Els residus carnis, o subproductes animals, són interessants per al procés de digestióanaeròbia i producció de biogàs, donat el seu elevat potencial energètic i l'actual marc legislatiu que prima la producció d'energia renovable. Tot i així, l'elevat contingut en lípids i proteïnes d'aquests residus pot limitar el seu tractament en introduir fenòmens d'inhibició, dels quals el més important és el produït pels àcids grassos de cadena llarga (AGCL), resultants de la hidròlisi dels lípids. L'objectiu de la present tesis és aprofundir en el coneixement d'aquest procés d'inhibició, en la capacitat d'adaptació dels microorganismes i en la recuperació o prevenció dels fenòmens d'inhibició. En una primera aproximació a la problemàtica, es caracteritzen residus orgànics d'escorxador, s'estudia la seva biodegradabilitat anaeròbia amb diferents relacions lípids/proteïnes i es realitzen assaigs discontinus seqüencials incrementant la concentració de substrat mitjançant pulsos consecutius. Es comprova que la hidròlisi i acidogènesi de proteïnes és molt ràpida i que la degradació dels lípids i AGCL limita la velocitat global del procés. Malgrat aquesta limitació, el sistema es recupera després dels pulsos aplicats, tot augmentant la taxa màxima de producció de metà. Per tal d'estudiar el fenòmen de recuperació, s'estudien i desenvolupen diferents estratègies en reactors sotmesos a processos d'inhibició per AGCL. L'increment dels ratis biomassa/AGCL o l'adició d'additius com la bentonita, per tal de reduir la biodisponibilitat o l'adsorció dels AGCL sobre la biomassa activa, es mostren com estratègies funcionals d'utilitat en l'operació de plantes industrials. Els resultats obtinguts reforcen la hipòtesi de que la inhibició és deguda a adsorció d'AGCL sobre la membrana cel·lular i que la recuperació es pot mesurar mitjançant un augment de l'activitat dels microorganismes. Per tal de dilucidar sobre la natura del augment de l'activitat en els processos de recuperació es caracteritza la inhibició-recuperació mitjançant tres tècniques: 1) estudi de les activitats dels microorganismes a diferents substrats 2) utilització de tècniques de biologia molecular per caracteritzar les poblacions, i 3) desenvolupant expressions cinètiques del procés d'inhibició, basades en l'adsorció, en el marc del model matemàtic ADM1 de la International Water Association. Mitjançant aquestes metodologies es comprova que els fenòmens d'inhibició i adaptació es poden explicar mitjançant un creixement poblacional específic i la inclusió dels fenòmens físic d'adsorció en el procés d'inhibició metabòlica. Finalment, s'avalua de forma més detallada el procés d'adsorció-inhibició mitjançant la determinació de les isotermes d'adsorció i monitoritzant mitjançant assaigs amb biomassa granular i tècniques de microscòpia de fluorescència. Aquesta caracterització ha permès obtenir estratègies de prevenció de la inhibició per AGCL, mitjançant competència amb adsorbents sintètics, i concloure que l'àcid palmític és el limitant en el procés de -oxidaciódels AGCL. Els resultats obtinguts constitueixen una base per al millor coneixement de les possibilitats de tractament anaerobi del residus carnis i dels processos d'inhibició per AGCL i adaptació de la biomassa. El procés físic d'adsorció ha estat directament relacionat amb el fenòmen d'inhibició metabòlica, obtenint-se una descripció matemàtica del mateix. Els resultats han permès plantejar estratègies operacionals, sent una eina a disposició d'operadors de plantes de biogàs per optimitzar la producció d'energia d'aquests residus >mitjançant la seva digestió anaeròbia. / Los residuos cárnicos, o subproductos animales, son interesantes para el proceso de digestión anaerobia y producción de biogás, dado su elevado potencial energético y el actual marco legal que prima la producción de energía renovable. A pesar de esto, el elevado contenido en lípidos y proteínas puede limitar su tratamiento, al introducir fenómenos de inhibición, de los cuales el más importante es el producido por ácidos grasos de cadena larga (AGCL), resultado de la hidrólisis de los lípidos. El objetivo de la presente tesis es profundizar en el conocimiento de este proceso de inhibición, en la capacidad de adaptación de los microorganismos t en la recuperación de sistemas inhibidos. En una primera aproximación a la problemática, se caracterizan los residuos orgánicos de matadero, se estudia su biodegradabilidad anaerobia con diferentes relaciones lípido/proteína y se realizan ensayos discontinuos secuenciales incrementando la concentración de substrato mediante pulsos consecutivos. Se comprueba que la hidrólisis y acidogénesis de las proteínas es muy rápido y que la degradación de lípidos y AGCL limita la velocidad global del proceso. A pesar de esta limitación, el sistema se recupera después de los pulsos aplicados aumentando la tasa máxima de producción de metano. A fin de estudiar el fenómeno de recuperación, se estudian y desarrollan diferentes estrategias en reactores inhibidos por AGCL. El incremento de los ratios biomasa/AGCL o la adición de aditivos como la bentonita, a fin de reducir la biodisponibilidad o la adsorción de los AGCL sobre la biomasa activa, se muestran estrategias funcionales de utilidad en la operación de plantas