This project is in collaboration with the Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ) and the Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy (CCEM) on the mechanical test performance of miniature-scale micro-tensile specimens. The objective of the thesis project is to create an efficient and reliable fabrication route for producing micro-tensile specimens and to validate the accuracy of a newly custom-built micro-tensile bench at IREQ. The fabrication techniques developed and outlined in this thesis use the underlying fundamental physical mechanisms of secondary electron microscopy (SEM), focused-ion beam (FIB), and the femtosecond (fs)-laser machining for producing optimal quality micro-tensile specimens. The mechanical testing of the specimens is geared towards studying the localized deformation occurring in the microstructure when the size of the specimen only limits a number of grains and grain boundaries in order to target the specific detailed measurement of the mechanical behaviour of individual grains and interfaces. The goal for creating an optimal fabrication route for micro-tensile specimens is to carry out micro-mechanical testing of the primary turbine steels of 415 martensitic stainless steel used in the manufacture of Francis turbine components at Hydro-Quebec. The mechanical testing of single phase and interphase interface 415 steel micro-tensile specimens are considered building blocks to developing digital twin models of the steel microstructure. The experimental data from the mechanical tests would be fed into the crystal plasticity finite element models (CPFEM) that are currently being developed by researchers at IREQ. With the development of digital twin models, engineers at IREQ would be able to predict crack initiation at the microstructure level (prior to crack propagation into macro-scale cracks) by observing the evolution of the grain’s crystallographic orientation and morphology, as well as deformation mechanisms such as martensite formation and twinning produced from localized induced strains in the microstructure. In addition, self-organized dislocation processes such as dislocation nucleation and dislocation escape through the free surface can also be studied using the CPFEM models for size-limited mechanical deformation behaviour of miniature-scale mechanical test specimens. The fabrication routes studied in this thesis project use the combination of the fs-laser and plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) to machine the micro-tensile specimens. (100) single crystal copper was the ideal material chosen to validate the accuracy of the micro-tensile bench and quality of the fs-laser-machined tensile specimens, due to its ductile nature and well-characterized properties studied in literature. A mechanical size effect was studied for single crystal copper specimens with different gauge thicknesses. It was observed from the micro-tension testing that the strength of the specimens increased with decreasing gauge thickness occurring in the size-limited tensile gauges. In addition, it was determined there was negligible differences in the size effect seen between the PFIB-machined copper micro-tensile specimens and the fs-laser-machined micro-tensile specimens, demonstrating that the fs-laser is a reliable machining route for the micro-tensile specimens. X-ray computed tomography was used to validate the correct geometry of the machined gauge section produced from an innovative gauge thinning method adopted from IREQ’s research collaborator, Dr. Robert Wheeler. As well, finite-element analysis (FEA) was performed to determine the deformation behaviour under both linear-elastic and non-linear elastoplastic conditions of (100) copper and 415 steel models simulated in pure tension, prior to the fabrication of the micro-tensile specimens, respectively. Furthermore, significant progress has been made towards targeting martensite grains in the 415-steel microstructure using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis to produce single crystal and interphase interface micro-tensile specimens. A workflow towards grain targeting using EBSD analysis has been developed, as well as for the relocation of grains using reference fiducial marks for future fabrication of the single crystal and interphase interface 415 micro-tensile specimens. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Hydro-Quebec is an energy utilities company that operates the design of Francis hydro-turbines to supply hydroelectric power across the province of Quebec. The hydro-turbines have an expected service life of 70 years. Unfortunately, the turbines can get replaced by new ones prior to reaching half of its service life, due to the development of severe fatigue crack growth in the primary components of the turbines. A solution proposed by the researchers at the Hydro-Quebec Research Institute (IREQ) is to determine a linkage between the turbine’s steel’s microstructure and the mechanical behaviour of the turbine steels. Deformation of the material starts at the microstructure level, where dislocations glide through the material lattice, causing both reversible (elastic) and irreversible (plastic) deformation. Therefore, a solution was proposed by the researchers at IREQ to create computational models of the steel microstructure to predict the deformation of the steel’s microstructure. Being able to predict the deformation mechanisms through the simulation models of the microstructures allows for engineers at Hydro-Quebec to schedule regular maintenance of the turbines more efficiently and provide metallurgists the knowledge on what is occurring at the microstructure level and what can be done to improve the chemical and physical composition of the steel. To develop the digital twin models, experimental data must be collected through mechanical testing of miniature mechanical test specimens of the turbine steels. The mechanical properties of the single phases and interphase interface specimens are fed into the models as building blocks to building a microstructure map of the turbine steels. Micro-tension testing of micro-tensile specimen provides direct information about the material’s mechanical properties. In this work, a reliable and efficient fabrication route for micro-tensile specimens was developed for the purpose of extracting mechanical properties of single phase and interphase interface turbine steel specimens using focused ion beam (FIB) and femtosecond laser machining.

