Escherichia coli, comme la majorité des bactéries, possède un unique chromosome circulaire. Au moins une copie du chromosome doit être transmise à chacune des cellules filles avant la division cellulaire afin d'assurer une prolifération cellulaire correcte. Une couplage spatio-temporel précis de la ségrégation avec la division cellulaire est donc nécessaire pour assurer la bonne répartition des deux chromosomes après réplication. La région terminale du chromosome (ter) est la dernière à être répliquée et ségrégée, et migre du pôle vers le centre de la cellule au moment de la mise en place du septum de division, à la fin du cycle cellulaire. Les loci de la région ter présentent une période de cohésion post-réplicative étendue. Cette cohésion étendue est contrôlée par la protéine MatP, qui se fixe spécifiquement au niveau des sites matS, présents uniquement dans ter. MatP se fixe à l'ADN sous forme de dimère, via son domaine N-terminal, et tétramérise via son domaine C-terminal. La tétramérisation est stimulée par la liaison à l'ADN et permet le pontage de deux sites matS distants. MatP interagit aussi avec ZapB, un composant du divisome, la machinerie protéique participant à la formation du septum. Alors que la tétramérisation de MatP semble importante pour la compaction de la région ter, son interaction avec ZapB, qui est localisée au septum via ZapA et FtsZ, participe au positionnement et à la cohésion étendue de cette région. Le couplage de la région ter avec le divisome est essentiel pour le bon déroulement de nombreux évènements tardifs du cycle cellulaire : (i) la ségrégation active, ordonnée et progressive de la région ter par FtsK, un composant du divisome, (ii) la résolution des dimères de chromosomes via la recombinaison spécifique de site XerCD/dif, activée par FtsK, (iii) la résolution des liens d'intercaténation par la TopoIV et (iv) la régulation positive de l'assemblage du divisome en absence des régulateurs négatifs MinCDE et SlmA. Pendant ma thèse, je me suis tout d'abord intéressée au rôle de MatP dans la structuration globale du chromosome. En utilisant un système permettant de visualiser deux loci marqués avec un site parSp1 et un site parSpMT1, reconnu par ParBp1 et ParBpMT1 spécifiquement, nous avons analysé le positionnement et l'orientation du chromosome dans la cellule. Nous avons montré que MatP est nécessaire au positionnement et à l'orientation de tout le chromosome à la fin du cycle cellulaire. La localisation de SlmA dans des souches wt et DeltamatP prouve que l'inactivation de MatP, induisant une mauvais positionnement du chromosome, s'accompagne d'une défaut de localisation de SlmA, et induit donc une inhibition de la division. Ces résultats pris ensemble montre que MatP, SlmA et leur communication à travers la structuration globale du chromosome sont importants pour le management du chromosome et le contrôle de la division cellulaire. En collaboration avec l'équipe d'Olivier Espeli, nous avons utilisé des méthodes de génomiques et de biologie moléculaire pour caractériser la régulation de la TopoIV au cours du cycle cellulaire d'E. coli. Nous avons montré qu'au site dif, les activités de fixation et de clivage de la TopoIV sont améliorées par la présence des recombinases XerCD et de MatP. L'amélioration de l'activité de la TopoIV favorise la décaténation des chromosomes nouvellement répliqués et assure, en lien avec d'autres processus, la séparation précise des chromosomes frères. Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre le réseau d'interactions dédiées au management du chromosome à la fin du cycle cellulaire, et l'influence du management du chromosome sur le contrôle de la division cellulaire. / Escherichia coli, as the majority of bacteria, has a unique circular chromosome. Faithfull cell proliferation requires that a least one copy of the chromosome is transmitted to sister cells prior to cell division. A strict temporal and spatial coupling of chromosome segregation with cell division is thus required to ensure the accurate separation of the two fully replicated chromosomes. The terminal region of the chromosome (ter) is the last one to be replicated and segregated, and moves from the pole to the middle of the cell where the division septum is formed, at the end of the cell cycle. Loci of the ter region display an extended cohesion period. This extended cohesion is controlled by the MatP protein, which binds specific matS sites restricted to the ter region. MatP binds DNA as a dimer and forms tetramers via its N-terminal and C-terminal domains respectively. Tetramerisation is stimulated by binding to DNA and pairs remote matS sites. MatP also interacts with ZapB, a component of the divisome, the protein machinery that contributes to septum formation. While tetramerisation of MatP appears important for compacting the ter region, its interaction with ZapB, which is localized at the septum via ZapA and FtsZ, is involved in the positioning and the extended cohesion of this region. The linkage of the ter region with the divisome is required for