industriales. Los resultados obtenidos refuerzan la hipótesis de que la inhibición es debida a adsorción de AGCL sobre la membrana celular y que la recuperación se puede medir mediante un aumento de la actividad de los microorganismos. A fin de dilucidar sobre la naturaleza del aumento de la actividad en los procesos de recuperación se caracteriza la inhibición mediante tres técnicas: 1) estudio de las actividades de los microorganismos a diferentes substratos, 2) utilización de técnicas de biología molecular para caracterizar las poblaciones, y 3) desarrollando expresiones cinéticas del proceso de inhibición, basado en la adsorbió, en el marco del modelo ADM1 de la International Water Association. Mediante estas metodologías se comprueba que los fenómenos de inhibición y adaptación se pueden explicar mediante un crecimiento poblacional específico y la inclusión de la adsorción en el proceso de inhibición metabólica. Finalmente, se evalúa de forma detallada el proceso de adsorción-inhibición mediante la determinación de las isotermas de adsorción y monitorizando estos procesos mediante ensayos discontinuos con biomasa granular y técnicas de microscopia de fluorescencia. Esta caracterización ha permitido obtener estrategias de prevención de la inhibición por AGCL, mediante competencia con adsorbentes sintéticos, y concluir que el ácido palmítico es el limitante en el proceso de mutante -oxidación de los AGCL. Los resultados obtenidos constituyen una base para el mejor conocimiento de las posibilidades de tratamiento anaerobio de residuos cárnicos y de los procesos de inhibición por AGCL y adaptación de la biomasa. El proceso físico de adsorción se ha relacionado directamente con el fenómeno de inhibición metabólica, obteniéndose una descripción matemática del mismo. Los resultados han permitido plantear estrategias operacionales, siendo una herramienta a disposición de operadores de plantas de biogás para optimizar la producción de energía de estos residuos mediante su digestión anaerobia. / Slaughterhouse wastes are interesting for the anaerobic digestion process regarding its high biogas production potential and because the current legal scenario promotes renewable energy production. The high lipid and protein content of those residues limit its treatment due to inhibitory processes, in particular the inhibition caused by long chain fatty acids (LCFA). The objective of the present disertation is to obtain a deeper insight on the LCFA inhibition process, the microorganism adaptation ability and the prevention/recovery of inhibitory phenomena. In a preliminary approach, organic wastes generated in slaughterhouses are characterized, by studying the anaerobic biodegradability of waste mixtures containing diferents lipid/proteins concentrations. Anaerobic batch tests are performed at increasing substrate concentrations by sequential pulse feeding. From those experiments, the fast hydrolysis-acidogenesis of proteins is verified, being the lipids and LCFA degradation the main limiting step of the overall anaerobic process. Despite this limitation, the system is able to recover up to a higher methane production rate after each applied pulse. In order to elucidate on the mechanisms of the recovery process, several strategies to recover LCFA inhibited reactors are tested. The increase of the biomass/LCFA ratio and the adition of bentonite to reduce the biodisponibility or the adsorption of LCFA over microbial cell walls, are found to be effective approaches in the operation of fullscale biogas plants. The obtained results reinforce the hypothesis of the adsorptive nature of the LCFA inhibition, and that the recovery process can be followed as an increase in the microbial activity. The nature of the reported microbial activity improvement after subsequent sytem inhibition is characterized by three different techniques: 1) the study of specific microbial activities on different model substrates, 2) the application of molecular biology tools to monitor the microbial population structure and, 3) the development of kinetic expressions of the LCFA inhibition phenomena, based on the adsorption process, within the framework of ADM1 model of the International Water Association. The combined analysis of those confirmed that inhibition and adaptation phenomena are explained by a specific microbial growth, including adsorption in the metabolic LCFA inhibition process. The adsorption-inhibition process is evaluated in detail by determining LCFA adsorption isotherms on granular sludge, LCFA toxicity test, and fluorescence microscopy techniques. This multidisciplinary approach results in the definition of an inhibition preventing strategy based on the introduction of competitive adsorbents, and on stating the importance ofpalmitate during ß-oxidation of LCFA. This study contributes to the understanding of slaughterhouse wastes anaerobic treatment, the LCFA inhibition process, and the biomass adaptation phenomena. The physical adsorption process has been directly related with the LCFA metabolic inhibition, and a new mathematical kinetic expression is proposed. New strategies guiding the operation of anaerobic reactors are suggested in order to obtain high renewable energy yields from slaughterhouse wastes digestion.