Wellen und Achsen im Bereich der Antriebstechnik erfahren in den überwiegenden Anwendungen zyklische Beanspruchungen. Folglich ist für die Festigkeitsberechnung im Nennspannungskonzept eine möglichst exakte Kenntnis der Bauteilwöhlerlinie von zentraler Bedeutung. Halbzeug-Größe, Spannungsformzahl und die statischen Maximallasten beeinflussen neben weiteren Faktoren die Charakteristik der Wöhlerlinie bzw. die Dauerfestigkeit. Im Zusammenhang mit der Weiterentwicklung der Norm DIN 743 gilt diesen Größen der Fokus. Die vorliegende Arbeit betrachtet die Abschätzung der Zug-Druck-Wechselfestigkeit basierend auf dem technologischen Größeneinflussfaktor sowie der Makrohärte und deren Übertragbarkeit auf große Bauteildimensionen. In dem Zusammenhang wird der technologische Größeneinflussfaktor für Durchmesser bis 700 mm anhand einer numerisch-analytischen Simulation ermittelt und zudem mit Härtemessungen validiert. Ferner wird auf Grundlage von Treppenstufenversuchen die Abschätzung der Zug-Druck-Wechselfestigkeit aus der Härte für große Halbzeugdimensionen betrachtet. Neben dem technologischen Größeneinflussfaktor abhängig von der Härtbarkeit liegen als Ergebnisse Zusammenhänge zur Abschätzung der Zug-Druck-Wechselfestigkeit aus der Härte für große Halbzeuge vor. Darüber hinaus wird mit experimentellen Untersuchungen die Wöhlerlinie im Zeitfestigkeitsbereich analysiert. Basierend darauf werden der Wöhlerexponent sowie die Knick-Schwingspielzahl zur Dauerdauerfestigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Formzahl abgeleitet. Abschließend widmet sich die Arbeit den Auswirkungen von statischen Maximallasten auf die Dauerfestigkeit. Dazu werden die lokalen elastisch-plastischen Beanspruchungen infolge von Maximallasten mit dem Örtlichen Konzept erfasst und in Treppenstufenversuchen die Dauerfestigkeit mit zusätzlicher Maximallast betrachtet. Ausgehend davon wird ein Konzept zur Abschätzung der lokalen Beanspruchungen sowie der lokalen Dauerfestigkeit bei Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der Maximallasten vorgestellt. / Shafts and axles of drive systems are stressed by cyclic loads in most applications. Therefore, an accurate calculation of the S-N-curve is fundamental for the system’s strength assessment based on nominal stresses. Component size, the stress concentration factor, and static loads influence the behavior of the S-N-curve and the fatigue strength, among others. In the context of a further development of the standard DIN 743, the scope is these values. This thesis focuses on the estimation of the fatigue strength for tension/compression based on the technological size factor as well as the macro hardness and their transferability to larger component sizes. In this context the technological size factor is determined by a numeric-analytical simulation for diameters up to 700 mm and is also validated with hardness measurements. Furthermore, the estimation of the fatigue strength for larger component sizes based on the hardness is supported by fatigue tests. In addition to the technological size factor depending on the hardenability, the results are obtained by an estimation approach for large components between the fatigue strength for tension/compression and the hardness. In the next step, the S-N-curve is analyzed with experimental investigations for the finite life area. Based on this, the slope of the S-N-curve (“Woehler slope”) and the knee point for the endurance limit depending on the stress concentration factor are determined. Finally, the thesis deals with the impact of static loads on fatigue strength. For this purpose, the local elastic-plastic stress-strain behavior due to static loads is calculated with the strain life assessment (local concept) and the fatigue strength influenced by static loads is analyzed as well. Based on this, an approach for the estimation of local stress-strain behavior and for the fatigue strength considering the static loads are proposed.

