cette étude ont été obtenues auprès de 100 jeunes Abagusiis au moyen d’entretiens intensifs et d’observations participantes. Des données supplémentaires ont été obtenues auprès des animateurs sociaux. Les résultats de l‘étude montrent que les jeunes Abagusiis comprennent les stratégies préventifs qui touchent le V.I.H / SIDA (AFP et VCT) en relation avec leurs significations sociales de la sexualité. En résumé, alors qu’elle apprécie le rôle important des facteurs structuraux et contextuels qui influencent le comportement sexuel, l’étude soutient qu’il est important de tenir compte des processus de formation des représentations, afin de mieux comprendre les réactions comportementales des individus au sujet des campagnes préventives concernant le V.I.H / SIDA dans des divers contextes culturels, et pour s’assurer de leur efficacité. / HIV/AIDS continues to be a major socio-economic and medical problem affecting youth in Kenya. This is in spite of the massive prevention interventions which aim at empowering the youth with information on how to avoid being infected. This has therefore created impetus for investigating contextual factors driving the pandemic. However, missing in these studies are the processes on how meanings which are vital in influencing sexual behaviour are generated in different cultural contexts. This study therefore focused on the structures and processes of meaning formation within social groups, with regards to sex and HIV/AIDS, and how the produced meanings influence the interpretation and adoption of HIV/AIDS prevention strategies. Using the social construction theory, the study examined emic understanding of HIV/AIDS prevention strategies such Abstinence, Being Faithful, Condom use and Knowing one’s HIV status ( VCT) among Abagusii youth in their lived experiences. Specifically, the study interrogated how the social meanings of sex and HIV/AIDS influence the interpretation and action towards “ABC” and “VCT” HIV/AIDS prevention approaches. Data for this study was obtained from 100 Abagusii youth using in-depth conversational interviews and participant observation. Augmentative data was also obtained from key informant interviews. Findings from the study showed that Abagusii youths make sense of HIV/AIDS prevention strategies (ABC and VCT) in relation to their social meanings of sex. In conclusion, while appreciating the vital role of structural and contextual factors in influencing sexual behaviour, the study argued that it is equally important to take into account meaning formation processes in understanding individuals’ behavioural responses to HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns in diverse cultural contexts for them to be effective.

Dans la plupart des pays francophones de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et centrale, les politiques de lutte contre le sida semblent davantage avoir été suscitées par des financeurs internationaux qu’elles ne sont le fruit de mobilisations collectives. Le Bénin est sur ce point emblématique. Les conditions d’émergence des acteurs associatifs béninois conduisent à leur implication dans l’action publique de lutte contre le sida selon une logique de « professionnalisation ». L’idée développée est que ce processus résulte d’une adaptation aux contraintes imposées par les bailleurs et qu’il n’est pas neutre. Il a des effets politiques et contribue à la redéfinition de relations de pouvoir, tant au sein de l’espace de la lutte contre le sida que dans les arènes locales dans lesquelles les acteurs associatifs sont implantés. Ces effets sont masqués par un phénomène de neutralisation politique entretenu par la focalisation des acteurs sur des enjeux techniques. Ils sont pourtant bien réels. Les mobilisations collectives sont mises à distance. Des groupes sociaux favorisés (les akowé), en investissant les ONG et les associations locales, acquièrent de nouvelles positions de pouvoir. Leur maîtrise des instruments promus par les bailleurs, indicateur majeur de leur professionnalisation, participe grandement à la construction de leur légitimité à occuper ces positions. Enfin, l’usage des instruments en question peut avoir des effets en termes de gouvernement des corps, les acteurs associatifs renforçant alors leur contrôle sur les séropositifs et participant à la construction de la population comme objet de connaissance et de gestion à distance. / In most of West and Central African French speaking countries, HIV/AIDS policies seem to have been generated more by international donors than as the result of collective mobilizations. On this matter, Benin is representative. The conditions for the emergence of the Beninese associative actors lead to their involvement in HIV/AIDS public action following a professionalization process. The central idea is that this process is non-neutral and that it results from an adaptation to the donors demands. It has political impacts and it contributes to redefine the relations of power both in the “HIV/AIDS space” and in the local arenas in which the associative actors are established. Despite their reality, those political impacts are hidden by a political neutralization effect maintained by the actors’ focusing on technical issues. Collective mobilizations are distanced. Favored social groups (the akowé) gain new positions of power by involving themselves in local NGOs and associations. The knowledge of the tools promoted by the donors, a major indicator of their professionalization, seriously helps to forge their legitimacy to occupy these positions. Eventually, the use of these former tools can have an impact in terms of government of bodies. The associative actors strengthen here their control over HIV-positive people and are part of the establishment of the population as a subject of knowledge and of remote management.