This thesis is a work of practical philosophy situated at the intersection of bioethics, environmental ethics, and social and political thought. Broadly, its topic is the moral status of nonhuman animals. One of its pivotal aims is to encourage and foster the “sympathetic imaginative construction of another’s reality” and to determine how that construction might feed back on to understandings of ourselves and of our place in this world that we share with so many other creatures. In the three chapters that follow the introduction, I explore a concept (vulnerability), a tradition in moral philosophy (the ethic of care), and a philosopher (Wittgenstein) that are not often foregrounded in discussions of animal ethics. Taken together, these sections establish a picture of other animals (and of the kinship that humans share with them) that can stand as an alternative to the utilitarian and rights theories that have been dominant in this domain of philosophical inquiry. In my fifth and sixth chapters, I extend this conceptual framework by turning to the work of Michel Foucault. Here, I develop a two-pronged approach. The first direction – inspired by Foucault’s work on “technologies of power” – is a broad, top-down engagement that explores many of the social apparatuses that constitute the power-laden environments in which human beings and other animals interact. I focus on the slaughterhouse in particular and argue that it is a pernicious institution in which care and concern are rendered virtually impossible. The second direction – inspired by Foucault’s later work on “technologies of the self” – is a bottom-up approach that looks at the different ways that individuals care for, and fashion themselves, as ethical subjects. Here, I examine the dietary practice of vegetarianism, arguing that it is best understood as an ethical practice of self-care. One virtue of my investigation is that it enables a creative synthesis of disparate strands of philosophical thought (i.e. analytic, continental, and feminist traditions). Another is that it demonstrates the philosophical importance of attending to both the wider, institutional dimension of human-animal interactions and to the lived, embodied experiences of individuals who must orient themselves and live their lives within that broader domain. This more holistic approach enables concrete critical reflection that can be the impetus for social, and self-, transformation.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The agribusiness sector has been growing and these was the generation of solid waste and liquids increasing, constituing an environmental problem. The objectives of this work were: 1) to produce organic compound from solid wastes from generate cold; 2) to reuse the generated composting organic compound on proliferation of worms and in the production of humus and 3) to evaluate the use of vermicomposting in the production of seedlings of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). In the first, study was evaluated the behavior of waste generated, green and red in the ETP (Effluent Treatment Station) by the composting process. The second, study was tested at home of vegetation greenhouse green and red residue in rice husk blend "in natura" and carbonized rice husk to multiplication of Eisenia andrei (BOUCHÉ, 1972) and production vermicomposting. In the third, study was evaluated at home of vegetation using vermicomposting for production of seedlings of lettuce. In 90 days composting noted the maturation of the residue. The use of residue in rice husk blend "in natura" and carbonized rice husk, proved efficient for reproduction and multiplication of E. andrei worms. The amount of heavy metals present in the waste reduces earthworms during vermicomposting process. The use of substrate produced demonstrated good conditions for the production of lettuce. The study suggests that the green and red residual from generate cold after the composting and vermicomposting process can be reused as biofertilizers for the production of lettuce. / O setor agroindustrial vem crescendo na geração de resíduos sólidos e líquidos, constituindo assim um problema ambiental. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) produzir composto orgânico a partir dos resíduos sólidos de frigorífico; 2) reutilizar o composto orgânico gerado pela compostagem na multiplicação de minhocas e na produção de húmus e 3) avaliar o uso do vermicomposto na produção de alface (Lactuca sativa L.). Para alcançar estes objetivos foram realizados três estudos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o comportamento do resíduo verde e vermelho gerado na ETE (Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes) pelo processo de compostagem. No segundo, testou-se em casa de vegetação o resíduo verde e vermelho em mistura com casca de arroz in natura e casca de arroz carbonizada para multiplicação das Eisenia andrei e produção de vermicomposto. No terceiro estudo avaliou-se em casa de vegetação a utilização do vermicomposto para produção de alface. Aos 90 dias de compostagem, observou-se a maturação do resíduo, que utilizado em mistura com casca de arroz in natura e casca de arroz carbonizada, mostrou-se eficiente para a reprodução e multiplicação das minhocas da espécie E. andrei. A quantidade de metais pesados presentes nestes resíduos com a presença de minhocas; reduziu durante o processo de vermicompostagem. O substrato produzido demonstrou boas condições para a produção de alface. O estudo sugere que o resíduo verde e vermelho oriundo de frigorífico, após os processos de compostagem e vermicompostagem, podem ser reutilizados como biofertilizantes para a produção de alface.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 meirellesbartoli_rb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1929206 bytes, checksum: 883e01315443e9cd54216ff593abd250 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos da brucelose suína, estudando a disseminação da enfermidade num surto detectado em julho de 2006, em um rebanho em Jaboticabal, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. De 271 matrizes examinadas, 254 (93,7%) foram positivas na reação de fixação de complemento (RFC), e de 62 animais da terminação testados, 17 (27,4%) foram positivos na mesma prova. Todos os 33 bovinos, 5 equinos, 126 ovinos e 25 gansos foram negativos no teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT), porém 3 (23,07%) dos 13 cães da propriedade foram positivos na RFC. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue dos 14 trabalhadores da granja; 3 (21,42%) deles apresentaram títulos de anticorpos contra brucelas lisas na prova de soroaglutinação em tubos, e apenas 1 (7,14%) apresentou sinais clínicos da doença. O biovar 1 de Brucella suis foi cultivado a partir de 14 fetos abortados e de 6 matrizes necropsiadas, e a identificação foi confirmada por provas de rotina. Não foram encontrados anticorpos específicos contra amostras lisas de Brucella em 1.100 amostras sanguíneas de suínos e em 24 de funcionários de um frigorífico do Estado de São Paulo. Foi avaliado o desempenho de 6 técnicas sorológicas, AAT, 2-mercaptoetanol realizado simultaneamente à soroaglutinação lenta (SAL+ME), RFC, antígeno acidificado tamponado após tratamento com rivanol (AAT-RIV), e teste de polarização fluorescente (TPF) no diagnóstico da brucelose suína a partir do soro sanguíneo colhidos de 333 suínos da fazenda do foco e de mais 1.100 animais abatidos no frigorífico. As informações relatadas neste trabalho indicaram que, apesar da redução da incidência da brucelose suína no Brasil, ainda ocorre infecção por B.suis, sendo um risco para a saúde animal e a saúde pública / The purpose of this study was to analyze epidemiological aspects of swine brucellosis, studying an outbreak in a herd in Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, Brazil, detected in July 2006. Of 271 sows, 254 (93.7%) tested positive by the complement fixation test (CFT), and among 62 randomly bled fattening animals, 17 (27.4%) tested positive. All the 33 cattle, 5 horses, 126 sheep and 25 geese tested negative by the rose Bengal test (RBPT), however, 3 of the 13 dogs in the farm tested positive by the CFT. Blood samples were taken from 14 farm workers; 3 (21.42%) of them had antibody titers to smooth Brucella by the slow agglutination test, and 1 (7.14%) presented clinical signs. B.suis biovar 1 was cultured from 14 aborted fetuses and 6 sows. Brucella identification was accomplished by routine methods. Blood samples were taken from 1,100 pigs and 24 abaittor workers in a slaughterhouse in the state of São Paulo; all the animal and human sera tested negative to smooth Brucella antibodies. The performance of 6 serological tests were evaluated, RBPT, standart tube agglutination test plus mercaptoethanol test (STAT+2-ME), CFT, rose Bengal plate test after serum treatment with rivanol (RBPT-RIV), and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA), for the diagnosis of swine brucellosis in serum samples of 333 pigs from the outbreak and 1,100 pigs from the slaughterhouse. The results showed that, in spite of the reduction of swine brucellosis prevalence in Brazil, B.suis infection still occurs, posing a risk to animal and human health

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-10-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barros_lss_dr_jabo.pdf: 442989 bytes, checksum: d2120f4be8555a47d673c616ab5f29e1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho foi delineado objetivando informações dos riscos dos abatedouros ao ambiente e à Saúde Pública. Foram analisadas, na chuva e na seca e em sete abatedouros avícolas e sete suinícolas, águas de: abastecimento, de diferentes pontos do fluxograma de abate, dos afluentes e efluentes dos sistemas de tratamento e de três pontos do corpo receptor. Nas investigações físicas e químicas determinaram-se: temperatura, pH, cloro residual livre, DBO, DQO, NO3, NO2, nitrogênio, K, Fe, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cd, Co, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co e Cr, além de bioensaios com Daphnia magna nos efluentes. As mensurações microbiológicas concentraram-se nos indicadores fecais e na Salmonella. O isolamento de Salmonella ocorreu na escaldadura (14,29%), depenagem (7,41%), pré-resfriamento (7,41%) e efluentes (7,41%), nos abatedouros avícolas, e na lavagem do ambiente (7,41%) e nos afluentes (7,41%), nos suinícolas. A escaldadura, a depenagem, a evisceração e as lavagens das carcaças e do ambiente, no abate avícola, e as lavagens das carcaças e do ambiente, no abate suinícola, foram os pontos mais impactantes. Três efluentes dos abatedouros avícolas e dois dos suinícolas apresentaram poder impactante. Testes demonstraram o Zn, Mn, Mg, Ni, Ca, Cd, Fe, Na e Cu, como os metais de menor correlação, e o Cr, Co e Pb, como os de maior correlação. / This work was done to obtain information about the risks of slaughterhouse on the environment and Public Health. It was analyzed, on rain and dryness and in seven poultry and swine slaughterhouses, water from: supply, different points of the slaughter flowchart, affluents and effluents of the treatment systems, and three points of the receiver structure. The chemical and physical investigations determinated: temperature, pH, free residual chlorine (FRC), BOD, COD, NO3-N, NO2-N, kjeldahl nitrogen, K, Fe, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cd, Co, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co and Cr. Bioassays with Daphnia magna were done in the effluents. The microbiological determinations were concentrated in the fecal microrganisms and in the Salmonella. The results showed the Salmonella isolation in the scalding (14,29%), deplume (7,41%), pre-chiller (7,41%) and effluent (7,41%), in the avian slaughterhouse, and in the environment wash (7,41%) and affluent (7,41%), in the swine slaughterhouse. The scalding, deplume, evisceration, carcass and environment wash, in the avian slaughter, and the carcass and environment wash, in the swine slaughter, were the points with the highest impact. Three effluents, from avian slaughterhouses, and two, of the swine slaughterhouses showed a strong power to impact. Tests demonstrated the Zn, Mn, Mg, Ni, Ca, Cd, Fe, Na and Cu, as the metal with the less correlation, and the Cr, Co and Pb, as the most.