This research aims to investigate the behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer bars (GFRP) reinforced continuous concrete deep beams. For this purpose, experimental, analytical and numerical studies were conducted. Nine continuous concrete deep beams reinforced with GFRP bars and one specimen reinforced with steel bars were experimentally tested to failure. The investigated parameters included shear span-to-overall depth ratio (𝑎/ℎ), size effect and web reinforcement ratio. Two 𝑎/ℎ ratios of 1.0 and 1.7 and three section heights of 300 mm, 600 mm and 800 mm as well as two web reinforcement ratios of 0% and 0.4% were used. The longitudinal reinforcement, compressive strength and beam width were kept constant at 1.2%, ≈55 MPa and 175 mm, respectively. The web reinforcement ratio achieved the minimum requirements of the CSA S806-12. The experimental results highlighted that the web reinforcement ratio improved the load capacities by about 10% and 18% for specimens having 𝑎/ℎ ratios of 1.0 and 1.7, respectively. For specimens with web reinforcement, the increase of 𝑎/ℎ ratio from 1.0 to 1.7 led to reductions in the load carrying capacity by about 33% and 29% for beams with overall depths of 300 mm and 600 mm, respectively. Additionally, a considerable reduction occurred in the shear strength due to the increase of the section depth from 300 mm to 600 mm. The experimental results confirmed the impacts of web reinforcement and size effect that were not considered by the strut-and-tie method (STM) of the only code provision, the Canadian S806-12, that addressed such elements. In this study, the STM was illustrated and simplified to be adopted for GFRP RC continuous deep beams, and then, the experimental results obtained from this study were employed to assess the performance of the effectiveness factors suggested by the STMs of the American (ACI 318-2014), European (EC2-04) and Canadian (S806-12) codes as well as those factors recommended by the previous studies to predict the load capacities. It was found that these methods were unable to reflect the influences of member size and/or web reinforcement reasonably, the impact of which has been confirmed by the current experimental investigation. Therefore, a new effectiveness factor was recommended to be used with the STM. Additionally, an upper bound analysis was developed to predict the load capacities of the tested specimens considering a reduced bond strength of GFRP bars after assessing the old version recommended for steel RC continuous deep beams. A good agreement between the predicted results and the measured ones was obtained with the mean and coefficient of variation values for experimental/calculated results of 1.02 and 5.9%, respectively, for the STM and 1.03 and 8.6%, respectively, for the upper-bound analysis. A 2D finite element analysis using ABAQUS/Explicit approach was carried out to introduce a model able to estimate the response of GFRP RC continuous deep beams. Based on the experimental results extracted from the pullout tests, the interface between the longitudinal reinforcement and concrete surface was modelled using a cohesive element (COH2D4) tool available in ABAQUS. Furthermore, a perfect bond between the longitudinal reinforcement and surrounding concrete was also modelled to evaluate the validity of this assumption introduced by many previous FE studies. To achieve a reasonable agreement with the test results, a sensitivity analysis was implemented to select the proper mesh size and concrete model variables. The suitability and capability of the developed FE model were demonstrated by comparing its predictions with the test results of beams tested experimentally. Model validation showed a reasonable agreement with the experiments in terms of the failure mode, total failure load and the load-deflection responses. The perfect bond model has overestimated the predicted results in terms of stiffness behaviour and failure load, while the cohesive element model was more suitable to reflect the behaviour of those specimens. The validated FE model was then employed to implement a parametric study for the key parameters that govern the behaviour of beams tested and to achieve an in depth understanding of such elements. The parametric study showed that the higher the 𝑎/ℎ ratio the more pronounced the effect of web and the longitudinal reinforcements and the lower the effect of concrete compressive strength; and vice versa when 𝑎/ℎ ratio reduces.

