隨著資訊產業的發展和人們對即時訊息的需求，數位電子看板以多元化的面貌，逐漸取代了傳統的媒體，出現在我們生活的周遭。 根據知名研究機構iSuppli的報導，數位電子看板每年將有百分之三十以上的成長。這樣一個高成長的產業已吸引了包括日本、韓國等國際競爭者的目光，臺灣業者須要嚴肅地思考當如何面對此一挑戰。 本研究先行探討現有文獻和產業現況，後以波特的五種競爭力來分析數位電子看板產業，再敘述創新的營運模式和它如何創造價值。最後則是檢驗這個營運模式下的價值主張。 研究結論是加入服務創新元素的商業模式是能夠創造一個新的市場，整合供應鏈、發揮互補的功能，產生多項且持續的獲利來源，整合者的定位為價值創造者和價值支配者，並以一次購買(One Stop Shop)、創新服務、客製化為其競爭策略。 關鍵字： 數位電子看板，營運模式 / With the development of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) industry and the demand of instant information from consumer, Digital Signage, with multi-function feature, has replaced the traditional media and appeared in our daily life gradually. According to the report from iSuppli, the potential growth for digital signage will be more than 30% every year. This high growing industry has drawn the attention of all international competitors including Japan, Korea etc. Taiwan manufacturers need to consider how we are going to face this challenge. This study started with the review of existing literature and current industry status，followed by the industry analysis by Five Forces of Competition from M. Porter. It continued with the statement of an innovative business model and how the value is created. Lastly, we checked the value proposition of this business model. The conclusions of this study include, with added value of technical service, the mentioned business model is able to create a new market；integrating supply chain is able to create complementary and long term profit in different methods。 One stop shop, innovative service and customization will be its competitive strategies. Keywords: Digital Signage, Business Model

Doctor of Philosophy / Zoological gardens, or zoos, keep and display wild animals, mainly for the purposes of education, conservation and biological research. However, it is evident that a significant component of zoos is the vast number of people who visit them, since without the support of visitors, zoos would not be financially viable and would cease to exist. This research investigates the behaviours of these visitors and develops an understanding of their awareness relating to what they see and do while they are in the zoo, along with their motivations for visiting. The study focuses on two major metropolitan zoos in Australia: Adelaide (in South Australia) and Taronga (in Sydney, New South Wales). A brief historical account contextualises changes, raising awareness of the significance of visitors to the livelihood of zoos. More and more zoos are integrating into their management routines different programmes that relate to the care and welfare of the animals. Despite recent growth in scientific attention, which has focused on human-animal relationships, little research has been conducted relating to the human visitor in the zoo. To date, decisions made by administrators have been based upon assumptions of the visitors’ understanding of the work of zoos rather than on actual quantitative findings. This empirical research is significant in that it uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to appraise factual data and information. The data from unobtrusive tracking observations at different exhibits, combined with the results of questionnaire surveys, are used to explore and assess the perceptions of visitors. In developing a demographic profile of the people who visit zoos, this work considers the motivations and the frequency of visitors. Various factors that influence the viewing patterns of visitors are explored to assess the popularity of exhibits, and the perceptions of visitors relating to animals and enclosures are investigated, to assess the diverse levels of satisfaction. Case studies explore the perceptions and understandings of visitors towards the use of enrichment items, the use of signs and labels, and a hypothetical approach to the feeding of carnivores in zoos. The results are important in that they contribute essential knowledge that describes the perceptions of a wide range of people who visit zoos, along with their expectations, since it is crucial for these institutions to maintain their popularity with the public.

