The National Library of Canada houses 3.5 meters of textual documents related to the celebrated Quebecois composer, Jacques Hétu (1938-2010). Among the working documents and biographical material donated in 1997 to the Jacques Hétu Fonds are autograph compositional documents relating to Hétu’s Suite pour guitare, Op. 41, written in 1986 (10 folios of sketch material and the composer’s fair copy). After deciphering, transcribing, and ascertaining the chronology of the sketches, an examination of the documents yields a new understanding of Hétu’s compositional process for Op. 41 (including the discovery of an unpublished movement entitled “Prelude II”) and the work’s form and structure. In addition, unpublished writings and correspondence by the composer are explored regarding Hétu’s life, musical style and his reception in Quebec. The study differs notably from traditional sketch studies in its adoption of a theoretical framework and methodology borrowed from critique génétique, or genetic criticism, a French movement of literary criticism originating in the 1970s. As opposed to traditional approaches to “genetic” documents, critique génétique dismisses the notion of a singular definitive text in favor of textual plurality by elevating the status of variants produced during the creative process (i.e. rough drafts or discarded versions). The advantage of a “genetic” approach is that it allows for the preclusion of fundamental theoretical problems associated with the use of a composer’s sketches to analyze a musical work. The extent to which the approach of critique génétique can be applied to music sketch is examined along with the consequences of adopting such a theoretical framework (including those regarding performance, editorial practice, and the ontology of completions of fragmentary works). / Graduate

La recherche des variations anatomiques du cortex, complémentaire des investigations fonctionnelles, a été fortement stimulée ces dernières années par le développement des méthodes d'analyse des images cérébrales. Ces nouvelles possibilités ont conduit à la création de vastes projets de cartographie anatomo-fonctionnelle du cerveau humain, comparables par l'ampleur qu'ils pourraient prendre aux projets de cartographie du génome. Durant les années 90, la communauté de la neuroimagerie a choisi d'appréhender ce problème en développant une technique appelée la normalisation spatiale. Il s'agit de doter chaque cerveau d'un système de coordonnées (surfaciques ou volumiques) qui indiquent une localisation dans un cerveau de référence. Ce système s'obtient en déformant chaque nouveau cerveau de manière à l'ajuster autant que possible au cerveau de référence. Cependant, cette morphométrie fond ée sur la technique de normalisation spatiale a des limites. En effet, il est largement admis qu'elle ne permet pas de gérer précisément la très grande variabilité des plissements corticaux et ne donne accès qu'aux différences anatomiques les plus marquées. Ces considérations ont motivé le développement de nouveaux outils de morphométrie, permettant l'analyse ne des structures corticales. Jusqu'à ces dernières années, une telle morphométrie structurelle, prenant en compte les particularités anatomiques individuelles de chaque cortex, était limitée par la difculté et la lourdeur du travail «manuel» à réaliser. Le développement récent de nouveaux outils d'analyse d'images, permettant d'extraire et de reconnaître automatiquement les sillons corticaux des images IRM anatomiques, a modié cet état de fait et a ouvert la voie aux études à grandes échelles de morphométrie structurelle. Cependant, d'un point de vue anatomo-fonctionnel, la structure de base du cortex est le gyrus et non pas le sillon. Or, si la littérature propose maintenant de nombreuses méthodes dédiées aux sillons corticaux, il n'en existe aucune spécifique aux gyri, essentiellement à cause de leur très grande variabilité morphologique. Le premier axe de travail de cette thèse est le développement d'une méthode entièrement automatique pour les segmenter, prenant en compte leur anatomie individuelle. Cette méthode propose un formalisme générique pour définir chaque gyrus à partir d'un ensemble de sillons-frontières le délimitant; un critère de distance, sous-jacent au diagramme de Voronoï utilisé pour parcelliser la surface corticale, permet d'extrapoler cette définition dans les zones où les sillons sont interrompus. L'étude des mécanismes mis en jeu lors du plissement du cortex durant son développement, ante- et post-natal, est un point clé pour analyser et comprendre les variations de l'anatomie corticale, normale ou non, et caractériser ses liens avec le fonctionnement du cerveau. Des travaux récents suggèrent qu'il existerait une proto-organisation sulcale stable, visible sur le cerveau du foeœtus, et qui laisserait une empreinte dans le relief cortical adulte. Pour le deuxième axe de travail de cette thèse, nous avons essayé de recouvrer les traces de ces structures enfouies, les racines sulcales, inscrites dans les plissements corticaux. Nous avons pour cela développé un modèle original du cortex, le primal sketch des courbures, permettant une description multi-échelles et structurelle de la courbure corticale. Cette description est issue d'un lissage surfacique de la carte (2D) de la courbure, obtenu par l'implantation de l'équation de la chaleur, calculée géodésiquement au maillage de la surface corticale. Cette description nous a permis de recouvrer les deux racines sulcales putatives enfouies dans le sillon central, et les quatre racines du sillon temporal supérieur. En parallèle, nous avons initié une étude directe des premiers plis sulcaux à travers la reconstruction tridimensionnel du cerveau foeœtal in utero.