本論文採用Fama and French[1993]所提出之三因子模式為基礎，以公司規模[firm size]、帳面淨值市價比[book to market ratio]、及市場超額報酬[market excess return]為三因子，配合動能因子[momentum]及三種不同的流動性指標[成交量，成交值，成交量週轉率]來延伸探討五因子的時間序列資產定價模式。 本文的研究資料為西元1992年1月到西元2000年12月間的452家上市公司週資料，期望能解釋月資料所無法包含的資訊內涵。 結論： (1.)台灣股票市場確實有規模效果，淨值市價比效果，動能效果，及流動性效果。 (2.)市場因子具有解釋能力。 (3.)小公司投資組合解釋效果不佳，在台灣股票市場可能有其他因素未放入評價模式中驗證。 (4.)流動性指標在台灣股票市場上，確實和股票報酬有負向的關係存在，且建議以成交量週轉率作為流動性的代表指標。 (5.)台灣股票市場有顯著的動能存在，投資者可藉由動能策略獲得更高的超額報酬。 / This article provides evidence that stock returns listed in the Taiwan Stock Exchange do have shared variation due to the “market anomalies”, such as size, book-to-market ratio, momentum, and liquidity, which have been argued by scholars and investment professionals for many years. The evidence shows that small-cap effect plays an important role in explaining the violation in stock returns after controlling for other determinants of stock returns. Besides, value, momentum, and liquidity effect do exist in the Taiwan stock market. Moreover, we suggest that turnover rate is a better proxy for liquidity in terms of its stronger relations with the stylized portfolio returns. We empirically estimate the intercepts of our asset-market models using weekly time-series data for individual securities over the sample period from 1992 to 2000 and across 452 securities. To emphasize particularly, our result does not imply that the Taiwan stock market is not an efficient market.

本論文為驗證台灣股市是否存在價格持續性或盈餘持續性的現象；再驗證不同股票投資風格（如大型股與小型股、成長型股票與價值型股票），加上價格持續性組成投組後是否也存在動能持續現象；價格持續性和盈餘持續性是否相關；以及加入盈餘品質後，價格持續性及盈餘的持續的效果如何，並依此建構投資策略，測試是否可以在台灣股市獲取超額報酬。 本研究的實證結果可歸納為以下4點： 一、台灣股市存在股價動能效果及盈餘動能效果。 過去六個月表現好的投組，未來6個月及1年都有較佳的表現，投組形成後4年，即有明顯的回歸平均的現象。未預期盈餘高的投組在未來6個月到4年的報酬率都較高。不論是價格持續性或盈餘持續性，投組形成後6個月的動能持續現象較強，因此投組形成後1年的持續效果可能來自前6個月的貢獻。至於分析師盈餘預測修正幅度，投組形成後正向修正幅度大的投組，未來的股價表現反而不佳，統計檢定的效果也不顯著，顯示國內若要以分析師對盈餘預測的修正幅度來做為盈餘持續性的代理變數，盈餘預測的品質還尚待加強。 二、權益帳面價值對市值比及市值與價格持續性的關係。 權益價值對市值比較高的價值型股票及市值較小的小型股，未來報酬的表現情形都較成長股及大型股佳，且過去6個月表現好的投組，未來的表現也比較好。但在投資大型股時，過去6個月報酬影響未來報酬程度較大。 三、價格持續性與盈餘持續性的關係。 標準化後未預期盈餘高的投組表現通常會比較好，但未預期盈餘低且過去6個月報酬率高的投組，仍有可能會替投資人帶來極高的報酬。 四、盈餘品質與價格持續性及盈餘持續性的關係。 盈餘品質（EQ）高的投組通常表現會比較好，但不論EQ高低，短期價格及盈餘持續性現象都存在。而EQ較低的股票，之後一但股票報酬持續表現良好，投資人也會修正對該公司的評價，有過度反應的情形發生，導致未來的報酬率較高。

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A evolução dos concretos utilizados nas últimas décadas deu origem ao Concreto de Alto Desempenho (CAD), que tem, entre suas características, alta resistência à compressão e baixa permeabilidade. Com o desenvolvimento dos produtos químicos utilizados na construção civil, em especial os superplastificantes e superfluidificantes, a utilização desse tipo de concreto tornou-se cada vez mais freqüente pela possibilidade de se obter uma mistura suficientemente trabalhável utilizando-se fatores água/cimento menores do que 0,35. Devido à sua microestrutura mais homogênea, esse tipo de concreto apresenta um comportamento mais frágil do que os concretos convencionais, exigindo uma melhor caracterização do material. A partir do final da década de 70 começou-se a aplicar os conceitos da Mecânica da Fratura para análise do comportamento de estruturas construídas com esse tipo de concreto. Como em algumas situações a resistência nominal de peças de concreto diminui com o aumento de suas dimensões, houve a necessidade de se considerar o efeito de escala das estruturas a fim de se obter níveis de segurança mais adequados no seu dimensionamento, o que justificou a utilização da Mecânica da Fratura. Neste trabalho a energia de fraturamento foi obtida experimentalmente pelo método do trabalho de fraturamento e pelo método do efeito de escala, por meio de ensaios estáveis de flexão de três pontos em amostras de concreto de alto desempenho com entalhe. Foi também desenvolvida a simulação numérica de uma viga com entalhe, analisada pelo método dos elementos finitos e empregando-se na modelagem constitutiva os conceitos da Mecânica da Fratura aplicada ao concreto. As vigas foram moldadas e ensaiadas no Instituto Politécnico do Rio de Janeiro (IPRJ) da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) na cidade de Nova Friburgo. Os ensaios foram realizados com controle de deslocamento da célula de carga. Foram ensaiadas três séries de 12 vigas, com quatro dimensões diferentes, geometricamente proporcionais, e três amostras para cada dimensão, totalizando 36 vigas. As alturas utilizadas para as vigas foram 38, 76, 152 e 304 mm, e sua espessura foi mantida constante igual a 38 mm. Os corpos de prova cilíndricos, para caracterização da resistência à compressão do concreto, foram moldados no IPRJ e rompidos no laboratório de engenharia civil da UERJ, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os concretos utilizados apresentaram resistência à compressão média de 70 MPa. / The evolution of the concrete mixes used during the last decades gave birth to the High Performance Concrete (HPC), which, among its main characteristics, presents high strength and low permeability. With the development of chemical products used in civil engineering constructions, mainly the superplasticizers, the