Reclamações contra a sinalização viária existente no Rio de Janeiro são comuns. A cidade ainda é a porta de entrada do Brasil e o destino preferido dos visitantes. Dentro de pouco tempo, o Rio será palco de importantes eventos esportivos internacionais e há preocupação em como poderá a cidade oferecer orientação para os turistas que nela venham a transitar. Este estudo procura saber quais são, de fato, os motivos que justificam as incessantes queixas contra a sinalização instalada e procura extrair daí diretrizes que possam ser aplicadas aos projetos de sistemas de sinalização que efetivamente resolvam os problemas de orientação dos usuários. Para isso, procurou-se primeiro mapear o contexto histórico em que vem evoluindo a sinalização de trânsito; em seguida, examinou-se em que implica o desenvolvimento de projetos de sinalização em geral; para no próximo passo se focar questões da sinalização de trânsito. Foram feitos dois levantamentos: o primeiro, de entrevistas estruturadas individualizadas com taxistas, que são usuários intensos das vias e da sinalização. A amostra escolhida foi de 19 taxistas frequentadores da Praça Santos Dumont, localizada na Zona Sul da cidade, e um importante entroncamento de tráfego. O segundo envolveu cinco profissionais designers com o perfil de experiência prévia no desenvolvimento de projetos de sistemas de sinalização. Com esse grupo, a técnica utilizada foi a de Think Aloud Protocol, através da qual cada um desses indivíduos foi acompanhado e documentado enquanto dirigia e se orientava pela sinalização num trajeto que vai desde a citada Praça Santos Dumont até o Estádio do Maracanã, situado na Zona Norte da cidade, e que costuma ser um destino preferencial em eventos esportivos. Os resultados das duas pesquisas foram analisados e deles extraídas diretrizes que são apresentadas nas Conclusões e que objetivam a eficácia do sistema através de mensagens claras, textos legíveis, posicionamento oportuno e estabilidade formal visando o reconhecimento e o entendimento por parte do usuário. / Complaints against the existing traffic signage in Rio de Janeiro are common. The city is still the gateway to Brazil and the preferred destination of visitors. Within a short time, the Rio will host major international sports events and there is concern about how the city can offer guidance to tourists that it will transit there. This study tries to find out what are, in fact, the reasons for the incessant complaints against installed signage and then attempts to draw guidelines that can be applied to projects of signage systems that effectively address the problems of orientation of users. For that, we sought at first to map the historical context in which has evolved traffic signage; then we examined whether it involves the development of signage projects in general. The next step was to focus on traffic signs issues. There were two surveys: the first, from individual structured interviews with taxi drivers, who are "heavy users" of streets and signage. The population selected was composed by 19 cabbies that usually stand by Praça Santos Dumont, located in the south of the city, and an important traffic junction. The second involved five professional designers who have previous experience in developping projects of signage systems. With this group, "Think Aloud Protocol" technique was used: each of these individuals was monitored and documented while driving and guided by a signage path that goes from the aforementioned Praça Santos Dumont to the Maracanã Stadium, set in the northern part of the city, and used to be a preferred destination for sporting events. The results of the two surveys were analyzed and the extracted guidelines are presented in the Conclusions, which pursue system effectiveness through clear messages, legible text, appropriate placement and formal stability aiming recognition and understanding by the user.

Reclamações contra a sinalização viária existente no Rio de Janeiro são comuns. A cidade ainda é a porta de entrada do Brasil e o destino preferido dos visitantes. Dentro de pouco tempo, o Rio será palco de importantes eventos esportivos internacionais e há preocupação em como poderá a cidade oferecer orientação para os turistas que nela venham a transitar. Este estudo procura saber quais são, de fato, os motivos que justificam as incessantes queixas contra a sinalização instalada e procura extrair daí diretrizes que possam ser aplicadas aos projetos de sistemas de sinalização que efetivamente resolvam os problemas de orientação dos usuários. Para isso, procurou-se primeiro mapear o contexto histórico em que vem evoluindo a sinalização de trânsito; em seguida, examinou-se em que implica o desenvolvimento de projetos de sinalização em geral; para no próximo passo se focar questões da sinalização de trânsito. Foram feitos dois levantamentos: o primeiro, de entrevistas estruturadas individualizadas com taxistas, que são usuários intensos das vias e da sinalização. A amostra escolhida foi de 19 taxistas frequentadores da Praça Santos Dumont, localizada na Zona Sul da cidade, e um importante entroncamento de tráfego. O segundo envolveu cinco profissionais designers com o perfil de experiência prévia no desenvolvimento de projetos de sistemas de sinalização. Com esse grupo, a técnica utilizada foi a de Think Aloud Protocol, através da qual cada um desses indivíduos foi acompanhado e documentado enquanto dirigia e se orientava pela sinalização num trajeto que vai desde a citada Praça Santos Dumont até o Estádio do Maracanã, situado na Zona Norte da cidade, e que costuma ser um destino preferencial em eventos esportivos. Os resultados das duas pesquisas foram analisados e deles extraídas diretrizes que são apresentadas nas Conclusões e que objetivam a eficácia do sistema através de mensagens claras, textos legíveis, posicionamento oportuno e estabilidade formal visando o reconhecimento e o entendimento por parte do usuário. / Complaints against the existing traffic signage in Rio de Janeiro are common. The city is still the gateway to Brazil and the preferred destination of visitors. Within a short time, the Rio will host major international sports events and there is concern about how the city can offer guidance to tourists that it will transit there. This study tries to find out what are, in fact, the reasons for the incessant complaints against installed signage and then attempts to draw guidelines that can be applied to projects of signage systems that effectively address the problems of orientation of users. For that, we sought at first to map the historical context in which has evolved traffic signage; then we examined whether it involves the development of signage projects in general. The next step was to focus on traffic signs issues. There were two surveys: the first, from individual structured interviews with taxi drivers, who are "heavy users" of streets and signage. The population selected was composed by 19 cabbies that usually stand by Praça Santos Dumont, located in the south of the city, and an important traffic junction. The second involved five professional designers who have previous experience in developping projects of signage systems. With this group, "Think Aloud Protocol" technique was used: each of these individuals was monitored and documented while driving and guided by a signage path that goes from the aforementioned Praça Santos Dumont to the Maracanã Stadium, set in the northern part of the city, and used to be a preferred destination for sporting events. The results of the two surveys were analyzed and the extracted guidelines are presented in the Conclusions, which pursue system effectiveness through clear messages, legible text, appropriate placement and formal stability aiming recognition and understanding by the user.

