No description available.

The degradation of high voltage electrical insulation is a prime factor that can significantly influence the reliability performance and the costs of maintaining high voltage electricity networks. Little information is known about the system of localized degradation from corona discharges on the relatively new silicone rubber sheathed composite insulators that are now being widely used in high voltage applications. This current work focuses on the fundamental principles of electrical corona discharge phenomena to provide further insights to where damaging surface discharges may localize and examines how these discharges may degrade the silicone rubber material. Although water drop corona has been identified by many authors as a major cause of deterioration of silicone rubber high voltage insulation until now no thorough studies have been made of this phenomenon. Results from systematic measurements taken using modern digital instrumentation to simultaneously record the discharge current pulses and visible images associated with corona discharges from between metal electrodes, metal electrodes and water drops, and between waters drops on the surface of silicone rubber insulation, using a range of 50 Hz voltages are inter compared. Visual images of wet electrodes show how water drops can play a part in encouraging flashover, and the first reproducible visual images of water drop corona at the triple junction of water air and silicone rubber insulation are presented. A study of the atomic emission spectra of the corona produced by the discharge from its onset up to and including spark-over, using a high resolution digital spectrometer with a fiber optic probe, provides further understanding of the roles of the active species of atoms and molecules produced by the discharge that may be responsible for not only for chemical changes of insulator surfaces, but may also contribute to the degradation of the metal fittings that support the high voltage insulators. Examples of real insulators and further work specific to the electrical power industry are discussed. A new design concept to prevent/reduce the damaging effects of water drop corona is also presented.

Submitted by Gustavo Nascimento (gustavo.diniz@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-01-29T11:51:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELLA CIBELE BEZERRA - TESE PPGCMAT 2014.pdf: 4550868 bytes, checksum: d91b2b560040e4f5f101c7f129c13aab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T11:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELLA CIBELE BEZERRA - TESE PPGCMAT 2014.pdf: 4550868 bytes, checksum: d91b2b560040e4f5f101c7f129c13aab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-03 / CNPq / Um dos principais problemas do isolamento elétrico externo é o acúmulo de contaminantes em sua superfície. A ocorrência deste evento faz com que a resistência da superfície diminua, aumentando a presença de correntes de fuga pela superfície. Entre as técnicas desenvolvidas para diminuir esse tipo de efeito, está o revestimento do isolador existente convencional (porcelana ou vidro, conforme o caso) com uma borracha de silicone que é vulcanizada à temperatura ambiente (BS). O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma mistura de borracha de silicone/alumina trihidratada/nanosílica (BS/ATH:NS) para ser usada em revestimento de isoladores elétricos de vidro. Cargas de ATH e NS foram adicionadas à BS, produzindo uma mistura feita em diferentes proporções mássicas (79/21; 77/23 e 75/25) de BS/ATH:NS, utilizada nos revestimento dos isoladores elétricos de vidro. As cargas e os revestimentos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), teste de inflamabilidade, ensaio na câmara de névoa salina, molhabilidade e avaliação da hidrofobicidade. As cargas apresentaram características morfológicas bem distintas, o que interferiu diretamente na morfologia dos revestimentos. A silanização das cargas favoreceu uma interação entre elas, assim como houve uma pequena melhora na interação das cargas com a BS. Observou-se também que no teste de inflamabilidade, os revestimentos que continham ATH, apresentaram resultados mais significativos, não havendo queima. Para os ensaios na câmara de névoa salina, o revestimento com BS/20:1 e os revestimentos com cargas silanizadas apresentaram os menores valores de corrente de fuga, o que foi comprovado com a avaliação da hidrofobicidade, na qual estes conseguiram recuperar a hidrofobicidade até HC=1 (nível de hidrofobicidade), de acordo com o guia STIR (Swedish Transmission Research Institute). / One of the main problems of external electrical isolation is due to accumulation of contaminants on its surface. The occurrence of this event causes the insulation resistance of the surface decreases, increasing the flow of leakage currents on the surface. Among the techniques developed to reduce this type of event is the coating of the conventional existing insulator (porcelain or glass, as appropriate) with a silicone rubber vulcanized at room temperature (BS). The aim of this study was to develop a mixture of silicone rubber/ alumina trihydrate/nanosílica (BS/ATH:NS) for use in coating glass electrical insulators. Loads of ATH and NS were added to BS, producing a mixture made in different mass ratios (79/21, 77/23 and 75/25) BS/ATH:NS used in the coating