the success of many later events of the cell cycle : (i) the active, ordered and progressive segregation of the ter region by FtsK, a component of the divisome, (ii) resolution of chromosome dimers via the site-specifique recombination XerCD/dif, activated by FtsK, (iii) the resolution of intercatenation links by TopoIV and (iv) the positive regulation of divisome assembly in the absence of the negative regulators MinCDE and SlmA. During my thesis, I first studied the role of MatP in the chromosome management. By using pairs of loci tagged with parSp1 and parSpMT1 sites recognized by cognate ParB-XFP proteins, we directly analysed chromosome positioning and orientation in the cell. We show that MatP is required for normal positioning and orientation of the whole chromosome at the end of the cell cycle. The localisation of SlmA in wt and Delta matP strains proves that inactivation of MatP leads to inaccuracy of nucleoid positioning accompanied by defects in SlmA localisation, and thus induces division inhibition. Take together, these results show that MatP, SlmA and their interplay are important for chromosome management and control of cell division in E. coli. In collaboration with O. Espeli's team, we have used genomic and molecular biology methods to characterize TopoIV regulation during the E. coli cell cycle. We show that at the dif site, TopoIV binging and cleavage are enhanced by the presence of the XerCD recombinases and MatP. This enhancement of TopoIV activity at dif promotes decatenation of fully replicated chromosomes and ensure, through interaction with other processes, accurate separation of sister chromosomes. These results provide insight into the protein network dedicated to the final step of chromosome management during the cell cycle, and how the chromosome management is linked to cell division.

Der Beitrag ordnet die atypisch stille Beteiligung als ergänzenden Geschäftsanteil ein. Im Anschluss werden die Konsequenzen für die einzelnen Gesellschaftsformen herausgearbeitet. Das betrifft vor allem die Unzulässigkeit der atypisch stillen Beteiligung an einer AG, die Teilnahme des atypisch stillen Gesellschafters am Kapitalschutz der GmbH und seine Haftung gegenüber den Gläubigern einer Personengesellschaft. Mit der vorliegenden Sichtweise wird auch eine Basis geschaffen, um im Steuerrecht das hergebrachte Prinzip zur Einordnung des atypisch still Beteiligten als Mitunternehmer zu überdenken und ihn stattdessen wie einen Gesellschafter nach der jeweiligen Gesellschaftsform zu behandeln.:I. Einleitung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 II. Varianten der stillen Beteiligung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 1. Das gesetzliche Modell der typisch stillen Beteiligung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 2. Die atypisch stille Beteiligung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 3. Zwischenfazit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 III. Die eigene These: Die atypisch stille Beteiligung als ergänzender Geschäftsanteil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 1. Die Probleme von Wissenschaft und Praxis mit einem atypisch still beteiligten Gesellschafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 2. Der spezielle Fall des „stillen Verbandes“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 3. Die Idee des ergänzenden Geschäftsanteils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 4. Die Abgrenzung und Nähe zu anderen Beteiligungsverhältnissen . . . . . . 875 5. Kein Widerspruch zur These der Innengesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 6. Die Voraussetzungen zur Annahme eines ergänzenden Geschäftsanteils . . 879 7. Konsequenzen für die folgenden Untersuchungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 IV. Die Unzulässigkeit der atypisch stillen Beteiligung an einer AG . . . . . . . . . . 879 1. § 23 Abs. 5 AktG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 2. Kompetenzfragen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 3. Keine Legitimation durch einen anderen Unternehmensvertrag . . . . . . . . 881 4. Ergebnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881 V. Die Kardinalprobleme bei atypisch stiller Beteiligung an einer GmbH . . . . . . 882 1. Die Schaffung atypisch stiller Anteile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 2. Teilnahme am Kapitalschutz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 3. Die Nichtanwendung von § 236 HGB im Insolvenzverfahren . . . . . . . . 885 4. Teilnahme an der Gesellschafterversammlung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 5. Treuepflichten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 6. Keine freie Übertragbarkeit und Vererblichkeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 7. Die Stellung des atypisch still Beteiligten bei einer Kapitalerhöhung . . . . . 887 8. Die Rechte bei mittelbarer Beeinträchtigung der stillen Beteiligung . . . . . . 