The aim of this diploma thesis is to continue in prototype realization and a final proposition of three-phase frequency transformer pilot projected in scope of my bachelor work. This transformer is outlined for a small unsynchronized engine to 100 watt output and is designed to supply the fan motor. This suggestion was optimalized from the standpoint of bargain low price and technical feasibility. Powerful part of transformer is solved with help of circuit FSB50450 which is fed from compact source MYRRA 47155. Steering system is guaranteed with circuit MC3PHAC. This device is possible to use in less demanding applications where it was resisted by high expensive price of common frequency transformers.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la gestion décentralisée à l’aide des systèmes multi-agents de l’énergie, notamment de sources renouvelables, dans le contexte des réseaux électriques intelligents (smart grids). Nos travaux de recherche visent à minimiser la facture énergétique des consommateurs en se focalisant sur deux verrous essentiels que nous nous proposons de lever : (1) résoudre le problème de l’intermittence des énergies renouvelables; (2) minimiser les pertes d’énergie. Pour pallier le problème d’intermittence des énergies renouvelables et dans le but de maintenir un coût énergétique peu onéreux même lors des pics d’utilisation, nous avons intégré un système de stockage intelligent. Nous avons, en effet, proposé des algorithmes permettant d’utiliser les systèmes de stockage intelligents et la négociation multi-agents pour réduire la facture énergétique tout en conservant un taux de décharge minimal de la batterie et une perte énergétique minimale. La validation par simulation de nos contributions a montré que celles-ci répondent aux enjeux identifiés, notamment en réduisant le coût de l’énergie pour les consommateurs en comparaison aux travaux de l’état de l’art. / This thesis focuses on the decentralized management using multi-agent systems of energy, including renewable energy sources, in the smart grid context. Our research aims to minimize consumers’ energy bills by answering two key challenges: (1) handle the problem of intermittency of renewable energy sources; (2) reduce energy losses. To overcome the problem of renewable resources intermittency and in order to minimize energy costs even during peak hours, we integrated an intelligent storage system. To this end, we propose many algorithms in order to use intelligent storage systems and multi-agent negotiation algorithm to reduce energy cost while maintaining a minimal discharge rate of the battery and minimal energy loss. The validation of our contributions has shown that our proposals respond to the identified challenges, including reducing the cost of energy for consumers, in comparison to the state of the art.

Modern power generation aims to utilize renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind to supply customers with power. This approach avoids exhaustion of fossil fuels as well as provides clean energy. Microgrids have become popular over the years, as they contain multiple renewable power sources and battery storage systems to supply power to the entities within the network. These microgrids can share power with the main grid or operate islanded from the grid. During an islanded scenario, self-sustainability is crucial to ensure balance between supply and demand within the microgrid. This can be accomplished by a smart microgrid that can monitor system conditions and respond to power imbalance by shedding loads based on priority. Such a method ensures security of the most important loads in the system and manages energy by automatically disconnecting lower priority loads until system conditions have improved. This thesis introduces a prioritized load shedding algorithm for the microgrid at the University of North Texas Discovery Park and highlight how such an energy management algorithm can add reliability to an islanded microgrid.