of glass electrical insulators. Loads and coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), flammability test, measurement salt spray chamber, test of wettability and hydrophobicity. Loads showed distinct morphological features, which directly affects the morphology of the coatings. The silanization loads favored interaction among them, as there was a small improvement in the interaction of the loads with the BS. It was also observed that the flammability test, the coatings containing ATH showed more significant results, without burning. For tests of the salt spray chamber, coat with BS/20:1 and with silanized fillers had the lowest leakage current, which was confirmed by measuring the hydrophobicity, where they managed to recover the hydrophobicity HC = 1 (level of hydrophobicity) according to STIR (Swedish Transmission Research Institute) guide.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-20T14:23:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GLERYSTON THIAGO GOMES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2017.pdf: 4116473 bytes, checksum: 5df445f57ab1b4d9326f681288378141 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T14:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GLERYSTON THIAGO GOMES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2017.pdf: 4116473 bytes, checksum: 5df445f57ab1b4d9326f681288378141 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-03 / Capes / O presente trabalho avalia a adesão entre fios e fitas de uma liga com memória de forma (LMF) de Ni-Ti e uma borracha de silicone, para o desenvolvimento de estruturas flexíveis. A avaliação da adesão foi realizada através de ensaios de extração (Pull Out). Para realização dos ensaios, foram produzidos seis tipos de corpos de prova (CPs) em que os fios e as fitas foram embebidos em uma matriz de borracha de silicone. Primeiramente, as fitas foram obtidas laminando a frio fios de Ni-Ti superelástico. Após a laminação as fitas foram submetidas a tratamento térmico em temperaturas e tempos diferentes, a fim de obter dois tipos de fitas: uma com característica de superelasticidade (SE) e outra com o efeito memória de forma (EMF). Um promotor de adesão Dow Corning 1200 Primer foi aplicado nas superfícies dos fios e das fitas para aumento da adesão. Os fios e as fitas de Ni-Ti e a borracha de silicone foram individualmente caracterizados por Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Análise Dinâmico-Mecânica (DMA) e tração uniaxial, analisando o comportamento do fator de amortecimento, módulo de elasticidade, tensões de transformação e temperaturas de transformação de fase. O ensaio de carregamento – descarregamento em tração na borracha de silicone também foi realizado para analisar a presença do efeito Mullins. Para verificação qualitativa do aumento da rugosidade e da adesão geradas pelo processo de laminação e pela aplicação do primer, respectivamente, foram realizadas imagens por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS) nos fios e nas fitas de Ni-Ti antes e após o ensaio de extração (Pull Out). A partir dos resultados obtidos, observa-se que o fio superelástico e as fitas de Ni-Ti laminadas e tratadas termicamente sem aplicação do primer não apresentam adesão suficiente para o desenvolvimento de estruturas flexíveis compostas por borracha de silicone e elementos atuadores como fios e fitas de Ni-Ti, sendo necessária a aplicação de um promotor de adesão (primer) nas superfícies das LMF. / The present work evaluates the adhesion between Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) wires and ribbons embedded into a silicone rubber, for the development of flexible structures. Adhesion evaluation was performed through pullout tests. To perform the tests, six types of specimens were produced, in which the wires and ribbons were embedded in a silicone rubber matrix. Firstly, the ribbons were obtained by cold rolling of a superelastic Ni-Ti wire. After the cold rolling, the ribbons were subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures and times in order to obtain two types materials: one with Superelasticity (SE) property and other with Shape Memory Effect (SME). A Dow Corning 1200 Primer adhesion promoter was applied to the surfaces of the wires and ribbons to improve adhesion. Ni-Ti wire and ribbons and silicone rubber were characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic-Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and uniaxial tensile tests, to obtain loss factor behavior, elastic modulus, tensile stress transformations and phase transformation temperatures. Analysis of tensile loading - unloading test on silicone rubber was also performed to evaluate the presence of the Mullins effect. For the qualitative verification of the roughness and adhesion improvement, generated by the cold rolling process and the application of the primer, respectively, images of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS) in the Ni- Ti wire and ribbons were performed before and after the pullout tests. The obtained results indicate that the Ni-Ti superelastic wires and heat treated cold rolled ribbons without primer do not present sufficient adhesion for the development of silicone rubber flexible structures with embedded Ni-Ti wires and ribbons, requiring the application of an adhesion promoter (primer) on the surfaces of the SMA.