888 VI. Die atypisch stille Beteiligung an einer Personengesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 1. Die Gleichsetzung mit dem Kommanditisten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 2. Die Haftung wie ein nicht eingetragener Kommanditist . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 3. Haftung für Altverbindlichkeiten bei späterem Beitritt? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 4. Die Haftung bei atypisch stiller Beteiligung an einer OHG . . . . . . . . . . . 893 5. Abschließende Überlegungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 6. Fazit und Zwischenergebnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 7. Ergänzung: Atypisch stille Beteiligung am einzelkaufmännischen Unternehmen ... 894 VII. Fazit und Perspektiven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 1. Die Bedeutung der Dogmatik für die Ergebnisfindung . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 2. Offene Fragen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896 VIII. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 1. Die Einordnung der atypisch stillen Beteiligung als ergänzender Geschäftsanteil...898 2. Die Unzulässigkeit der atypisch stillen Beteiligung an einer AG . . . . . . . . 898 3. Die atypisch stille Beteiligung an einer GmbH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 4. Die atypisch stille Beteiligung an einer Personengesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . 899 5. Perspektiven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899 / This paper qualifies the atypical silent partnership interest (atypisch stille Beteiligung) as an additional company share (ergänzender Geschäftsanteil). Following this, the consequences of such a qualification for the different types of companies and partnerships are presented in detail. The consequences entail in particular the illegality of an atypical silent partnership interest in a public limited company (AG), the application of the rules on capital preservation in a private limited company (GmbH) and the liability towards creditors in a partnership. This approach also lays the foundation to rethink the longstanding tax law principle of treating the atypical silent partner in a body corporate (Körperschaft) as a partner for tax purposes (Mitunternehmer) and not as a shareholder.:I. Einleitung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 II. Varianten der stillen Beteiligung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 1. Das gesetzliche Modell der typisch stillen Beteiligung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 2. Die atypisch stille Beteiligung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871 3. Zwischenfazit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 III. Die eigene These: Die atypisch stille Beteiligung als ergänzender Geschäftsanteil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 1. Die Probleme von Wissenschaft und Praxis mit einem atypisch still beteiligten Gesellschafter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 2. Der spezielle Fall des „stillen Verbandes“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 3. Die Idee des ergänzenden Geschäftsanteils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 4. Die Abgrenzung und Nähe zu anderen Beteiligungsverhältnissen . . . . . . 875 5. Kein Widerspruch zur These der Innengesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 6. Die Voraussetzungen zur Annahme eines ergänzenden Geschäftsanteils . . 879 7. Konsequenzen für die folgenden Untersuchungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879 IV. Die Unzulässigkeit der atypisch stillen Beteiligung an einer AG . . . . . . . . . . 879 1. § 23 Abs. 5 AktG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 2. Kompetenzfragen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 3. Keine Legitimation durch einen anderen Unternehmensvertrag . . . . . . . . 881 4. Ergebnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881 V. Die Kardinalprobleme bei atypisch stiller Beteiligung an einer GmbH . . . . . . 882 1. Die Schaffung atypisch stiller Anteile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 2. Teilnahme am Kapitalschutz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 3. Die Nichtanwendung von § 236 HGB im Insolvenzverfahren . . . . . . . . 885 4. Teilnahme an der Gesellschafterversammlung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885 5. Treuepflichten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 6. Keine freie Übertragbarkeit und Vererblichkeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 7. Die Stellung des atypisch still Beteiligten bei einer Kapitalerhöhung . . . . . 887 8. Die Rechte bei mittelbarer Beeinträchtigung der stillen Beteiligung . . . . . . 888 VI. Die atypisch stille Beteiligung an einer Personengesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 1. Die Gleichsetzung mit dem Kommanditisten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 2. Die Haftung wie ein nicht eingetragener Kommanditist . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 3. Haftung für Altverbindlichkeiten bei späterem Beitritt? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 4. Die Haftung bei atypisch stiller Beteiligung an einer OHG . . . . . . . . . . . 893 5. Abschließende Überlegungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 6. Fazit und Zwischenergebnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894 7. Ergänzung: Atypisch stille Beteiligung am einzelkaufmännischen Unternehmen ... 894 VII. Fazit und Perspektiven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 1. Die Bedeutung der Dogmatik für die Ergebnisfindung . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 2. Offene Fragen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896 VIII. Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 1. Die Einordnung der atypisch stillen Beteiligung als ergänzender Geschäftsanteil...898 2. Die Unzulässigkeit der atypisch stillen Beteiligung an einer AG . . . . . . . . 898 3. Die atypisch stille Beteiligung an einer GmbH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 4. Die atypisch stille Beteiligung an einer Personengesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . 899 5. Perspektiven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899

西漢賦篇幅閎大，詞藻名物也十分博雜；加以上古音與現代語音迥然不同，遂使讀者難以領受作品爲「朗誦」而設計的音韻之美。因此，本文舉司馬相如賦為例，採取「語言風格學(Stylistics)」的概念，歸納、統計常用的聲母、韻部和聲調，期以具體證據說明西漢賦「極聲貌以窮文」 的音韻特徵，並藉由賦篇音值的構擬，呈現其朗誦時音韻和諧、對比的表現。 西漢賦多為「言語侍從之臣」娛侍君上的作品，相較之下，抒情色彩則較淡薄。在當時最顯明的特色，實為「出乎口」而「快乎耳」。賦篇形式多排偶，可分析其音韻搭配的關係，故本文檢索唐作藩《上古音手冊》，求得各字之聲韻調類，再以李方桂、丁邦新的上古聲母和西漢韻部擬音為標注依據，分別在四章中整理且歸納其聲母、韻部及聲調，乃至「重疊形式(reduplicated form)」 的音韻特徵。 本文第一章交代研究動機、方法及範圍，並整理前人研究成果；第二章就「聲母相諧的排偶句」、「頂真的聲母複沓」兩項，整理相如賦相關的例子數及其比例，接著在第三章根據韻腳的通押關係，歸納「韻部相諧的虛字排比句」「韻部相諧的排偶句」「陽入聲韻搭配的排偶句」的例子；第四章則整理聲調複沓或對比的排偶句，突顯相如賦既相諧又對比的音韻搭配。第五章比較相如賦雙聲、疊韻、疊字三種的音韻特徵，此外亦於各章小結製表比較七篇賦的異同。最後，在結論和〈附錄一〉以具體擬音，呈現其朗誦實況，並指出本文價值、研究限制和可繼續發展的相關議題。 / West-Han Rhapsodies are difficult to read owing to their complicated expressions as well as magnificent structure. Moreover, the archaic pronunciation differs greatly from the modern one, which impedes the readers from comprehending and feeling the phonological beauty particularly designed for recitation. This article aims at explaining the phonological characteristics of Sima Xiangru’s rhapsodies, which were intentionally written in an exaggerative language. The concept of “Linguistic Stylistics” is adopted to categorize their vowel clusters, consonant clusters and tones. Furthermore, by means of a phonetic simulation, the rhapsodies’ phonological harmony and comparison in recitation is presented. West-Han Rhapsodies are works by “Chinese jesters” to amuse the emperors. There fore, they are magnificent in form and exaggerating in rhetoric, which dwarfs the lyrical texture. In fact, rhapsodies at that time were written in the way that is colloquially euphonious to the ear. Parallelism is a prominent characteristic of rhapsodies, which helps analyze the phonological harmony.

黃學明. / 據稿本複印 / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學中國文學系,1992. / 參考文獻: leaves 394-414 / Huang Xueming. / 前言 --- p.1 / 前言註釋 --- p.5 / Chapter 一 --- «史記» 單用« 國語» 之部分 --- p.7 / 第一部分註釋 --- p.156 / Chapter 二 --- « 史記» 兼用« 國語» 、« 左傳» 之部分 --- p.175 / 第二部分註釋 --- p.355 / 結論 --- p.386 / 引用書目 --- p.394

El SIMA Perú S.A. (SIMA Perú), una empresa estatal de derecho privado, opera siguiendo las políticas que determina el Ministerio de Defensa, así como la Comandancia General de la Marina y el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento de la Actividad Empresarial del Estado (FONAFE); es autónoma en sus decisiones y comprende al SIMA Callao S.A., SIMA Iquitos y SIMA Chimbote. Nos referiremos al SIMA Perú para desarrollar los temas generales propios de la empresa y para efectos de puntualizar ejemplos específicos, haremos referencia al SIMA Callao S.A. (SIMAC). Esta empresa dicta reglamentos, mediante los cuales describe conductas afines al giro de su negocio, que son de obligatorio cumplimiento para todos sus trabajadores y que contribuyen con los objetivos planteados y con la seguridad de todos. En el SIMAC trabajan empleados civiles y personal militar de la Marina de Guerra del Perú (personal militar naval), ambos deben conocer y cumplir las reglas impuestas por el SIMA Perú; sin embargo, el personal militar se gobierna por sus propias leyes y reglamentos, según lo dispuesto en la Constitución Política del Perú e incluso, tienen su propia Ley del Régimen Disciplinario de las Fuerzas Armadas del Perú, Ley N° 29131 (régimen disciplinario militar) que es muy distinto al régimen disciplinario que tiene el SIMA Perú. Por esta razón, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad evaluar si puede ser aplicable el régimen disciplinario militar al personal militar naval que trabaja en el SIMAC, en el ámbito de las funciones que realiza en dicha empresa o no; de encontrarnos en este último caso, se evalúa proponer un cambio a dicho régimen disciplinario y/o una alternativa de solución viable, que permita emplear un régimen disciplinario coherente, preservando la condición que tiene un militar y la disciplina que debe existir en una empresa del Estado.

