In the new residential area, called Stockholm Royal Seaport (SRS), the customers will be living in Active Houses with Load Management. This implies that some balancing of the grid is shifted from the production to the consumption. To give the customer incentives to participate in the Load Management, new more dynamic pricing models needs to be implemented. At the same time, profits for the investors are needed to motivate an implementation of similar residential areas. To achieve this, an analysis of the electricity markets and an implementation of dynamic pricing models in a MATLAB simulation are done. A proposed trading profit for the investors and possible cost reductions for customers have been derived from the modelling. The results show that the difference in costs between utilized and unutilized Load Management are small, only considering the dynamic pricing models, therefore compliments to these are discussed. The conclusion is therefore that the energy for the manageable loads should be charged separately. Another important conclusion is that a change of the Spotmarket is needed in order to create a more beneficial market for retailers with flexible customers. / I den nya stadsdelen, Norra Djurgårdsstaden, ska kunderna bo i aktiva hus med laststyrda vitvaror. På så vis flyttas en del balanskraft från produktionen till konsumtionen. För att kunderna ska få incitament till att delta i laststyrningen krävs nya, mer dynamiska, pristariffer. Samtidigt behöver investerarna hitta möjliga förtjänster för att motivera ett införande av liknande stadsdelar. Detta har gjorts genom en analys av elmarknaden och en implementering av dynamiska prismodeller i en konsumtionssimulering i MATLAB. En föreslagen trading-förtjänst för investerarna samt möjliga kostnadsreduceringar för kunder har utvärderats utifrån modelleringen. Resultaten visar att med endast de dynamiska prismodellerna blir kostnadsskillnaden liten mellan de som utnyttjar laststyrningen och de som inte gör det, varför komplement till dessa diskuterats. Slutsatsen blir därför att den laststyrda elen bör debiteras enligt separat modell. En ytterligare slutsats är att spotmarknaden bör förändras för att skapa en gynnsam marknad för återförsäljare med flexibla kunder.

In the European Union, there is a driver for a change in the electricity system. The trend is to make the system more environmental friendly and improve the markets functionality. This driver often refers to the development towards a smart grid. In order to accelerate innovation in smart grid and technology application, pilot projects need to be deployed. This master thesis has been done as a part of the Stockholm Royal Seaport urban development project that is a pilot project for smart grid on distribution grid level. The aim of this report is to apply market concept and identify regulatory bottlenecks for smart grid. This report has applied market concept and identified several bottlenecks for two aspects of smart grid. The aspects are integration of distributed energy resources in medium and low voltage level and a changing customer behavior. A changing customer behavior contains both demand response and the implementation of electric vehicles. A state-of-art review on feasible solutions that improve the competition and demand side management of electricity market in smart grid and provide incentives to implement smart grid functions has been performed. The emphasis in the market aspect is on how that new actors like aggregators will enter the market and how the dynamic price can reach consumers. The emphasis in the regulatory aspect is on how regulations promote the application of smart grid supporting technologies for both the DSO and the network users. A case study has been performed for EU countries with a deeper look at Sweden. The case study investigates how far that the current regulations have reached on the way to smart grids. A state-of-art review on conclusion papers of pilot projects has been carried out. However, many pilot projects are still ongoing and not included in the review. The result shows there is still a lack of regulatory incentive to promote smart grid development and supporting market structures. Bottlenecks identified for smart grid services in the Swedish electricity market and regulation are related to four areas. These are the metering system, dynamic consumer price, active distributed units with the possibility to provide services to the system and incentives to the DSO to use new smart grid solutions in the work to enable fast and efficient connection of distributed generation. / Stockholm royal seaport project

A method has been developed, Physical Hybrid Model, to investigate the physical large scale electrical effects of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) on a distribution grid by scaling the response from a small size Research Development and Demonstration (RD&D) platform. In order to realize the model the control system of an existing RD&D platform was refurbished and stability of components ensured. The Physical Hybrid Model proceeds as follows: Data from a distribution grid are collected. A BESS cycle curve is produced based on analyzed measurements. Required BESS power and capacity in investigated grid is scaled down by factor k to that of the physical test installation of the RD&D platform. The scaled BESS cycle is sent as input to control of the battery cycling of the RD&D platform. The response from the RD&D platform is scaled – up, and used in simulation of the distribution grid to find the impact of a BESS. The model was successfully implemented on a regional distribution grid in southern Sweden.

Distributed, renewable generation-units and more efficient use of electric power,demands a developed electric grid. This grid is often referred to as the “Smart Grid”. This future electric system rise expectations among actors in the existing electricmarket. International organizations share visions of opportunities for electricityconsumers and new actors, ready to enter the market. At the same time, electricutility companies may question the need for some of these upcoming changes, as theyare sometimes expected to lead the development. This paper therefore seeks to investigate the business opportunities related to SmartGrids. This is done throughout interviews, literature-studies and analysis usinginnovation-development theories. Primary focus of the paper is directed towards theelectric utility companies, secondary towards electric consumers. Business opportunities for utility companies are found to be primary associated withoperation and maintenance aspects of the grid. Developed control-systems andupdated maintenance strategies may increase the overall system knowledge and thequality of the distribution. Cost-reduction activities as these are probably results ofthe revenue-cap regulation controlling grid companies. Future consumers may benefit,socially and economically, from solutions visualizing and controlling different electriccomponents in the real estate. At the same time the development of Smart Grids is a rather slow process, partlybecause of large amount of system-components and partly because of existing rulesand laws concerning the electric system. In order to identify future opportunitieswithin Smart Grids, it is crucial to gain knowledge of the system and to satisfy realneeds or problems.