The creation of interactive computer-controlled characters in interactive media is a challenging and multi-faceted task requiring the skills and effort of professionals from many fields. This work addresses authoring the interactive aspect of these characters’ behaviors – how characters act automatically in response to a dynamic user-controlled character. We present PaintBoard, a system that enables users to prototype and test discrete, real-time, interactive movements in a 2D grid environment simply by digitally painting a storyboard. We designed and developed a novel authoring technique for creating behaviors (painting storyboards) and a novel algorithm based on machine-learning, that analyzes a storyboard to create a behavior that works beyond situations provided in the input storyboard. We conducted two exploratory studies that grounded the prototype design, and present the results of a proof-of-concept workshop with game developers. Finally, we performed a comparison of machine learning algorithms’ performance on our storyboard data.

The aim of the study is to apply and compare the performance of two different types of neural networks on the Quick, Draw! dataset and from this determine whether interpreting the sketches as sequences gives a higher accuracy than interpreting them as pixels. The two types of networks constructed were a recurrent neural network (RNN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN). The networks were optimised and the final architectures included five layers. The final evaluation accuracy achieved was 94.2% and 92.3% respectively, leading to the conclusion that the sequential interpretation of the Quick, Draw! dataset is favourable.

abstract: Contemporary urban food security in the US is influenced by complex, multidimensional, and multi-scale factors. However, most assessment methods and intervention efforts in food security research are: 1) narrowly focused on environmental factors (i.e. the presence or absence of quality food outlets), 2) divorced from the human dimension and, 3) ultimately disempower communities to affect change at the local level. New approaches are needed to capture the lived experiences and unique perspectives of people potentially most vulnerable to food insecurity, while also empowering people to become change agents in their lives and in the wider community. This thesis argues that sustainability problem solving frameworks such as transformational sustainability research (TSR), and community-based participatory research (CBPR) provide promising bases from which to address these deficiencies. Through interactive workshops with youth in Canyon Corridor, a neighborhood in Phoenix, Arizona, I demonstrate the potential of concept mapping, sketch mapping, and intervention mapping methods that prioritize participation and co-production of knowledge to: 1) better understand the contextual, community-identified factors that contribute to food security or food insecurity, 2) identify and adapt interventions for the local context and, 3) promote community agency and action. Workshop outcomes suggest the relevance of these frameworks and methods, and the potential for more people- and place-based approaches to food security research. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Sustainability 2012

The first part of the thesis is theoretical and contains basic concepts of design in 3D CAD systems. The next part is focused on tools for the production of classical components and their compilation, including examples. The following part contains tools and environment for the production of sheet metal parts and their assembly including examples. The penultimate part is focused on the manufacture of components of a unilateral lock and its assembly including fittings. The last part consists of a research probe that focuses on technical schools and companies. At the end of the thesis, Autodesk Inventor and SolidWorks are compared.