梁德華. / "2007年8月" / "附錄1: 《漢紀》、《漢書》、《史記》三書比勘表"--P. 1-873 (2nd group). / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(leaves 197-209). / "2007 nian 8 yue" / "Fu lu 1: 'Han ji', 'Han shu', 'Shi ji' san shu bi kan biao"--P. 1-873 (2nd group). / Abstract also in English. / Liang Dehua. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 197-209). / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Chapter 第一章： --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章： --- 荀悦生平及其學術背景 --- p.2 / Chapter 第一節： --- 荀悦的生平 --- p.2 / Chapter 第二節： --- 《漢紀》、《申鑒》引書硏究 --- p.5 / Chapter 第三節： --- 「荀悦曰」與儒家典籍之關係 --- p.35 / Chapter 第三章： --- 《漢紀》用《史記》考 --- p.48 / Chapter 第一節： --- 前人硏究《漢紀》史源槪況 --- p.48 / Chapter 第二節： --- 《漢紀》用《史記》集證 --- p.53 / Chapter i. --- 《漢紀》用《史記》官名、數字及人物例 --- p.54 / Chapter ii. --- 《漢紀》據《史記》補充史料及文句例 --- p.61 / Chapter iii. --- 《漢紀》直用《史記》文辭例 --- p.69 / Chapter iv. --- 《漢紀》據《史記》改寫文辭例 --- p.77 / Chapter V. --- 《漢紀》與徐廣所見古本《史記》相合例 --- p.88 / Chapter 第三節： --- 結語 --- p.91 / Chapter 第四章： --- 《漢紀》用《漢書》考 --- p.100 / Chapter 第一節： --- 化紀傳體爲編年體 --- p.100 / Chapter 第二節： --- 通比其事 --- p.104 / Chapter 第三節： --- 《漢紀》、《資治通鑑》比事硏究 --- p.106 / Chapter i. --- 取材問題. --- p.109 / Chapter a. --- 《漢紀》弓懺《漢´書Ø志》、〈表〉之文句不見於《通鑑》例 --- p.110 / Chapter b. --- 《漢紀》引錄《漢´書Ø傳》之內容不見於《通鑑》例 --- p.118 / Chapter ii. --- 紀年問題 --- p.125 / Chapter a. --- 論《漢紀》記事以人物爲中心而《通鑑》以時間爲中心 --- p.127 / Chapter b. --- 論《漢紀》記事連類相及而《通鑑》繫年於確實年份 --- p.131 / Chapter 第四節： --- 《漢紀》整理《漢書》之方法 --- p.133 / Chapter i. --- 《漢紀》迻錄《漢書》原文例 --- p.133 / Chapter ii. --- 《漢紀》以通假、同義、近義詞改易《漢書》文句例 --- p.135 / Chapter iii. --- 《漢紀》删削《漢書》人物對白例 --- p.139 / Chapter iv. --- 《漢紀》删削《漢書》情節例 --- p.145 / Chapter v. --- 《漢紀》因删削而失《漢書》原文文意例 --- p.152 / Chapter vi. --- 《漢紀》槪括《漢書》文句例 --- p.156 / Chapter vii. --- 《漢紀》修飾《漢書》文辭例 --- p.160 / Chapter viii. --- 《漢紀》改寫《漢書》文句例 --- p.165 / Chapter ix. --- 《漢紀》補充《漢書》例 --- p.172 / Chapter X. --- 《漢紀》倂合《漢書》不同篇章例 --- p.178 / Chapter Xi. --- 《漢紀》據其他古籍改易《漢書》文句例 --- p.186 / Chapter 第四節： --- 結語 --- p.192 / Chapter 第五章： --- 結論 --- p.195 / 參考書目 --- p.197 / Chapter 附錄一： --- 《漢紀》、《漢書》、《史記》三書比勘表 --- p.1-837

司馬遷的經濟思想是反對漢武帝中央集權下「與民爭利」的對撞產物。武帝為政時期，發動頻繁的漢匈戰役，致使國庫空虛，財政大臣桑弘羊便開設一系列增稅、鹽鐵官營、均輸平準與幣制改革等相關政策來因應。然這些措施，短時間內能增豐國庫，但長期執行時會減弱國家的競爭力，因此司馬遷提出「善者因之，其次利道之，其次教誨之，其次整齊之，最下者與之爭」的善因論，即自由經濟主張。 司馬遷認為追求利益是人之本性，也是亂源的開始，唯有讓人民的趨利性合理化，同時以禮義教化人民，才能營造一個富而好禮的社會，故富裕是穩定社會秩序的基礎。唯有讓經濟領導政治，才是長期保有國家競爭力的良策。至於該如何提倡自由經濟？司馬遷認為應從重視商業活動開始，讓商業探測市場需求，來帶動其他產業的產能。他對政治家范蠡與民間企業家白圭兩人相當推崇，佩服他們治國或是治家的本領。他認同白圭所說，治生有方的人需具備「智、勇、仁、彊」的人格特質，故將春秋戰國與西漢前期，一些具有這些特質的富商大賈，選入〈貨殖列傳〉，給予「素封」的封號，認為這群貨殖人物，不靠爵位、仕途，憑自己的巧智與努力，享有不輸君王般的富貴與尊榮。 司馬遷因遭遇李陵之禍，在「家貧，貨賂不足以自贖」的窘境下，被處以宮刑。他省思當朝的財經政策，諸多策略是應戰爭需求而籌措的經費，而他遭遇宮刑不就是因為漢匈對戰，才引發的連鎖效應嗎？這層層的思考，啟動他對政治、經濟議題的敏銳思維，他把這些歷史寫入〈平準書〉中，大談武帝在位期間的重要財政改革，又在《史記》之末書寫〈貨殖列傳〉，將治生有方的良賈事蹟，寫入史書，樹立貨殖人物的典範，以供後世參考，期許每人都能用財自衛不被侵犯。 司馬遷是中國史上第一個將民間企業的活動寫入史書的史學家，從他撰寫的角度可知他見證到國家在寬鬆制度下的市場活力，當國家對財經制度的掌控越低，越能產生一些優秀的貨殖家。 司馬遷身處西漢時代，他已嗅到戰國時期商業興盛的氣息，藉著早年遊走大江南北的旅遊經歷，對秦時已開發的水利工程，促進區域經濟的發展，感觸甚深。他體悟到都會地區的經營能帶動文化事業的發展，故好好經營城市，讓文明的輻射源，從城市往外拓展，便能提升人的精神層次。 綜觀司馬遷談經濟議題，其終極目標是想推行仁政，他感受到國家執行的每一財經措施，無不影響人民的生活品質，認為經濟是民生大事也是國家大事，施政者需體會到唯有民富才能國富。 / Sima Qian's economic thought was the product of the collision which the country competed with the people for the interest. It was also the product that opposed to Han Dynasty’s centralization. During his reign of Emperor Wu-ti, he launched frequent campaigns and resulted in the void of the state treasury. The Minister of the Finance, Sang Hong Yang, set up a series of polices related to tax increases, government-run salt, public procurement and stabilizing prices to cope with it. However, these measures could only increase the nation’s wealth in a short time, they would weaken the country's competitiveness in a long-term. So, Sima Qian put forward “The Economic theory of Shan Yin.” The best way to improve the economic was to follow the free market; the second was to guide the people; the third was to teach them; the forth was to restrict them with the law; and the fifth was to compete the profit with people. Sima Qian thought that the pursuit of interest was human’s nature, but it also was the source of