No description available.

A direct and rigid algorithm approach based on Equivalent Current Injection (ECI) for large-scale distribution power flow analysis is proposed in this dissertation. This algorithm used two primary matrices: BI and ZV-BC. Two matrices, which are built from the topological characteristics of distribution networks, are used to achieve the power flow solutions. BI matrix is the bus injection to branch current matrix and the ZV-BC matrix describes the relationship between the bus voltage mismatches and the branch current. The building algorithm is easily programmable and can be accomplished by a simple search technique with the two proposed matrices. Four connected cases are considered in this dissertation. The proposed algorithm is robust and accurate. Test results demonstrate the potential and validity of the proposed algorithm in distribution applications. Secondly, this thesis also presents a fault analysis with hybrid compensation for unbalanced distribution systems is proposed. The method employs the unbalanced three-phase model to analyze faults. BI and ZV-BC matrices containing information of the topological characteristics of distribution networks were built along with the proposed hybrid compensation method for analysis. Appropriate boundary conditions can be obtained for a fault to solve various types of single or simultaneous faults. The time-consuming LU decompositions, the Jacobian matrix, or the Y admittance matrix, required in the traditional algorithms, are not needed in the new development. Test results show that the proposed method is efficient, easy to program, also with advantages of high speed, robustness, improved accuracy, and lower memory requirements. This thesis also presents a hybrid programming (HP) technique to solve the reconfiguration problem for loss reduction and service restoration in Smart Grid application.

Distributed generation (DG) and microgrid will play an essential role in the modern power system. They could improve energy efficiency, reduce losses, minimize environmental impacts and enhance power system reliability and stability. Most of the renewable energy applications would require two or three power conversions before power reaches the loads. If the power from DG could be utilized in DC form, the loss could be minimized and system efficiency is improved. Fuel cell, energy storage battery, photovoltaic and power electronic building block (PEBB) are used in this research to set up a DC microgrid. Simulation and hardware implementation are conducted. Techniques studied in this thesis include different power sources interconnection and DC bus voltage and microgrid power controls. Based on the studied results, DC mircogrid integration and system operation schemes are recommended.

No description available.

Photovoltaic (PV) DGs can be optimized to provide reactive power support to the grid, although this feature is currently rarely utilized as most DG systems are designed to operate with unity power factor and supply real power only to the grid. In this work, the voltage stability of a power system embedded with PV DG is examined in the context of the high reactive power requirement after a voltage sag or fault. A real-time dynamic multi-function power controller that enables renewable source PV DGs to provide the reactive power support necessary to maintain the voltage stability of the microgrid, and consequently, the wider power system is proposed. The loadability limit necessary to maintain the voltage stability of an interconnected microgrid is determined by using bifurcation analysis to test for the singularity of the network Jacobian and load differential equations with and without the contribution of the DG. The maximum and minimum real and reactive power support permissible from the DG is obtained from the loadability limit and used as the limiting factors in controlling the real and reactive power contribution from the PV source. The designed controller regulates the voltage output based on instantaneous power theory at the point-of-common coupling (PCC) while the reactive power supply is controlled by means of the power factor and reactive current droop method. The control method is implemented in a modified IEEE 13-bus test feeder system using PSCAD® power system analysis software and is applied to the model of a Tampa Electric® PV installation at Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa, FL. This dissertation accomplishes the systematic analysis of the voltage impact of a PV DGembedded power distribution system. The method employed in this work bases the contribution of the PV resource on the voltage stability margins of the microgrid rather than the commonly used loss-of-load probability (LOLP) and effective load-carrying capability (ELCC) measures. The results of the proposed method show good improvement in the before-, during-, and post-start voltage levels at the motor terminals. The voltage stability margin approach provides the utility a more useful measure in sizing and locating PV resources to support the overall power system stability in an emerging smart grid.

This work considers how various integrated energy systems can be managed in order to provide economic or energetic benefits. Energy systems can gain additional degrees of freedom by incorporating some form of energy storage (in this work, thermal energy storage), and the increasing penetration of smart grid technologies provides a wealth of data for both modeling and management. Data used for the system models here come primarily from the Pecan Street Smart Grid Demonstration Project in Austin, Texas, USA. Other data are from the Austin Energy Mueller Energy Center and the University of Texas Hal C. Weaver combined heat and power plant. Systems considered in this work include thermal energy storage, chiller plants, combined heat and power plants, turbine inlet cooling, residential air conditioning, and solar photovoltaics. These systems are modeled and controlled in integrated environments in order to provide system benefits. In a district cooling system with thermal energy storage, combined heat and power, and turbine inlet cooling, model-based optimization strategies are able to reduce peak demand and decrease cooling electricity costs by 79%. Smart grid data are employed to consider a system of 900 residential homes in Austin. In order to make the system model tractable for a model predictive controller, a reduced-order home modeling strategy is developed that maps thermostat set points to air conditioner electricity consumption. When the model predictive controller is developed for the system, the system is able to reduce total peak demand by 9%. Further work with the model of 900 residential homes presents a modified dual formulation for determining the optimal prices that produce a desired result in the residential homes. By using the modified dual formulation, it is found that the optimal pricing strategy for peak demand reduction is a critical peak pricing rate structure, and that those prices can be used in place of centralized control strategies to achieve peak reduction goals. / text