La mise au point d’une méthode d’analyse par UPLC-MS/MS et dilution isotopique nous a permis d’identifier pour la première fois dans un moût le S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-<gamma>-glutamyl-cystéine (<gamma>GluCys-3MH). Suite à cette découverte, l’étude des interconversions entre les glutathionylés, dipeptides et cystéinylés S-conjugués au 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) ou à la 4-mercapto-4-méthyl-pentan-2-one (4MMP), a permis de mettre en évidence deux nouvelles formes de précurseurs. Le suivi de l’évolution de ces différents composés au cours de fermentations alcooliques à l’échelle laboratoire a permis de clarifier leur rôle de précurseurs et d’établir les éventuels mécanismes d’interconversion. Par ailleurs, à travers plusieurs expérimentations viticoles et œnologiques conduites à l’échelle pilote en Languedoc et Val de Loire pendant trois années consécutives, des éléments nouveaux ont pu être apportés quant à l’impact de la maturation du raisin et son hétérogénéité, ainsi qu’à l’importance des opérations pré-fermentaires comme la macération pelliculaire ou la stabulation sur bourbes. / The development of a method using UPLC-MS/MS and stable isotope dilution assay allowed us to identify for the first time the S-3-(hexan-1-ol)-<gamma>-glutamyl-cysteine (<gamma>GluCys-3MH) in musts. Following this discovery, the study of interconversions between glutathione, dipeptides and cysteine S-conjugates to 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) or 4-mercapto-4-methyl-pentan-2-one (4MMP) highlighted two new forms of precursors. The evolution monitoring of these compounds during alcoholic fermentations at laboratory scale allowed us to clarify their role as precursors and to establish the possible interconversion mechanisms. In addition, through several viticultural and oenological experiments carried out at pilot scale in Languedoc and Val de Loire during three consecutive years, new elements could be … about the impact of grape ripening and its heterogeneity, as well as the importance of prefermentative processes, such as skin maceration and must conservation on lees.

Le mémoire d'habilitation à diriger des recherches prend appui sur les recherches menées par l'auteur sur la prévention du sida et sur l'intégration sociale des handicapés mentaux pour montrer la pertinence de l'analyse culturelle développée par l'anthropologue Mary Douglas à construire une approche sociologique de la diversité des représentations et des pratiques face au sida ou à la déficience mentale. Après avoir présenté de façon systématique cette approche, il montre en quoi les catégories de risque et de handicap sont des constructions sociales et culturelles que les individus élaborent dans des situations d'incertitude issues des politiques publiques. Il expose comment le modèle « grid-group » de l'analyse culturelle permet d'en expliquer les variations en les rapportant à des modes différenciés d'organisation des relations sociales. A partir de ces analyses, alimentées à des travaux de terrain référencés en bibliographie, il engager une discussion critiques des analyses de Beck et de Giddens sur le risques. Il montre en quoi ces approches se cantonnent à une analyse du risque comme catégorie publique et qu'ils délaissent les opérations de réinterprétation sociale et culturelle des usagers qui sont au cœur des usages de l'analyse culturelle développée dans le mémoire..

<p>The purpose of this essay is to review the Swedish international development cooperation carried out by Sida to control whether the implementation of the international aid is compatible with the policy. There are a lot of different ways to implement the economic aid that are being used by the donors today. The Swedish method has since the 1960s mainly been focused on attempting to diminish the poverty in the world. In the latest time another goal has been added, that is a focus on supporting the civil rights. This essay will be concentrated to aim on what kind of countries receiving aid from Sweden, and exactly why these countries are being chosen.</p><p>The main question of this essay is: What countries are receiving the international developing aid, and how can this distribution be understood? To answer the main question there are two themes in the essay:</p><p>• What kind of countries is supposed to receive developing aid from Sweden according to the policy?</p><p>• What kind of countries is receiving the aid, and how can this be understood?</p><p>This essay is mainly based on quantitative data obtained from Sida, together with index of corruption and poverty will the different types of Swedish cooperation countries be described.</p><p>The conclusions of this essay are that there are two objectives of the policy: to fight poverty, and to strengthen the civil rights. What is noticeable in this essay is that it seems like there are more recipient of the aid from Sida that are relatively wealthy than there are poor. Still, it is obvious that the poor countries recieve a bigger amount of aid than the wealthy countries do. It is in other words difficult to declare which objective that is the superior one</p>

Our study was a qualitative study in the gender mainstreaming work within Entebbe municipal council, Uganda. This thesis was funded by SIDA through a Minor Field Studies scholarship. The main focus was internal communication, particularly implementations of governmental policies. During eight weeks, we worked at the municipal council in Entebbe to investigate how the implementation of the local gender policy had been since its conduction in 2008. Our study worked on the theoretical frame of reference in the areas of organization, communication and project management. Our empirical data were gathered through conversations with citizens of Entebbe municipality, interviews with stakeholders and heads of departments of Entebbe municipal council, and observations of municipal programs and internal meetings. The purpose was to develop a communication plan, but the result of our research became a study to identify Entebbe municipal council’s current position in the implementation phase and to propose methods to oblige and fulfill the local gender policy’s objectives and requirements. The study showed that they didn’t need another steering document but increased presence of and communication about the local gender policy for the entire municipal council to contribute to a more gender equal organization.