use of this kind of concrete has become more and more frequent due to the possibility of obtaining a workable mixture with a water/cement ratio lower than 0.35. Due to its more homogeneous microstructure, the HPC presents a more fragile behavior than the conventional concrete, demanding a better characterization of the material. At the end of the 1970s, concepts of the Fracture Mechanics started to be used for the analysis of the structural behavior of concrete structures. As the nominal stress of the material decreases as the size of the structure increases, it became necessary to consider this size effect in the analysis in order to obtain more suitable levels of security. This fact justifies the use of the Fracture Mechanics in the structural analysis of concrete structures. In this work, the fracture energy was experimentally obtained using the work-offracture method and the size effect method by performing three-point bend tests in HPC notched beams. It was also developed a numerical simulation of the tests, performing the analysis through the Finite Element Method and applying the concepts of the Fracture Mechanics of Concrete into the constitutive model. The notched beams were molded and tested at the Polytechnic Institute of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (IPRJ/UERJ), located in the city of Nova Friburgo. The tests were controlled by the vertical displacement of the load cell. Three series of twelve beams with four geometrically similar sizes were tested. Three samples for each size were cast, making an amount of 36 beams. The beams were 38, 76, 152 and 304 millimeters high and the width was kept constant equal to 38 millimeters. To characterize the concrete compression strength, 100x200 millimeters cylinders were molded at the IPRJ and tested at the UERJ civil engineering laboratory in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The tested concretes presented a medium compressive strength of 70 MPa.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A evolução dos concretos utilizados nas últimas décadas deu origem ao Concreto de Alto Desempenho (CAD), que tem, entre suas características, alta resistência à compressão e baixa permeabilidade. Com o desenvolvimento dos produtos químicos utilizados na construção civil, em especial os superplastificantes e superfluidificantes, a utilização desse tipo de concreto tornou-se cada vez mais freqüente pela possibilidade de se obter uma mistura suficientemente trabalhável utilizando-se fatores água/cimento menores do que 0,35. Devido à sua microestrutura mais homogênea, esse tipo de concreto apresenta um comportamento mais frágil do que os concretos convencionais, exigindo uma melhor caracterização do material. A partir do final da década de 70 começou-se a aplicar os conceitos da Mecânica da Fratura para análise do comportamento de estruturas construídas com esse tipo de concreto. Como em algumas situações a resistência nominal de peças de concreto diminui com o aumento de suas dimensões, houve a necessidade de se considerar o efeito de escala das estruturas a fim de se obter níveis de segurança mais adequados no seu dimensionamento, o que justificou a utilização da Mecânica da Fratura. Neste trabalho a energia de fraturamento foi obtida experimentalmente pelo método do trabalho de fraturamento e pelo método do efeito de escala, por meio de ensaios estáveis de flexão de três pontos em amostras de concreto de alto desempenho com entalhe. Foi também desenvolvida a simulação numérica de uma viga com entalhe, analisada pelo método dos elementos finitos e empregando-se na modelagem constitutiva os conceitos da Mecânica da Fratura aplicada ao concreto. As vigas foram moldadas e ensaiadas no Instituto Politécnico do Rio de Janeiro (IPRJ) da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) na cidade de Nova Friburgo. Os ensaios foram realizados com controle de deslocamento da célula de carga. Foram ensaiadas três séries de 12 vigas, com quatro dimensões diferentes, geometricamente proporcionais, e três amostras para cada dimensão, totalizando 36 vigas. As alturas utilizadas para as vigas foram 38, 76, 152 e 304 mm, e sua espessura foi mantida constante igual a 38 mm. Os corpos de prova cilíndricos, para caracterização da resistência à compressão do concreto, foram moldados no IPRJ e rompidos no laboratório de engenharia civil da UERJ, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os concretos utilizados apresentaram resistência à compressão média de 70 MPa. / The evolution of the concrete mixes used during the last decades gave birth to the High Performance Concrete (HPC), which, among its main characteristics, presents high strength and low permeability. With the development of chemical products used in civil engineering constructions, mainly the superplasticizers, the use of this kind of concrete has become more and more frequent due to the possibility of obtaining a workable mixture with a water/cement ratio lower than 0.35. Due to its more homogeneous microstructure, the HPC presents a more