Fasciolosis, caused by the trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica, is a multi-host parasitic disease affecting many countries worldwide. It is a well-recognized clinically and economically important disease of food producing animals such as cattle and sheep. In the UK, the incidence and distribution of fasciolosis has been increasing in the last decade while the timing of acute disease is becoming more variable and the season suitable for parasite development outside the mammalian host has been extended. Meanwhile control is proving increasingly difficult due to changing weather conditions, increased animal movements and developing anthelmintic resistance. Forecasting models have been around for a long time to aid health planning related to fasciolosis control, but studies identifying management related risk factors are limited. Moreover, the lack of information on the accuracy of meat inspection and available liver fluke diagnostic tests hinders effective monitoring of disease prevalence and treatment. So far, the evaluation of tests available for the diagnosis of the infection in cattle has mainly been carried out using gold standard approaches or under experimental settings, the limitations of which are well known. In cattle, the infection mainly manifests as a sub-clinical disease, resulting in indirect production losses, which are difficult to estimate. The lack of obvious clinical signs results in these losses commonly being attributed to other causes such as poor weather conditions or bad quality forage. This further undermines establishment of appropriate control strategies, as it is difficult to convince farmers to treat without demonstrating clear economic losses of sub-clinical disease. This project explores the value of slaughterhouse data in understanding the changing epidemiology of fasciolosis, identifying sustainable control measures and estimating the effect of infection on production parameters using data collected at one of the largest cattle and sheep abattoirs in Scotland. Data used in this study include; a) abattoir data routinely collected during 2013 and 2014, b) data collected during 3 periods of abattoir based sampling, c) data collected through administration of a management questionnaire and d) climatic and environmental data from various online sources. A Bayesian extension of the Hui Walter no gold standard model was used to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of five diagnostic tests for fasciolosis in cattle, which were applied on 619 samples collected from the abattoir during three sampling periods; summer 2013, winter 2014 and autumn 2014. The results provided novel information on the performance of these tests in a naturally infected cattle population at different times of the year. Meat inspection was estimated to have a sensitivity of 0.68 (95% BCI 0.61-0.75) and a specificity of 0.88 (95% BCI 0.85-0.91). Accurate estimates of sensitivity and specificity will allow for routine abattoir liver inspection to be used as a tool for monitoring the epidemiology of F. hepatica as well as evaluating herd health planning. Linear regression modelling was used to estimate the delay in reaching slaughter weight in beef cattle infected with F. hepatica, accounting for other important factors such as weight, age, sex, breed and farm as a random effect. The model estimated that cattle classified as having fluke based on routine liver inspection had on average 10 (95% CI 9-12) days greater slaughter age, assuming an average carcass weight of 345 kg. Furthermore, estimates from a second model indicated that the increase in age at slaughter was more severe for higher fibrosis scores. More precisely, the increase in slaughter age was 34 (95% CI 11-57) days for fibrosis score of 1, 93 (95% CI 57-128) days for fibrosis score 2 and 78 (95% CI 30-125) days for fibrosis score 3. Similarly, in a third model comparing different burden categories with animals with no fluke burden, there was a 31 (95% CI 7-56) days increase in slaughter age for animals with 1 to 10 parasites and 77 (95% CI 32-124) days increase in animals with more than 10 parasites found in their livers. Lastly, a multi-variable mixed effects logistic regression model was built to estimate the association between climate, environmental, management and animal specific factors and the risk of an animal being infected by F. hepatica. Multiple imputation methodology was employed to deal with missing data arising from skipped questions in the questionnaire. Results of the regression model confirmed the importance of temperature, rainfall and cattle movements in increasing the risk for fasciolosis, while it indicated that the presence of deer can increase the risk of infection and that male cattle have a reduced risk of infection. Overall, this project has used slaughterhouse data to fill important knowledge gaps regarding F. hepatica infection in cattle. It has provided valuable information on the accuracy of routine abattoir meat inspection, as well as other diagnostic tests. It has also provided estimates of the effect of infection on the time cattle take to reach slaughter weight at different levels of infection and identified relevant risk factors related to the infection. In conclusion, knowledge of the effect of infection on slaughter age, as well as regional risk factors for F. hepatica infection, along with an improved use of abattoir inspection results in the evaluation of treatment strategies, can provide farmers and veterinarians with better incentives and tools to improve their herd health strategies and in the longer term help reduce the incidence of liver fluke in cattle.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-11T16:15:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CamilaMOF_DISSERT.pdf: 1583672 bytes, checksum: f6ff4ec9fa18027cf6529ec82d5a0fac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:44:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CamilaMOF_DISSERT.pdf: 1583672 bytes, checksum: f6ff4ec9fa18027cf6529ec82d5a0fac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-02-15T15:03:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CamilaMOF_DISSERT.pdf: 1583672 bytes, checksum: f6ff4ec9fa18027cf6529ec82d5a0fac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamilaMOF_DISSERT.pdf: 1583672 bytes, checksum: f6ff4ec9fa18027cf6529ec82d5a0fac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The growing interest in the production of lipases relates especially to the great biotechnological potential that these enzymes have. Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain triglyceride transforming them into glycerides and fatty acids. Microbial lipases have been addressed in constituting one of the most important groups of enzymes for biotechnological applications in several industrial sectors. Because of the promising potential of these enzymes and knowing that microorganisms use oils and fats as a carbon source for the production of lipases, this study aimed the isolation of lipase-producing bacteria from wastewater samples slaughterhouse through enrichment and growth in culture medium. A total of 68 morphologically distinct strains were recovered throughout the experiment. Subsequently, the lipase producing strains were selected by enzyme assay with the fluorescent dye Rhodamine B, which results in a fluorescent complex by the production of lipases in the plates. The results showed nine promising strains in the enzymatic test: ABAD01, ABAD05, ABAD07, ABAD09, ABAD12, ABAD17, ABAD20, ABAD21 and ABAD23. Likewise, reflecting the importance of studying the biotechnological potential of the microbial community associated to environments with high lipid content for the study of strains that produce lipases, with applications in the industry and in animal production / O crescente interesse na produção de lipases está especialmente relacionado ao grande potencial biotecnológico que estas enzimas apresentam. As lipases são enzimas que catalisam a hidrólise de longas cadeias de triglicerídeos transformando-os em glicerídeos e ácidos graxos. As lipases microbianas têm recebido grande atenção, constituindo um dos mais importantes grupos de enzimas para a aplicação biotecnológica nos mais variados setores industriais. Diante do potencial promissor destas enzimas e sabendo-se que micro-organismos fazem uso de óleos e gorduras como fonte de carbono para a produção de lipase, este trabalho teve como objetivo o isolamento de bactérias produtoras de lipase, a partir de amostras de águas residuais de abatedouro, por meio de enriquecimento e crescimento em meio de cultura. Foram recuperadas 68 linhagens morfologicamente distintas ao longo do experimento. Posteriormente, as linhagens produtoras de lipase foram selecionadas por meio do teste enzimático com corante fluorescente de Rodamina B, a qual resulta na produção de um complexo fluorescente pela produção de lipases nas placas. Os resultados mostraram nove linhagens promissoras no teste enzimático: ABAD01, ABAD05, ABAD07, ABAD09, ABAD12, ABAD17, ABAD20, ABAD21 e ABAD23. Os resultados obtidos refletem a importância em se estudar o potencial biotecnológico da microbiota associada aos ambientes com alto teor lipídico para a prospecção de linhagens produtoras de lipases, e suas futuras aplicações industriais e na produção animal / 2017-01-11

Na indústria da carne, a eficaz desinfecção das superfícies de contato com o alimento é uma importante barreira sanitária para evitar que os microrganismos deteriorantes e potencialmente patogênicos degradem o alimento ou ponham em risco a saúde dos consumidores. Com objetivo de monitorar a atividade antimicrobiana, pelo teste de suspensão, os desinfetantes quaternário de amônio, ácido peracético, clorhexidina, iodofor e hipoclorito de sódio foram confrontados com Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e dois pools de bactérias, todos organismos sobreviventes à higienização de um matadouro-frigorífico de bovinos com alta capacidade de abate. Os desinfetantes foram diluídos em graus geométricos com fator 0,5 formando cinco concentrações. Usaram-se os tempos de contato 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos, e para simular deficiência de limpeza, à solução desinfetante foi adicionada 1% de matéria orgânica na forma de soro bovino estéril. Para análise estatística foi realizada a análise da variância com distribuição binomial para variável resposta. Com o delineamento da investigação e os organismos indicadores usados, as menores concentrações/tempo de contato para inativação de todas as bactérias foram: quaternário de amônio 25 ppm/20min. e 50 ppm/5min., ácido peracético 6,25 ppm/10min. e 25 ppm/5min., clorhexidina 200 ppm/5min. e 12,5 ppm/15min., iodofor 50 ppm/5min. e hipoclorito de sódio 200 ppm/5min. Todos os desinfetantes avaliados podem ser usados para inativar as bactérias sobreviventes no matadouro-frigorífico. Por outro lado, a simulação indica que a manipulação in loco dos fatores concentração, tempo de contato e matéria orgânica, entre outros, podem permitir a sobrevivência dos microrganismos no ambiente. / In the meat-processing industry, the efficient disinfection of meat contact surfaces is an important sanitary barrier to avoid deteriorating and potentially pathogenic microorganisms degrading the meat or pose a health hazard to consumers. Aiming to monitor antimicrobial activity through suspension test, the disinfectants ammonium quaternary, peracetic acid, chlorhexidine, iodophor and sodium hipochlorite were confronted with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and two bacterial pools, all surviving organisms to hygienization in a bovine slaughterhouse with high slaughtering capability. The disinfectants were diluted in geometric degrees with factor 0,5, compounding five concentrations. Contact times were 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes and, in order to simulate cleanliness deficiency to the disinfecting solution, 1% of organic matter in the form of sterile bovine serum was added. For statistical analysis, a variance analysis was effectuated with binomial distribution to variable response. Through this investigative line and the aforementioned indicator organisms, the lesser concentration per contact time to inactivate all bacterial culture were: ammonium quaternary 25 ppm/20min and 50 ppm/5min.; peracetic acid 6,25 ppm/10min and 25 ppm/5min.; chlorhexidine 200 ppm/5min and 12,5 ppm/15min.; iodophor 50 ppm/5 min and sodium hipochlorite 200 ppm/5 contact minutes. All evaluated disinfectants can be utilized to inactivate surviving bacterial cultures in the slaughterhouse. On the other hand, the simulation indicates that the in loco manipulation of factors concentration, contact time and organic matter, besides others, can allow the microorganisms survival in the medium.