abstract: This thesis examines the evolution of the interpretation of the battle of Gettysburg, as well as how the analysis and presentation of the battle by multiple stakeholders have affected the public's understanding of the violence of the engagement and subsequently its understanding of the war's repercussions. While multiple components of the visitor experience are examined throughout this thesis, the majority of analysis focuses on the interpretive wayside signs that dot the landscape throughout the Gettysburg National Military Park. These wayside signs are the creation of the Park Service, and while they are not strictly interpretive in nature, they remain an extremely visible component of the visitor's park experience. As such, they are an important reflection of the interpretive priorities of the Park Service, an agency which is likely the dominant public history entity shaping understanding of the American Civil War. Memory at Gettysburg in the first decades after the battle largely sought to focus on celebratory accounts of the clash that praised the valor of all white combatants as a means of bringing about resolution between the two sides. By focusing on triumphant memories of martial valor in a conflict fought over ambiguous reasons, veterans and the public at large neglected unsettling and difficult conversations. These avoided discussions primarily concerned what the war had really accomplished aside from preserving the Union, as white Americans appeared unwilling to confront the war's abolitionist legacy. Additionally, they avoided discussion of the horrific levels of violence that the war had truly required of its combatants. Reconciliationist memories of the conflict that did not discuss the violence and trauma of combat were thus incorporated into early interpretations of Civil War battlefields, and continued to hinder understanding of the true savagery of combat into the present. This thesis focuses on the presence (or lack thereof) of violence and trauma in the wayside interpretive signage at Gettysburg, and argues that a more active interpretation of the war's remarkably violent and traumatic legacies can assist in dislodging a faulty legacy of reconciliationist remembrance that continues to permeate public memory of the Civil War. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. History 2013

O Metrô de São Paulo faz parte do cenário cotidiano e da identidade de lugar de 4 milhões de passageiros por dia. Essa dissertação investiga de que modo e com quais motivações, o design de sinalização do Metrô de São Paulo - pioneiro e tido como exemplar sistema de informação pública no Brasil - foi alterado desde o seu estabelecimento no manual de identidade de 1981. A partir do método estudo de caso verifica-se de que forma os gestores atenderam às demandas dos usuários e do governo e, ao mesmo tempo, lutaram para tentar padronizar o sistema. Por fim, questiona-se o processo que resultou no redesign do sistema e suas consequências atuais e futuras para os usuários, pouco inseridos no processo de criação e validação dos projetos, mas que poderiam justificar ou não as mudanças ocorridas. / The São Paulo subway is part of everyday landscape and place identity of 4 million passengers per day. This thesis investigates how and with what motivations, the signage design of São Paulo subway - considered pioneering and exemplary public information system in Brazil - has changed since its establishment by the 1981 identity manual. Using the case study method it verifies how managers answered to user and government demands, while they struggled to standardize the system. Finally, it is questioned the process that resulted in the redesign of the system and its consequences for current and future users, bit inserted in the creation and validation process of projects, but that could justify or not the changes.