fragile behavior than the conventional concrete, demanding a better characterization of the material. At the end of the 1970s, concepts of the Fracture Mechanics started to be used for the analysis of the structural behavior of concrete structures. As the nominal stress of the material decreases as the size of the structure increases, it became necessary to consider this size effect in the analysis in order to obtain more suitable levels of security. This fact justifies the use of the Fracture Mechanics in the structural analysis of concrete structures. In this work, the fracture energy was experimentally obtained using the work-offracture method and the size effect method by performing three-point bend tests in HPC notched beams. It was also developed a numerical simulation of the tests, performing the analysis through the Finite Element Method and applying the concepts of the Fracture Mechanics of Concrete into the constitutive model. The notched beams were molded and tested at the Polytechnic Institute of the State University of Rio de Janeiro (IPRJ/UERJ), located in the city of Nova Friburgo. The tests were controlled by the vertical displacement of the load cell. Three series of twelve beams with four geometrically similar sizes were tested. Three samples for each size were cast, making an amount of 36 beams. The beams were 38, 76, 152 and 304 millimeters high and the width was kept constant equal to 38 millimeters. To characterize the concrete compression strength, 100x200 millimeters cylinders were molded at the IPRJ and tested at the UERJ civil engineering laboratory in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The tested concretes presented a medium compressive strength of 70 MPa.

Various anchorage systems including both cast-in-place and post-installed anchors have been developed for fastening both non-structural and structural components to concrete structures. The need for increased flexibility in the design of new structures and strengthening of existing concrete structures has led to increased use of various metallic anchors in practice. Although millions of fasteners are used each year in the construction industry around the world, knowledge of the fastening technology remains poor. In a sustainable society, buildings and structures must, from time to time, be adjusted to meet new demands. Loads on structures must, in general, be increased to comply with new demands, and the structural components and the structural connections must also be upgraded. From the structural connection point of view, the adequacy of the current fastenings for the intended increased load must be determined, and inadequate fastenings must either be replaced or upgraded. The current design models are generally believed to be conservative, although the extent of this behavior is not very clear. To address these issues, the current models must be refined to allow the design of new fastenings and also the assessment of current anchorage systems in practice. The research presented in this thesis consists of numerical and experimental studies of the load-carrying capacity of anchors in concrete structures. Two different types of anchors were studied: (I) cast-in-place headed anchors, and (II) post-installed adhesive anchors. This research focused particularly on the tensile load-carrying capacity of cast-in-place headed anchors and also on the sustained tension loading performance of post-installed adhesive anchors. The overall objective of this research was to provide knowledge for the development of improved methods of designing new fastening systems and assessing the current anchorage systems in practice. For the cast-in-place headed anchors (I), the influence of various parameters including the size of anchor head, thickness of concrete member, amount of orthogonal surface reinforcement, presence of concrete cracks, concrete compressive strength, and addition of steel fibers to concrete were studied. Among these parameters, the influence of the anchor head size, member thickness, surface reinforcement, and cracked concrete was initially evaluated via numerical analysis of headed anchors at various embedment depths. Although these parameters have considerable influence on the anchorage capacity and performance, this influence is not explicitly considered by the current design models. The numerical results showed that the tensile breakout capacity of headed anchors increases with increasing member thickness and/or increasing size of the anchor head or the use of orthogonal surface reinforcement. However, their capacity decreased considerably in cracked concrete. Based on the numerical results, the current theoretical model for the tensile breakout capacity of headed anchors was extended by incorporating several modification factors that take the influence of the investigated parameters into account. In addition, a supplementary experimental study was performed to verify the numerically obtained findings and the proposed refined model. The experimental results corresponded closely