Este estudo utilizou uma série histórica de dados de quatro etapas de uma produção avícola: reprodutoras pesadas, um incubatório, produção de frangos de corte e um abatedouro de frangos de corte pertencente a uma integração avícola do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de junho de 2009 a janeiro de 2010. As linhagens utilizadas foram COBB, ROSS e AVIAN. A diferença entre as médias das variáveis dos dados iniciais e a estatística descritiva foram calculadas com o programa computacional SigmaStat® Statistical Software para Windows 2.03. Foram analizados dados de 27 produtores de matrizes de frango de corte, um incubatório, 147 produtores de frango de corte e um abatedouro onde continham registro de: origem do nascedouro no incubatório, origem da incubadoura no incubatório, quantificação da contaminação por Salmonella sp., Aspergillus sp., Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas sp. nos nascedouros, número de aviários por incubadoura, ovo de cama/ninho, percentual de linhagem, ovo trincado, minutos de incubação, minutos de nascedouro, horas de estoque, eclosão total, eclosão vendável, ovos incubáveis, aproveitamento de ovos, idade da matriz, perda de peso de ovo, peso de pinto, peso de ovo, contaminação na transferência, tipo de pinto, fertilidade, tipo de máquina, produtor, extensionista, peso do frango de primeira semana, peso do frango de segunda semana, peso do frango de terceira semana, peso do frango de quarta semana, peso do frango de quinta semana, mortalidade do frango na primeira semana, mortalidade do frango na segunda semana, mortalidade do frango na terceira semana, mortalidade do frango na quarta semana, mortalidade do frango na quinta semana, linhagem, condenação total, condenação parcial. As redes neurais foram construídas através do programa computacional NeuroShell®Predictor e NeuroShell®Classifier, desenvolvido pela Ward Systems Group. O programa identificou as variáveis escolhidas como “entradas” para o cálculo do modelo preditivo e variável de “saída” aquela a ser predita. Na primeira parte foram apresentados o treinamento das redes neurais artificiais onde foram utilizadas 50% das linhas de registro de junho de 2009 a janeiro de 2010, utilizou-se todas as variáveis de entrada que antecedem as seguintes variáveis de saída para cada rede: eclosão total, eclosão vendável, fertilidade, mortalidade de 1 semana, mortalidade de 5 semanas, perda de peso de ovo, peso de 5 semanas, tipo de pinto, condenação parcial e condenação total. A segunda parte destinou-se à validação dos modelos, onde se utilizou os outros 50% das linhas de registro com todas as variáveis de entrada que antecedem as mesmas variáveis de saída. Pode-se concluir que as redes neurais artificiais foram capazes de explicar os fenômenos envolvidos entre as quatro etapas da cadeia avícola, matrizes de frango de corte, incubatório, produção de frangos de corte e abatedouro. Esta técnica demonstra cientificamente que se podem criar critérios objetivos, onde estes se tornam uma importante ferramenta nas decisões que serão tomadas pelos gestores destes importantes setores da cadeia avícola. / This study used a historic series of four stages of poultry production: breeders, hatchery, production of broilers and broiler chicken slaughterhouse owned by a poultry integration of Rio Grande do Sul in the period from June 2009 to January 2010. The strains used were COBB, ROSS and AVIAN. The difference between the averages of the initial data and descriptive statistics were calculated with the computer program SigmaStat ® Statistical Software for Windows 2.03. We analyzed data from 27 breeders, 1 hatchery, 147 broiler producers and a slaughterhouse where contained the records of: origin of the hatcher in the hatchery, the origin of incubator in the hatchery, and quantification of Salmonella sp., Aspergillus sp., E. coli, Pseudomonas sp. contamination in hatcher, number of poultry per incubator, egg floor / nest, percentage of lineage, cracked egg, minutes of incubation, the birthplace of minutes, hours in inventory, total hatch, hatching salable, hatching eggs, usable eggs, breeder age, egg weight loss, chick weight, egg weight, contamination in the transfer, type of chick, fertility, machine type, producer, extension workers, the chicken weight of the first week, chicken weight of the second week, chicken weight of the third week, chicken weight of the fourth week, chicken weight of the fifth week, mortality of the chicken in the first week, mortality of chickens in the second week, mortality of the chicken in the third week, mortality of the chicken in the fourth week, mortality of the chicken in the fifth week, lineage, total condemnation, partial condemnation. The neural networks have been built through the computer program NeuroShell Predictor ® and NeuroShell®Classifier, developed by Ward Systems Group. The program identified the variables selected entries as “inputs” for the calculation of the predictive model and the variable “output” those to be predicted. In the first part were presented the training of artificial neural networks were used 50% of