L'objectif de ces travaux était de mettre au point une nouvelle voie de modification de la silice comme renfort d'élastomères silicones. La polymérisation par ouverture de cyclosiloxanes anionique (POCA) amorcée directement à partir de la silice dispersée en phase aqueuse a été réalisée. Les caractéristiques des silices utilisées dans cette étude ainsi que leur comportement en dispersion aqueuse ont tout d'abord été étudiés. La silice affiche des groupements silanolates à la surface de la silice pour des pH supérieurs au point de charge nulle. A pH 7, ces groupements silanolates en surface sont capables d'amorcer une polymérisation des cyclosiloxanes, et pas en suspension aqueuse. L'influence du contre-ion et de sa concentration sur le greffage obtenu s'est avérée primordiale, en complément des propriétés adsorbantes de la silice via les liaisons siloxanes. Les silices obtenues par ce nouveau procédé ont fait l'objet d'analyses poussées par thermogravimétrie, fragmentation-CPG, 29Si RMN simple impulsion et pyrolyse CPG-SM dans le but de décrire précisément la conformation du greffage. Le procédé a été transféré à plus grande échelle pour permettre la production d'importantes quantités de silice qui ont ensuite été incorporées dans une matrice silicone. Des limites de densités de greffage au-delà et en deçà desquelles la silice est mal dispersée dans le matériau ont été mises en évidence par traitement d'image. Les propriétés des élastomères ont été évaluées à partir de tests de dureté, de traction uniaxiale, de traction cyclique et de résistance à la déchirure dans le but d'étudier l'influence du greffage (conformation et groupements vinylés) sur le renforcement. / This work deals with a new way of modifying silica surface in a view to reinforce silicone elastomers. The surface-initiated ring-opening-polymerization (Si-ROP) of cyclosiloxanes was performed directly from the surface of silica dispersed in water. The characteristics of silica used in this study and their behavior in aqueous dispersion were first studied. For pH higher than the Point of Zero Charge, silica presents silanolate groups at its surface that are able to initiate the ROP of cyclosiloxanes from the surface, and not in aqueous suspension. The influence of the counter-cation and its concentration proved to be essential, in addition to silica's adsorbing properties. Modified silicas obtained by this new process were deeply analyzed by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), fragmentation-GC, simple impulsion 29Si RMN and pyrolysis GC-MS in order to describe precisely the grafting conformation. The polymerization process was then scaled up to produce higher quantities of modified silica, which were incorporated in a model silicone formulation. Highest and lowest grafting densities tended to poor silica dispersions, as shown by image treatment. Hardness tests, uniaxial tensile and cyclic tests and tear resistance tests were performed in order to evaluate the influence of the grafting (conformation and vinylated groups) on silicone elastomers properties.

Now a days. additive Manufacturing is becoming a major part of the manufacturing industries all around the world. Even, it is still a developing field.Its main advantage is its ability to print different types of shapes, in different sizesand good quality. The additive manufacturing technologies is capable of bring down the costs of the manufacturing when compared to other traditional methodsof manufacturing. This technology gives the flexibility to making complex shapesaccording to the clients and customers requirements also this technology canreduce time and human effort/involvement needed in the manufacturing industries. Now 3D printing has more influence in Swedish market more than ever and thisthesis is a part of a project of DiSAM – Digitalization of supply chain in Swedish Additive Manufacturing to implement 3D Printing into Swedish market. This thesis describe how advance materials and new manufacturingtechnologies can play a very important role in building the future and from thisstudy we are trying to find out whether the additive manufacturing technology can replace the traditional manufacturing process like injection molding. The main aim of the thesis is to design and fabricate a simple mould geometry for producing Silicone Rubber products using additive manufacturing and to assess the quality ofthe obtained product in terms of surface topography. Our project partner UnimerPlast & Gummi AB who is a major producer of plastics and rubber products is facing a problem in the production of silicone rubber products. They want to produce a mould for producing silicone rubber products using additivemanufacturing. In this thesis we had made the study in two parts, a design part and ananalysis part. In the design part we sorted out one material which is suitable for our application that is to produce a mould for making silicone products while in analysis part we made a study about the surface topology and its quality to see whether 3D printed moulds could produce silicone rubber products with same or better surface quality than the one which are produced using conventional injection moulding process. As a result of our study we came to know that high temperature resin can be used for making moulds to produce silicone products and only factor affecting the quality of the surface of mould or silicone product is built orientation and other factors like layer thickness, curing temperature and time does not have any impact on the surface quality.