to the numerical results, both in terms of failure load and failure pattern, thereby confirming the validity of the proposed model. The validity of the model was further confirmed through experimental results reported in the literature. Additional experiments were performed to determine the influence of the concrete compressive strength and the addition of steel fiber to concrete on the anchorage capacity and performance. These experiments showed that the anchorage capacity and stiffness increase considerably with increasing concrete compressive strength, but the ductility of the anchor decreases. However, the anchorage capacity and ductility increased significantly with the addition of steel fibers to the concrete mixture. The test results also revealed that the tensile breakout capacity of headed anchors in steel fiber-reinforced concrete is significantly underestimated by the current design model. The long-term performance and creep behavior of the post-installed headed anchors (II) was evaluated from the results of long-time tests on adhesive anchors under sustained loads. In this experimental study, adhesive anchors of various sizes were subjected to various sustained load levels for up to 28 years. The anchors were also exposed to several in-service conditions including indoor temperature, variations in the outdoor temperature and humidity, wetness (i.e., water on the surface of concrete), and the presence of salt (setting accelerant) additives in the concrete. Among the tested in-service conditions, variations in the outdoor temperature and humidity had the most adverse effect on the long-term sustained loading performance of the anchors. Based on the test results, recommendations were proposed for maximum sustained load levels under various conditions. The anchors tested under indoor conditions could carry sustained loads of up to 47% of their mean ultimate short-term capacities. However, compared with these anchors, the anchors tested under outdoor conditions exhibited larger creep deformation and failure occurred at sustained loads higher than 23% of their mean ultimate short-term capacities. Salt additives in concrete and wet conditions had negligible influence on the long-term performance of the anchors, although the wet condition resulted in progressive corrosion of the steel. Based on the experimental results, the suitability of the current testing and approval provisions for qualifying adhesive anchors subjected to long-term sustained tensile loads was evaluated. The evaluations revealed that the current approval provisions are not necessarily reliable for qualifying adhesive anchors for long-term sustained loading applications. Recommendations were given for modifying the current provisions to ensure safe long-term performance of adhesive anchors under sustained loads.

Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit stehen Bauelemente, die auf der Basis von sog. akustischen Oberflächenwellen, in der Fachsprache üblicherweise mit dem Begriff SAW (surface acoustic wave) bezeichnet, arbeiten. In den vergangenen ca. 40 Jahren haben SAW-Bauelemente einen außerordentlich starken Aufschwung erlebt. Den Beginn markierte ein neuartiger Zwischenfrequenz-Filter für Fernsehgeräte am Ende der 1960er Jahre. Heute finden sich unterschiedliche Arten dieser Bauelemente in nahezu jedem Bereich unseres täglichen Lebens wieder. Als Beispiele können hier allgemein die draht-, funk- und fasergestützte Daten- und Signalübertragung und im Speziellen Mobil- und Schnurlostelefone oder Fernbedienungen genannt werden. Inzwischen sind auch neue Anwendungen in der Sensorik sowie der Identifikationstechnik hinzugekommen. Es gibt für SAW-Bauelemente eine Entwicklung hin zu höheren Arbeitsfrequenzen, steigenden Leistungen, erhöhter Zuverlässigkeit, weiterer Miniaturisierung und zunehmender Modulintegration, wobei alle Anforderungen bei gleichzeitig sinkenden Herstellungskosten realisiert werden müssen. Dabei zeichnet sich ab, dass mit den herkömmlichen Herstellungstechnologien nicht alle Bedürnisse erfüllt werden können. So ist z.B. die Lift-off-Technik, mit der ein Großteil der Bauelemente hergestellt wird, nicht auf beliebig kleine Strukturen anwendbar. Eine Alternative bildet die sog. Damaszentechnologie, die auch zur Herstellung modernster Mikroprozessoren eingesetzt wird. Dabei werden die Metallelektroden anstatt auf dem Substrat aufzuliegen, in das Substrat eingelassen, woraus sich für zukünftige SAWBauelemente Vorteile ergeben können, wie z.B. eine erhöhte Leistungsbeständigkeit, kostengünstige Abscheideverfahren, eine Reduktion der Strukturgrößen und eine planare Oberfläche. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt darin, die Damaszentechnologie erstmalig auf SAW-Strukturen anzuwenden und mit den Vorteilen der Cu-Technologie zu kombinieren. Als inhaltliche Schwerpunkte wurden die Herstellung von Demonstratorbauelementen und die Bewertung der Prozessschritte, die Eigenschaftsbestimmung der Strukturen sowie deren Schädigungsverhalten bei Leistungsbelastung definiert.