Esta dissertação de mestrado analisa a seta como símbolo gráfico universal da comunicação visual, reconhecido por diferentes povos em diversas épocas e culturas. A pesquisa apresenta a seta como transmissora de informações essenciais por meio de seus vários significados e funções facilitando as interações sociais no mundo contemporâneo, diminuindo as dificuldades geradas por especificidades linguísticas e auxiliando na possibilidade de uma rápida interpretação das mensagens comunicadas, ainda que dentro de limites culturais. O estudo mostra que este símbolo gráfico é utilizado desde os tempos mais remotos, nas pinturas rupestres, até os dias atuais, com usos distintos em vários campos do conhecimento. O objetivo da análise é identificar os significados mais notáveis do símbolo gráfico seta, além de sua função direcional básica e como eles se desenvolveram em três modalidades de aplicação: (1) a seta nos sistemas de sinalização, orientando e dirigindo o fluxo do tráfego humano e suas variantes nos pictogramas e na sinalização viária, algumas vezes com significados distintos como o de \"encontro\", \"indicação\" ou \"localização\"; (2) a seta nos sistemas de esquematização em várias áreas do conhecimento, da vida cotidiana às representações científicas, empregada com diferentes funções, dependendo da intenção da mensagem a ser transmitida, entre elas: \"ação\", \"causa-efeito\", \"foco\", \"geração\", \"identificação\", \"intensidade\", \"limite\", \"relação\", \"sequência\", \"tempo\", \"transferência\" e \"transformação\"; (3) a seta nos sistemas de identidades visuais, representando empresas ou produtos visualmente e de forma ordenada, com novos significados vindos de associações semânticas relacionadas às situações específicas de cada marca e aos setores de mercado aos quais elas pertencem, como por exemplo: \"cobertura\", \"satisfação\", \"simpatia\", \"saúde\", \"crescimento\", \"desenvolvimento\", \"rapidez\", \"centralização\", \"prazer\" e \"suavidade\". É uma pesquisa qualitativa que pretende, com a análise e a interpretação das variáveis dos fenômenos particulares a cada campo de estudo, entender de forma ampla, partes das dimensões semântica e pragmática do símbolo gráfico em questão. Este estudo aprofundado pretende contribuir para o melhor entendimento e utilização da seta por comunicadores e designers, com maior conhecimento e propriedade, permitindo sua aplicação mais clara e efetiva nos sistemas de sinalização de grandes espaços, de esquematização da informação visual e de identidades visuais. / This thesis analyzes the arrow as a universal graphic symbol in visual communication, one recognized by different people in different times and cultures. The research presents the arrow as a transmitter of critical information through its various meanings and functions, facilitating social interactions in the contemporary world, lessening the difficulties caused by linguistic specificities and assisting in the possibility of a rapid interpretation, though still within cultural limits, of the messages communicated. The study shows that this graphic symbol has been used since ancient times, from cave paintings to the present day, with different uses in various fields of knowledge. The goal of the analysis is to identify the most notable meanings of the arrow graphic symbol, besides its basic directional function, and how these meanings developed into three types of applications: (1) the arrow in signage systems, guiding and directing the flow of human traffic and its variants in pictograms and road signs, sometimes with different meanings like \"meeting\", \"indication\" or \"location\"; (2) the arrow in diagrams in various areas of knowledge, from everyday life to scientific representations, used with different functions, depending on the intent of the message to be transmitted, including: \"action\", \"cause and effect\", \"focus\", \"generation\", \"identification\", \"intensity\", \"boundary\", \"relationship\", \"sequence\", \"time\", \"transfer\" and \"transformation\"; (3) the arrow in corporate identity systems, representing companies or products visually and in an orderly fashion, with new meanings coming from semantic associations related to the specific circumstances of each brand and market sectors to which they belong, such as: \"covering\", \"satisfaction\", \"sympathy\", \"health\", \"growth\", \"development\", \"speed\", \"centralization\", \"pleasure\", and \"softness\". This qualitative research seeks, with analysis and interpretation of the variables of phenomena specific to each field of study, to broadly understand parts of the semantic and pragmatic dimensions of the graphic symbol in question. This is in-depth study which aims to contribute to a better understanding and use of the arrow by communicators and designers, with greater knowledge and propriety, allowing for its clearer and more effective application in signage systems in large spaces, diagrams of visual information, and corporate identities.

[pt] No decorrer das últimas duas décadas, mudanças substanciais no paradigma morfológico das imagens sinalizadoras de projetos de sinalização ambiental, em especial as das áreas públicas de lazer, evidenciam uma liberdade nas soluções formais. Onde havia um pictograma perfeito e inequívoco, hoje são encontradas imagens influenciadas por tendências e/ou por seu contexto. Alguns zoológicos adotam sistemas diferenciados nos projetos de sinalização. Ora predomina o uso de imagens pictográficas, ora maior relevância é dada às imagens fotográficas. O Jardim Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro foi o local escolhido para um estudo, em bases semióticas, dos tipos de objetos de sinalização, em especial as das imagens visuais identificatórias dos animais em suas jaulas, verificando os possíveis interpretantes e suas conseqüências. / [en] Over the last two decades, substantial changes in the morphological paradigm of the images used in environmental signage, especially in public recreation areas, have shown a freedom of formal solutions. Where there used to be a perfect and unequivocal pictogram, today there are images influenced by tendencies and/or context. Some zoos use differentiated systems of signage. Sometimes the use of pictographic images prevails; other times, more relevance is given to photographs.The Rio de Janeiro Zoo was chosen for a semiotic study of signing objects, in particular the visual identification of the animals in their cages, their possible interpretations and their consequences.