L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de générer de l’amortissement à matériaux silicones, et plus particulièrement de mettre en lumière les relations entre la structure des additifs incorporés dans la base silicone et la morphologie des mélanges, ainsi que leur densité de réticulation et leurs propriétés mécaniques et dynamiques. Une première étude bibliographique a permis de sélectionner les deux types d’additifs étudiés dans nos formulations, à savoir les élastomères silicones thermoplastiques (TPS) et les résines silicones. Les propriétés mécaniques de TPS commerciaux ou synthétisés en laboratoire, seuls et en blends avec une base silicone, ont été comparés selon le taux de TPS ainsi que sa structure. Les hypothèses sur les relations structure-propriétés des différents TPS se sont appuyées sur la bibliographie. L’influence du type de peroxyde et de sa concentration dans la formulation a également été étudiée. Les copolymères silicone-urée préparés avec un diisocyanate asymétrique et non aromatique présentent les amortissements les plus intéressants, une fois mis en mélange à un taux suffisant avec une base silicone et réticulés, tandis qu’un copolymère silicone-amide original montre un amortissement moindre mais à plus basse température. Dans tous les cas, le blend possèdant une faible densité de réticulation présente donc un meilleur amortissement. La deuxième voie d’étude concerne les résines silicones, et plus particulièrement les résines de type MQ et MQQOH. Dans un premier temps, les différentes structures de résines silicones décrites dans la bibliographie et leurs méthodes de synthèse ont été sériées. Dans un deuxième temps, des mélanges ont été réalisés en variant la structure et le taux de résines. Leur influence sur la densité du réseau ainsi que sur les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux après réticulation a été observée. Afin de pouvoir valider ou invalider des hypothèses, certaines résines ont été modifiées chimiquement, avant d’être ajoutées à la base silicone. Finalement, certains paramètres de la structure des résines ont été particulièrement considérés, comme un taux d’hydroxyle faible ou une masse molaire élevée. Le taux de résine dans la base joue un rôle important puisqu’il influe sur la densité de réticulation et sur les propriétés dynamiques du matériau une fois réticulé. / This PhD work aimed at improving the damping properties of silicones materials, and more specifically at highlithing the relationships between the structure of additives in a silicone base and the morphology of the blends, as well as their crosslink density and mechanical and dynamical properties. A preliminary literature survey allowed selecting two types of additives for further formulation: thermoplastic elastomers (TPS) and silicone resins. The mechanical properties of commercial or hand-made TPS, alone or blended with a silicone base, were compared according to the structure of the TPS or its content in the blend. Hypotheses were made about the structure-properties relationships of the different TPS tested, and these hypotheses were confirmed or rejected with the help of literature. The role played by the peroxide type or content was also investigated. It appeared that poly(silicone-urea) copolymers containing non-symmetrical hard segments display better damping properties, especially when they blended at a sufficient content in the silicone base. Blends of silicone base and original silicone-amide copolymers showed lower damping properties but at lower temperature. The damping properties were enhanced when using peroxides that led to a low crosslink density. The second route relates to silicone resins, and more specifically MQ or MQQOH resins. First of all, an inventory of the different structures of silicones resins, as well as their synthesis methods, available in literature was carried out. Next, several blends were prepared by varying the structure or the content of silicone resins, and their influence on the crosslink density or mechanical properties of the final materials was investigated. Some resins were modified in order to validate or reject some hypotheses, such as the influence of the hydroxyl content in the resins or the molar mass. Among the main parameters to obtain damping silicone materials, the crosslink density, influenced by the resin content, plays a major role in the dynamic properties of the crosslinked material.

No description available.