society’s chaos in the beginning. Only when people made the profit to be rationalized, and people be taught with the manner and rituals did government make a rich, propriety society, and ethical society. Therefore, richness was the foundation for a stable society and country. The best policy for the country to maintain the long-term national competition was to let the economics lead the politics. As for how to promote the free economy? He thought that the government could attach importance to business activities to let commerce explore the market demand and boost the production capacity of other industries. He highly praised both two people (politicians, Fan Li and private entrepreneur, Bai Gui). He admired them for their abilities of statecraft and managing the household. He agreed what Bai Gui said, “The one who maintained livelihood in the right way needed to has wisdom, courage, benevolence, and perseverance personality.” By choosing some wealthy merchants who met with these genius as the paradigm in Spring and Autumn Period Warring States and early Western Han Dynasty, he booked them into the “Huo Zhi Biography” in Shihchi ; and gave them the title of Su-Feng ( powerful person without the title of nobility). According to Sima Qian’s opinion, they didn’t rely on the birth of nobility and official career. They depended on their own ingenuity and hard work to obtain the upper position of dignitary and wealth as kings. Sima Qian suffered implication by vindicating for Li Ling who had surrendered in the war ,and was punished to be castrated because he couldn’t afford to pay for the ransom. After that, He stated to make the reflection about the country’s finical policy and found out that a lot of tactics of fund-raising were merely for the war. His personal suffering (being castrated) was the best evidence to prove one of the Chain Reaction of results that caused by launching the campaign with its enemy-Hsiungnu in Western Han Dynasty . These clues helped him to light up his keen thought about politics and economic issues ,and record these history in the “Book of Stabilized Prize” in Shihchi. He discussed about the importance of fiscal reform during the reign of the Emperor Wu-ti in Western Han-Dynasty and put the“ Huo Zhi Biography” in Shihchi. He wrote down the stories of the Business men who held livelihood in the right way in the history ,and set up the pattern of “Huo Zhi Biography” for the reference of the latter generation. He hoped that each person could use the wealth as the self-defense weapon and not to be encroached by other people or countries. Sima Qian was the first Historian who had recorded the activities of the private enterprises of the ancient China on the book in the official history. From his point of view, we might learn that he had witnessed the market vitality under loose system. When a country takes the loose policies to the finance and economics system, some outstanding entrepreneurs will be developed. Though, Sima Qian was born in Western Han Dynasty, he had become aware of the messages of commercial prosperity in the Warring States period. By taking the trips around, he gained some travel experiences ,and had a great stirring of emotion about the Hydraulic engineering that had been constructed in former Qin Dynasty. For it could promote regional economic development. He figured out that if the government managed the Metropolitan areas well, it could prosper cultural establishment. Therefore, to operate the city well is the good way to let the source of the civilized radiation explore everywhere and upgrade the level of human’s spirit. To sum up, the goal of Sima Qian’s economics issues is trying to carry out the policy of benevolence and good administration. He thought that the implementation of financial measures would all affect people's quality of life. In addition, the economics was a great event for both people and the country. It not only influenced people’s livelihood but power of a nation. The governor needed to understand that only when people were rich, the country could be powerful.