Till följd av de stora miljöutmaningar som världen står inför idag, där majoriteten av dem orsakats av människan, har ett hållbart konsumtionsbeteende blivit alltmer betydelsefullt. För att uppnå ett hållbart konsumtionsbeteende bör butikers gemensamma mål vara att involvera kunder till att handla mer hållbart samt främja miljövänliga och hållbara produkter. Tidigare forskning indikerar att konsumenter ofta vill konsumera mer hållbart men misslyckas emellanåt att konsumera efter sina värderingar, bland annat på grund av bristande information eller av ouppmärksamhet. Digitala skärmar kan anses vara ett fördelaktigt marknadsföringsverktyg för att främja hållbar konsumtion då det engagerar flera mänskliga sinnen samt tillkallar uppmärksamhet hos kunden. Syftet med studien är att empiriskt undersöka hur olika innehåll på en digital skärm kan påverka försäljningen av en specifik marknadsförd ”hållbar” respektive ”icke-hållbar” produkt. För att besvara syftet genomfördes ett fältexperiment på två likvärdiga avfallspåsar i en stormarknad där ena alternativet var ”hållbart” och det andra ”icke-hållbart”. Vidareplacerades en digital skärm ovanför de båda alternativen med ett affektivt innehåll under ena veckan och ett socialt validerande innehåll under den andra veckan. Studien utgick från en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi där resultaten baserades på försäljningsdata framtagen från de olika försäljningsplatserna. Studien indikerar att innehållen på den digitala skärmen inte påverkade kunders beslut vidvalet mellan den ”hållbara” och den ”icke-hållbara” avfallspåsen, då försäljningen av den ”icke-hållbara” avfallspåsen genomgående såldes mer än den ”hållbara”. I stället för att kunderna blev påverkade av hållbarhetsaspekten som förmedlades via skärmen kan det antas att andra faktorer såsom vanor och rutiner samt placering i butiken hade en störrepåverkan på kundernas beslut. Vidare framkommer vikten av butikernas inflytande vid kunders konsumtion, både med vilka varor de väljer att exponera och marknadsföra samt hur de väljer att bemöta kunden både verbalt och via skyltning. / As a result of the major environmental challenges facing the world today, where the majority of these have been caused by humans, sustainable consumption behavior has become increasingly important. To achieve sustainable consumption behavior, the common goal of stores should be to involve customers in more sustainable shopping behavior and to promote environmentally friendly and sustainable products. Previous research indicates that customers often want to consume more sustainably but sometimes fail to consume according to their values, among other things due to lack of information or inattention. Digital screens can be considered as a beneficial marketing tool to promote sustainable consumption as it engages several human senses and attracts customer attention. The purpose of the study is to empirically investigate how different content on a digital screen can affect the sales of a specific marketed sustainable and non-sustainable product. To answer the purpose, a field experiment was carried out on two equivalent waste bags in a supermarket where one alternative was sustainable and the other non-sustainable. Furthermore, a digital screen was placed above the two alternatives with an affective content for one week, and socially validating content during the second week. The study was based on a quantitative research strategy where the results were based on sales data produced from the various points of sale. The study indicates that the contents of the digital screen did not influence customers' decisions in the choice between the sustainable and the non-sustainable waste bag, as sales of the non-sustainable waste bag were consistently sold more than the sustainable one. Instead of the customers being influenced by the sustainability aspect that was conveyed via the screen, it can be assumed that other factors such as habits and routines as well as locations in the store had a greater impact on the customers' decisions. Furthermore, the importance of the stores 'influence on customers' consumption emerges, both in which goods they choose to expose and market and how they choose to respond to customers both verbally and via signage.

This study investigates how three elementary schools in East Tennessee align their schoolscapes with their multilingual populations. The study involved taking pictures of signage in these elementary schools and analyzing them for multilingualism. The findings indicate that there is limited presence of multilingual signage in the schools despite the presence of diverse students. While the schools are making efforts to be inclusive with their signage, there is clearly more room for improvement.