the lines of record from June 2009 to January 2010, was used all the input variables that precedes the following output variables for each network: total hatching , salable hatch, fertility, mortality of one week, mortality of five week , egg weight loss, weight of five weeks, type of chick, partial-condemnation and total condemnation. The second part was intended to validate the models, where were used the other 50% of the records lines with all input variables s that precedes the same output variables. It can be concluded that artificial neural networks were able to explain the phenomena involved between the four stages of poultry production, breeders, hatchery, broiler production and slaughterhouse. This technique proves scientifically that we can create objective criteria, and this methodology become an important tool in making decisions taken by managers of these important sectors of the poultry chain.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:46:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rc_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 2655554 bytes, checksum: 89413cc7131a72861d1d246b9d9735fc (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Toxoplasma gondii é um parasito de grande importância no contexto de produção animal e saúde pública, sendo importante patógeno oportunista em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Este estudo objetivou determinar a soroprevalência de toxoplasmose em ovinos de abatedouros do estado de São Paulo, e a variabilidade genotípica dos isolamentos obtidos. A presença de anticorpos para T. gondii foi pesquisada em 602 amostras de soro pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), aglutinação direta modificada (MAT), com antígeno fixado pelo metanol (AM) e formalina (AF). Bioensaio em camundongos e pesquisa do DNA do parasito pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) do gene 529 pares de bases (pb), repetitivo 300 vezes no genoma do parasito, foi realizado com cérebro, pulmão e músculo (“pool” de diafragma e coração) dos ovinos soropositivos. Das amostras positivas à PCR realizou-se a genotipagem pelas técnicas de multilocus-, nested-PCR e polimorfismo de comprimento dos fragmentos de restrição (RFLP-PCR) em 12 loci (SAG1, 5’SAG2, 3’SAG2, alt-SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico, CS3), adicionado de ROP18Del e ROP18UPS, além da confirmação do parasito pelo locus 18S rRNA, diferenciando de Hammondia hammondi, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, S. moulei, S. miescheriana, S. hominis, S. capracanis e S. tenella. 66/602 (11,0%) amostras de soro foram positivas para algum teste sorológico, com maior sensibilidade da MAT-AF, utilizado como teste de triagem. Amostras teciduais de 20/66 (30,3%) animais foram positivas ao isolamento, sendo detectados cistos em 12, taquizoítos em quatro e somente sorologia positiva em outras quatro. Detectouse o DNA do parasito em amostras de 22/66 (33,3%) animais. O genótipo completo foi obtido em somente 13/22 (59,1%). Dez genótipos diferentes foram identificados, sendo seis novos genótipos... / Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite with high importance to the animal production and public health, being important opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised patients. This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in ovines in slaughterhouses from State of de São Paulo, and the genotypic variability of the obtained isolates. T. gondii antibodies were researched in 602 serum samples by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT), with methanol- (AM) and formalin-fixed antigen (AF). Bioassay in mice and the research of DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of gene 529 base pairs (bp), 300 times repetitive in parasite genome, was assayed with brain, lung and muscle (“pool” of diaphragm and heart) from seropositive ovines. Genotyping of the PCR positive samples was performed by multilocus-, nested-PCR and restriction fragment lenght polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) in 12 loci (SAG1, 5’SAG2, 3’SAG2, alt-SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3), added of ROP18Del and ROP18UPS, beyond the confirmation by 18S rRNA locus, to differentiate Hammondia hammondi, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, S. moulei, S. miescheriana, S. hominis, S. capracanis and S. tenella. 66/602 (11.0%) serum samples were positive to, at least, one serological test with high sensitivity to MAT-AF, used as screening test. Tissue samples of 20/66 (30.3%) animals were positive to the isolation, being detected cysts in 12, tachyzoites in four and in other four only positive result to the serology. DNA of the parasite was detected in samples of 22/66 (33.3%) animals. The complete genotype was detected in only 13/22 (59.1%). Ten different genotypes were identified, with six new genotypes. Two samples presented type II, isolated from Polwarth (Ideal) breed, bred extensively in Santana do Livramento and Uruguaiana, RS. Two other samples, from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)