Em projetos arquitetônicos, lápis e papel continuam sendo os instrumentos mais usados para elaborar desenhos à mão livre para dar suporte às atividades das etapas iniciais de projeto. Ferramentas digitais convencionalmente utilizadas por arquitetos carecem de funcionalidade apropriada e não oferecem interfaces amigáveis para os estágios iniciais de concepção arquitetônica. A solução para estes problemas fundamenta-se em dois apoios tecnológicos: (i) em dispositivos de hardware já disponíveis que podem ajudar projetistas a expressar suas ideias através de sketches à mão livre; e (ii) em princípios de funcionalidade presentes em softwares experimentais os quais, combinados com hardware apropriados, poderiam oferecer interações humano-computador amigáveis e intuitivas nas etapas iniciais de projetos arquitetônicos. Esta pesquisa revisa e sintetiza literatura relevante à esta hipótese, especialmente quanto às formas como projetistas de arquitetura interagem com os computadores, como dispositivos de entrada restringem possíveis interações e como diferentes funcionalidades podem ser exploradas através dessas interações. A revisão do estado da arte dos softwares experimentais de modelagem baseada em sketch para projetos arquitetônicos permitiu descrever em detalhe as funcionalidades oferecidas e argumentar que, se combinadas, essas funcionalidades forneceriam um apoio mais adequado para as etapas iniciais de projeto arquitetônico. Cenários de uso são desenvolvidos para explorar tais combinações e demonstrar possibilidades atuais e futuras das ferramentas digitais durante a fase de concepção do projeto arquitetônico. / In architectural design, pencil and paper remain the most used media to create freehand drawings to support the activities of early designing stages. Digital tools conventionally used by architects lack of appropriated functionality and do not offer friendly interfaces for early stages of architectural designing. The solutions for these problems are twofold: (i) hardware already available can help designers to express their first ideas by freehand sketches; and (ii) functionality principles are present in experimental software and, combined with appropriate hardware, could successfully provide a friendly and intuitive human-computer interaction in the early stages of architectural designing. This research revises and synthesizes literature relevant to this hypothesis, taking special attention to the way architectural designers interact with computers, how input devices constrain possible interactions and how functionalities can be explored through these interactions. The update to the state-of-the-art studies in experimental, sketch-based modeling software for architectural design allowed detailed descriptions of the functionality they offer and allowed to argue that, combined, this functionality would provide a more adequate support for initial stages of architectural designing. Scenarios of use are developed, exploring such combination and demonstrating current and future possibilities for digital tools to use during initial stages of architectural designing.

Em projetos arquitetônicos, lápis e papel continuam sendo os instrumentos mais usados para elaborar desenhos à mão livre para dar suporte às atividades das etapas iniciais de projeto. Ferramentas digitais convencionalmente utilizadas por arquitetos carecem de funcionalidade apropriada e não oferecem interfaces amigáveis para os estágios iniciais de concepção arquitetônica. A solução para estes problemas fundamenta-se em dois apoios tecnológicos: (i) em dispositivos de hardware já disponíveis que podem ajudar projetistas a expressar suas ideias através de sketches à mão livre; e (ii) em princípios de funcionalidade presentes em softwares experimentais os quais, combinados com hardware apropriados, poderiam oferecer interações humano-computador amigáveis e intuitivas nas etapas iniciais de projetos arquitetônicos. Esta pesquisa revisa e sintetiza literatura relevante à esta hipótese, especialmente quanto às formas como projetistas de arquitetura interagem com os computadores, como dispositivos de entrada restringem possíveis interações e como diferentes funcionalidades podem ser exploradas através dessas interações. A revisão do estado da arte dos softwares experimentais de modelagem baseada em sketch para projetos arquitetônicos permitiu descrever em detalhe as funcionalidades oferecidas e argumentar que, se combinadas, essas funcionalidades forneceriam um apoio mais adequado para as etapas iniciais de projeto arquitetônico. Cenários de uso são desenvolvidos para explorar tais combinações e demonstrar possibilidades atuais e futuras das ferramentas digitais durante a fase de concepção do projeto arquitetônico. / In architectural design, pencil and paper remain the most used media to create freehand drawings to support the activities of early designing stages. Digital tools conventionally used by architects lack of appropriated functionality and do not offer friendly interfaces for early stages of architectural designing. The solutions for these problems are twofold: (i) hardware already available can help designers to express their first ideas by freehand sketches; and (ii) functionality principles are present in experimental software and, combined with appropriate hardware, could successfully provide a friendly and intuitive human-computer interaction in the early stages of architectural designing. This research revises and synthesizes literature relevant to this hypothesis, taking special attention to the way architectural designers interact with computers, how input devices constrain possible interactions and how functionalities can be explored through these interactions. The update to the state-of-the-art studies in experimental, sketch-based modeling software for architectural design allowed detailed descriptions of the functionality they offer and allowed to argue that, combined, this functionality would provide a more adequate support for initial stages of architectural designing. Scenarios of use are developed, exploring such combination and demonstrating current and future possibilities for digital tools to use during initial stages of architectural designing.