Passive sampling, as opposed to the conventional spot or bottle water sampling technique, has shown to be reliable and efficient in monitoring the toxicologically relevant, freely dissolved (e.g. bioavaialable) concentrations of a wide range of organic contaminants in water. At the same time, partitioning controlled delivery (passive dosing; PD) techniques promise to overcome many of the challenges associated with toxicity testing of hydrophobic substances that may bias the interpretation of toxicity data. The present study investigated the feasibility of coupling silicone rubber passive sampling devices (SR-PSDs) with bioassay techniques for both chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of complex mixtures of organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. SR-PSDs were deployed in water at various locations within the Ythan catchment (north east, Scotland, UK), Forth estuary and the Firth of Forth (east coast of central Scotland, UK) for 7 to 9 weeks. Following retrieval, extracts from the SR-PSDs were analysed for dissolved concentrations of a variety of organic contaminants including PAHs and PCBs using GC-MS and GC-ECD respectively and were screened for a wide range of pesticides using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. The extracts were further evaluated for acute cytotoxicity (i.e. neutral red uptake assay) and EROD induction potential using rainbow trout liver cell line (Oncorhynchus mykiss; RTL-W1) and for phytotoxicity and developmental toxicity potential using algal growth inhibition test (with a marine phytoplankton, Diacronema lutheri) and fish embryo toxicity test (with embryos from zebrafish Danio rerio) respectively. Overall, the individual and total dissolved concentrations of PAHs (ΣPAH40; parent and branched) and PCBs (ΣPCB32; ortho and mono-ortho) measured in water from the Ythan, Forth estuary and Firth of Forth were relatively low compared with other studies using PSDs. A number and level of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides and fungicides of varying hydrophobicity (log KOWs ~2.25 to ~5.31) were detected in the silicone rubber (SR) extracts from the Ythan catchment, the Forth estuary and the Firth of Forth, suggesting input mainly from agricultural run-off and possibly from direct discharges. No statistically significant (p<0.05) acute cytotoxicity was observed following 48 h exposure of RTL-W1 cells to SR extracts from the Ythan catchment. But, on a sublethal level, for every site, statistically significant EROD activity was observed to some degree following 72 h exposure. In addition, developmental and algal toxicities on embryos of D. rerio and D. lutheri respectively, were measured in all the deployed samples compared with the procedural controls (undeployed samples). Interestingly, extracts of SR-PSDs from the Forth estuary and the Firth of Forth exhibited growth inhibitions on D. lutheri that were similar to those of extracts from the Ythan, even though, fewer numbers of pesticides were detected in the Forth estuary and Firth of Forth than the Ythan. This suggests that pesticides were not solely responsible for the observed effects in the Ythan catchment. To further improve data from toxicity testing of hydrophobic substances, the study identified the use of SR O-rings as a suitable passive dosing format in in vitro toxicity tests and was partially validated through their use in dosing RTL-W1 cells with two individual PAHs and subsequently determining cytotoxicity and EROD-activity.

En struktur analys på Ericssons MINILINK-6352 har utförts för att undersöka spänningar och deformationer på enheten, främst med fokus på de termiska gränskiktsmaterialen och buktningar av kretskortet. Dessa är viktiga aspekter när man överväger om enheten är termiska lämpad ur en mekanisk synvinkel, där god ytkontakt mellan de olika kropparna är avgörande för ordentlig kylning genom värmeledning. Analysen kräver tillräcklig materialdata till gränskiktsmaterialen och kretskortet för att kunna skapa lämpliga matematiska modeller. Enaxliga kompressionstester har genomförts för att karakterisera de hyperelastiska och viskoelastiska lagar för fyllda silikongummimaterial som används som termiska gränskiktsmaterial, som ibland kallas för gappad. Böjning av ett kretskort simulerades och jämfördes med ett tre--punkts böjtest för att verifiera om befintlig materialdata i beräkningsprogrammen var tillräcklig, jämförelsen visade god överensstämmelse. Kretskortet med dess komponenter, som modellerades som styva block, med gappads ovanpå som komprimeras av en platta simulerades och ett svagt område hittades. Detta område var sedan tidigare känt och har i ett senare skede eliminerats genom att tillsätta ytterligare en stödpelare. Därav visar denna studie en metod för att hitta intressanta regioner tidigt i konstruktionsfasen som lätt kan ändras för att uppfylla nödvändiga krav och undvika brister i konstruktionen. Arbetet har visat sig användbart genom att hitta detta svaga område i exempel produkten, arbetet ger även tillräckligt med information och exempeldata för att ytterligare utreda liknande produkter. Kombinationen av erfarenhet och simulering möjliggör smartare designval. / A structural analysis on Ericssons MINILINK-6352 has been performed in order to investigate stresses and deformations of the unit, mainly focusing on the thermal interface materials and warpage of the printed circuit boards. These are important aspects when considering if the unit is thermally adequate from a mechanical point of view, where good surface contact between various bodies are critical for proper cooling through heat conductivity. The analysis requires sufficient materal data for the interface material and the circuit board in order to create suitable mathematical models. Uniaxial compression tests have been conducted to characterise the hyperelastic and viscoelastic constitutive laws of a filled silicone rubber material used as a thermal interface material, commonly referred to as a thermal pad. Bending of a printed circuit board was simulated and compared to a three-point bend test on the circuit board in order to verify material data already available in the computational software, which showed good agreement. The entire radio unit was mechanically analysed during its sealing process. The circuit board with attached components modelled as stiff blocks with thermal pads on top compressed by plates was simulated and a weak area was found. This area in question was already known and has in a later stage been eliminated by adding an additional supporting pillar. Hence this study shows a methodology to find regions of interest at an early design phase which can easily be altered to fulfil necessary requirements and eliminate design flaws. This work has proven useful in finding weak regions in the example product, it also provides enough information and example data to further investigate similar products. The combination of experience and simulation allows for smarter design choices.