Das Örtliche Konzept dient der Berechnung von Lebensdauern zyklisch belasteter Konstruktionen. Dabei wird die Ermüdungsfestigkeit des ungekerbten Werkstoffes zugrundegelegt, um die Bauteillebensdauer abzuschätzen. Mit dieser Annahme verbunden ist ein starke Vereinfachung des Ermüdungsvorganges. Die Ursache ist die unzureichende Berücksichtigung wesentlicher Einflußgrößen, die die Festigkeit des interessierenden Bauteiles bestimmen und die andere Ausprägung als an der Werkstoffprobe erfahren. Dadurch ist die Zuverlässigkeit der Rechnung reduziert. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht und klassifiziert die Ursachen für dieses Übertragbarkeitsproblem. Mit einem sehr flexiblen multiplikativen Ansatz, der technologischen, statistischen und spannungsemchanischen Effekt berücksichtigt, läßt sich der Unterschied zwischen Festigkeit des Bauteils und der Werkstoffprobe rechnerisch erfassen. Zur numerischen Betrachtung technologischer und statistischer Einflüsse kann auf bereits bestehendes Wissen zurückgegriffen werden. Dies wird konzeptbezogen und mit Rücksicht auf die Anwendung angepaßt. Die Berücksichtigung des spannungsmechanischen Einflusses hingegen kann nicht von Bestehendem abgeleitet werden. Dazu wird aus einer umfangreichen Sammlung experimenteller Ergebnisse dieser Einflufaktor abgeleitet. Aus der so gegebenen Stichprobe lassen sich durch eine statistische Auswertung eine Reihe von Kennwerten identifizieren, die die Stützwirkung maßgeblich beeinflussen. Darauf aufbauend wird eine Bestimmungsgleichung für den spannungsmechanischen Einflußfaktor abgeleitet. Somit ist ein Stützwirkungskonzept geschaffen, das es erlaubt, die drei wesentliche Aspekte technologischen, statistischen und spannungsmechanischen Einfluß qualitativ uind quantitativ ins Örtliche Konzept zu integrieren. Mit dieser Vorgehsweise und einer vorliegenden Werkstoffwöhlerlinie läßt sich die bauteilspezifische Festigkeit abschätzen. Die so abgeleitete Wöhlerlinie erlaubt eine wesentlich genauere Lebensdauerberechnung, wie die Kotrolle an umfangreichen, unabhängigen Daten beweist. / The local strain concept serves to estimate the service life of cyclically loaded structures. Here the fatigue strength of the mere material coupon is taken as the basis in the calculation for notched components. This represents a distinct simplification of the complex fatigue process because of disregarding the relevant influences that determine strength and durability. By that the reliability of the calculation is not yet satisfying. The present investigation first classifies the reasons for this problem of transferabillity between notched component and unnotched specimen. A simple but flexible approach is used to describe the technological, statistical and and gradient effect. To consider the technological influences and statistical size effect numerically, known relationships and procedures are taken and adapted to the methodology of the concept. To catch gradient effects a new stress-relief-concept was developed. From a comprehensive database of experimental results gradient effects were were separated. By a statistical analysis relevant variables that govern the stress-relief are identified. Using these, an equation gets derived which enables to compute the gradient effects on fatigue strength. The developed stress-relief-concept allows to estimate a component-related strain(parameter-)-life-curve. Lifetime predictioins based on this are by far more reliable than those based on materials data only. This is verified by a check on an extensive and independent database.