El presente trabajo de investigación titulado "Desarrollo de un Sistema Integrado para Monitorización "in situ" de metales pesados", trata de la puesta en marcha de un nuevo sistema de medida potenciométrico portátil para la determinación cuantitativa de metales pesados tóxicos al medio ambiente para medidas en el campo.Comprende tres áreas disciplinarias: En la primera área, la electroquímica, se desarrollan sensores químicos que a su vez se dividen en tres etapas: En la primera etapa, se estudia la fabricación de electrodos convencionales de cabezal reemplazable selectivos a los cationes de cobre(II), cadmio(II) y plomo(II). En la segunda etapa, el estudio de nuevos electrodos selectivos a los mismos cationes del estudio anterior en configuración plana basado en tecnología "thick film", adaptada a nuestras necesidades de fabricación mediante la técnica de moldeo ("casting"). Por último, en la tercera etapa, se estudia la fabricación de electrodos de referencia de configuración plana con la misma tecnología.La segunda área es la informática, en la que se desarrolla un paquete de herramientas basado en "software" de LabVIEW versión 5.1, con el nombre de Instrumentación Virtual para el Control Potenciométrico de Sensores Químicos, (en inglés "VIPCCHES"). Este paquete está capacitado para el tratamiento de la información que contienen las señales analíticas procdentes de los sensores. Tiene tres funciones importantes. La primera función es la calibración de los electrodos por dos métodos: calibración externa continua y calibración externa discontinua, ambos en dos modos de operación, modo individual y modo "array" de electrodos.Una segunda función del paquete VIPCCHES es la adquisición de datos en modo continuo de un electrodo o un array de electrodos, permitiendo al usuario programar las medidas necesarias en tiempos de adquisición variables. La tercera función operativa del programa, es la realización de análisis de muestras de metales para un electrodo o un "array" de electrodos. El valor de la señal adquirida es promediado y éste es confrontado con una curva de calibración del electrodo plano de manera automática, presentando los resultados de manera gráfica y numérica. Finalmente, los resultados pueden ser tratados mediante programas estándar tipo Excel.En el área de la electrónica, se ha construido un dispositivo para procesar las señales que proceden de los electrodos planos de nombre "SPPAE" que permite la adecuación de las señales a la Tarjeta de Adquisición de Datos (TAD) en el ordenador. Está diseñado con filosofía de expansión, por medio de módulos de amplificación y filtrado (anti-aliasing) que se insertan en un Bus de alimentación.La integración de estos tres sistemas (electrodos de configuración plana, el SPPAE y el VIPCCHES) forman parte del Sistema Integrado para Monitorización Ambiental que conocemos como SIMA estando dicho sistema capacitado para realizar análisis "in situ" de metales pesados. / In this work, a Integrated System for monitoring in situ of heavy metals was developed. Include three disciplinary areas, the electronic, the information technology and the electrochemical. The first step was development now chemical sensors selective to cationes using thick film technology. The second task was the development of one virtual instrument (VI), which is the essential part of the system, using the graphical programming language LabVIEW which is capable of performing measurements functions, including data acquisition, display, analysis in the time and frequency domains, data archiving and read to file. Finally its build a signals processor, for the now plane and miniaturised electrodes. The installations of these elements in a portable computer consist in the Integrated System.Keywords: thick film, chemical sensors, integrated systems, virtual instrumentation, signals processor, in situ measurements, monitoring, heavy metals.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-11T17:19:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Martins da Silva.pdf: 1093772 bytes, checksum: 0ff76b256c4a65875139d2c9c4139af1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-11T17:19:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Martins da Silva.pdf: 1093772 bytes, checksum: 0ff76b256c4a65875139d2c9c4139af1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / INEP - Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira / Este estudo teve por objetivo problematizar a avaliação em larga escala na Rede de Colégios Maristas RS (RCMRS). Instituição católica confessional, alicerçada em princípios humanistas e relacionada à Província Marista do Rio Grande do Sul (PMRS), uma das associadas da União Marista do Brasil (UMBRASIL), pertencente ao Instituto Marista. Rede de Ensino privada com referência no cenário educacional gaúcho, traçou metas no Planejamento Estratégico (PE) 2012-2022 estabelecidas a partir dos apelos do 21º Capítulo Geral