There is a gap between low-fidelity prototyping using paper and high-fidelity prototyping using computers in web design. Both serve well in different stages of web design, but are not well integrated. Prior studies have examined the practice of web designers. The studies resulted in a number of alternative prototyping tools, which focus on informal representation and try to prolong sketching in the design process. The thesis proposes a design of a prototyping tool that makes use of existing paper sketches. In paper prototyping, a human who acts as the “computer” makes the sketches interactive. In the prototyping tool put forward in the thesis, the interactivity of the sketches is instead created on the computer. The novel prototyping tool needs to support the interactions and behaviours used in web design, and it must be easy to use so that the web designers do not have to invest too much time learning it. The prototype of the tool is a sketch-and-scan interface, thus allowing the use of paper the way it is. The functionality supports both documentation and computer interactivity. Usability tests and expert reviews were conducted, involving students, lecturers and researchers in human-computer interaction. The results elaborate previous research on prototyping practice, and a designers’ wish list was formulated. A prototyping tool is expected to support communication between users, designers and developers; as well as to reduce a designer’s need to change his work practice when using the tool.

Esta Tese está dividida em três volumes: I - Croqui: representação e simulação II - O desenho e o processo de projeto III - O ensino do desenho para arquitetos Os três volumes tratam do mesmo objeto de estudo: o desenho do arquiteto e para a arquitetura, mas sob um enfoque diverso. No Volume I, além de uma abordagem teórica sobre as premissas metodológicas, o desenho é visto sob três outros enfoques: enquanto conceito relativo à problemática inerente à arquitetura, ou seja, representação e simulação do espaço; enquanto instrumento de projeto adaptado a cada momento da arquitetura; e também enquanto objeto artístico. No Volume II, estreita-se a relação entre desenho e projeto de arquitetura, tentando estabelecer relações entre um e outro método. São apresentados os resultados do acompanhamento e análise do trabalho de vários arquitetos, bem como entrevistas, na íntegra, com os arquitetos Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Joaquim Guedes e Abrahão Sanovicz. No Volume III, o ensino do desenho tem destaque com base nas teorias da escola ativa, os métodos de ensino-aprendizagem e sua adaptação ao universo da arquitetura. Nos três volumes, a intenção principal é sempre verificar os pressupostos básicos para o ensino de desenho para futuros arquitetos. Os três volumes são permeados por conclusões inerentes ao enfoque sobre o qual se referem. No final do terceiro volume, apresenta-se uma conclusão sobre o enfoque geral, tratado nos três volumes, relacionando imagem, desenho e projeto para fins didáticos. / This Thesis is divided in three volumes: I - Croquis: representation and simulation II - Design and process of the project III - Teaching of the design to architects The three volumes deal with the same object to study: the design of architect and to architecture, but under a different focus. In the first volume, besides a theoretical aproach about the metodological premisses, the design is seen under three other focuses: as a concept conected to the problematic inherente to the architecture, I mean, representation and simulation of the space; whereas instrument of the project adapted to each moment of the architecture; and even as artistic object. In the volume II, narrows the conection between design and project of architecture, trying to stablish conexions between one and other method. Here are presented the results of the attendance and analyse of the work of various architects, as well as briefinga, as a whole, with the architects Paulo Mendes da Rocha, Joaquim Guedes and Abrahão Sanovicz. In the volume III, the teaching of the design has a prominence based in the theories of the active school, the methods of teaching-apprenticeship and its adaptation to the architecture universe. In the three volumes, the main target is always verify the basic pressuposed to the teaching to the future architects. The three volumes are interposed by conclusions inherents to the focus on which they refer. At the end of the third volume, we present a conclusion about the general focused, treated in the three volumes, linking image, drawing and project to didacts aims.