do Instituto Marista com vistas ao objetivo de sustentabilidade social e financeira. Como um dos meios para alcançar esse objetivo, implementam-se Documentos Norteadores como o Projeto Educativo Marista (PEM) e as Matrizes Curriculares do Brasil Marista se utilizando de instrumentos de avaliação em larga escala para avaliar a aprendizagem e a gestão da Rede e das Unidades. Este estudo se fundamenta em metodologia de Pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, no campo da Educação. Os dados do estudo empírico foram levantados por meio de documentos da PMRS, dados de relatórios e boletins das avaliações em larga escala Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem), Sistema Marista de Avaliação (SIMA) 2010 a 2014 e questionários aplicados aos gestores da RCMRS. A partir da análise de dados, demonstramos que a Rede de Colégios, mesmo servindo-se de estratégias de avaliação da aprendizagem e de gestão que apresentem também perspectiva de lógica mercantilista educacional, vem conseguindo trabalhar os resultados das avaliações em larga escala na dimensão diagnóstica, por meio de Planos de Ação Locais com vistas à melhoria da qualidade educacional das Unidades e, em consequência, da Rede. Na lógica das matrizes de referência das avaliações em larga escala, os resultados que estão sendo obtidos pela maioria dos Colégios da Rede Marista RS ainda não expressam melhoria na qualidade da educação que está sendo promovida e que está no horizonte estratégico da instituição. Por outro lado, constata-se que a Instituição vem crescendo nos últimos anos em número de estudantes, principalmente nos níveis iniciais, e que indicadores da identidade da Instituição também estão agregados na construção cultural das famílias, como indicadores de qualidade da educação. As lógicas humanista e neoliberal presentes no atual cenário das instituições católicas confessionais privadas, em especial da Instituição Marista, apontam que há uma problematização, no mínimo, inadiável de ser promovida. / This study had the aim to discuss about the evaluation in large-scale of Rede de Colégios Maristas - RS (RCMRS), a Catholic Confessional Institution that is grounded in human principles and that is related to the Província Marista do Rio Grande do Sul (PMRS), associated to the União Marista do Brasil (UMBRASIL), belonging to the Instituto Marista. This private school system with great reference in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) educational scenery, traced goals in the Strategic Planning (PE) 2012-2022 established from the appeals of the 21st General Chapter of the Instituto Marista with views to the aim of social and financial sustainability. As a form to reach this goal, Guiding Documents as the Projeto Educativo Marista (PEM) and the Matrizes Curriculares do Brasil Marista are implemented by using the evaluation instrument in large-scale to evaluate the learning and the management of the network and its units.The study is based on the methodology of a quantitative and qualitative research. The data of the empiric study were collected through documents from PMRS, data of reports and bulletins of large-scale assessments like National High School Exam (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio - Enem) and Marist Evaluation System (Sistema Marista de Avaliação - SIMA) 2010 to 2014 and questionnaires answered by managers of RCMRS. From the data analysis we demonstrate that this school system, even taking advantages from evaluations strategies of learning and management that also presents a logical and mercantilist educational perspective, has been able to work the results of the evaluations in a large-scale of diagnostic dimension, by the action local plans with the aim to improve the educational quality of the units and by this, to improve the network educational quality. In the line of the reference arrays of the assessments in large-scale, the results that are been obtained by the majority of the Rede de Colégios Marista in RS haven’t show the improvement on educational quality that has been promoted and that is the strategic horizon of the institution yet. In the other side, we note that the institution has been growing in recent years in the number of students, especially in the early levels and that the quality indicators of the institution also are aggregated in the family’s cultural construction, as indicators of quality education. The Humanist and Neoliberal logics present in the current scenario of private confessional catholic institutions, especially in Instituição Marista, show that, at least, there is an urgent problematic to be promoted.

潘銘基. / 呈交日期: 2005年11月. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 參考文獻(p. 1266-1277). / Cheng jiao ri qi: 2005 nian 11 yue. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lun wen (zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Can kao wen xian (p. 1266-1277). / Pan Mingji.