L’industrie automobile est un marché en pleine croissance pour les circuits intégrés de puissance. Les circuits intégrés de puissance sont des systèmes électroniques miniatures qui apportent de nouvelles fonctionnalités aux véhicules. La robustesse et la fiabilité des produits électroniques embarqués dans les véhicules sont des enjeux majeurs. Il arrive pourtant que des défaillances dues au couplage par le bruit de substrat se produisent après la fabrication. L’origine de ce bruit de substrat vient de l’injection de porteurs majoritaires (trous) et minoritaires (électrons). Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous étudions une nouvelle technique de modélisation proposée par un groupe de recherche à l’EPFL. Cette modélisation permet d’extraire les composants parasites du substrat en tenant compte des porteurs majoritaires et minoritaires. Un outil de CAO (AUTOMICS) a été développé par notre équipe à l’UPMC et est utilisé pour extraire le réseau des composants parasites de substrat s’appuyant sur les modèles de l’EPFL. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthodologie pour la conception des circuits intégrés de puissance et l’analyse des défaillances avec l’outil AUTOMICS. Nous mettons en évidence les défaillances dues à un couplage par les porteurs minoritaires dans le substrat (électrons). La méthodologie proposée est validée sur un cas d’étude industriel. Ce cas d’étude a été conçu par l’entreprise ams et validé par l’entreprise Valeo. Ce cas d’étude a un problème latch-up. Ce problème n’a pas été identifié par des simulations électriques SPICE classiques. Grâce à notre méthode, nous sommes parvenus à reproduire le phénomène de latch-up dans l’environnement de simulation SPICE. La troisième partie de ce travail présente le fonctionnement et la conception au niveau circuit d’un convertisseur de tension DC-DC. Le circuit a été fabriqué en utilisant la technologie HVCMOS 0.35μm. Nous avons modélisé l’effet du couplage par les courants de substrat entre l’agresseur et la victime et présentons des résultats de simulation cohérents avec les mesures. / Automotive industry is a growing market for smart power integrated circuits (ICs). The smart power ICs miniaturize the electronic systems and improve their functionality for the vehicles. Product robustness and reliability in smart power ICs are vital aspects in automotive applications. However, failures due to substrate noise coupling are still reported in tests after fabrication. The sources of this noise are the injection of majority and minority carriers in the substrate. The majority carriers’ propagation is well modeled, however, the minority carriers’ propagation cannot be modeled by the conventional modeling techniques. In the first part of this work, we explore a new modeling technique proposed by a research group in EPFL. It relies on models that are capable of maintaining the minority carriers’ concentration and gradient. It allows the substrate parasitic extraction taking into account both majority and minority carriers. A CAD tool (AUTOMICS) is developed by our team at UPMC and is used to extract the substrate parasitic network encapsulating the new modeling technique. In the second part of this work, we introduce a new methodology for smart power ICs design and failure analysis using the tool. It focuses on failures due to minority carriers coupling. The proposed methodology is validated on an industrial test case (AUTOCHIP1). This test case was designed in ams and validated by Valeo. This test case suffers from a latch-up problem. This problem is not recognized by conventional simulations. Using our methodology, we manage to reproduce the behavior in simulation environment. The third part of this work presents system and circuit level design for a DC-DC buck converter. This system is considered as a complex system to validate our proposed methodology. The circuit was fabricated using 0.35 µm HVCMOS technology. The high voltage switches serve as aggressors injecting minority carriers in the substrate. An analog sensitive circuit, which is the bandgap, is considered as a victim. The effect of the substrate coupling is studied and simulation results show acceptable consistency with the measurements.

De façon à réduire l'impact du réchauffement climatique, la Commission Européenne a décidé dans le prolongement du protocole de Kyoto de réduire drastiquement les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En la matière, le remplacement progressif des véhicules thermiques par des véhicules électriques est considéré comme un objectif clé. Dans ce but, plusieurs prérequis doivent être pris en compte pour le déploiement rapide des véhicules électriques sur le marché européen. Le premier de ces prérequis consiste en la conception d'une nouvelle génération de batteries avec une efficacité énergétique accrue, une plus grande capacité et une robustesse améliorée. Le second prérequis est la conception et le déploiement rapide et économique d'infrastructures de recharge. Enfin, l'émergence de normes européennes dans tous ces domaines est une impérieuse nécessité pour la viabilité économique du marché européen des véhicules électriques. Cette thèse se focalise essentiellement sur le second de ces trois prérequis. Il est largement admis qu'à court terme, l'usage des véhicules électriques sera essentiellement limité aux zones urbaines avant d'être étendu à tout le territoire. Tel que cela est pris en compte par le projet de recherche national TELEWATT dans lequel nous avons été impliqués, les réseaux d'éclairage publics en zones urbaines peuvent être utilisés judicieusement pour déployer à court terme des infrastructures de recharge bon marché. Le principe de base de ce projet consiste à connecter à chaque candélabre une ou deux stations de recharge pour véhicule électrique si une ou deux places de parking sont disponibles dans l'environnement proche. Diverses contraintes électriques spécifiées dans le projet TELEWATT doivent être satisfaites pour permettre la recharge de véhicules électriques sans perturber la qualité de l’éclairage. Dans cette thèse, nous commençons par démontrer la faisabilité d’une telle opération. Pour cela, nous avons développé un simulateur permettant de décrire le comportement dynamique du système global. La force et l’originalité de ce simulateur réside dans sa capacité à déterminer en temps-réel et avec laprécision nécessaire si un véhicule électrique peut effectivement être connecté à une borne. La réponse à cette question dépend des caractéristiques statiques et dynamiques du réseau d’éclairage et de l’état de charge des véhicules déjà connectés comme des véhicules candidats. La dynamique du processus de recharge de chaque véhicule électrique dépend fortement de la puissance instantanée consommée par l’infrastructure globale. Le second objectif original de cette thèse consiste en la conception de politiques d’ordonnancement d’activation des diverses bornes de recharge. Notre objectif est de proposer, via ces politiquesd’ordonnancement, divers types de qualité de service (QoS) garanties aux usagers. De telles garanties peuvent par exemple se décliner en termes d’état de charge attendu pour une certaine durée de stationnement. / In order to reduce the impact of global warming, the European Commission has decided in the continuation of the Kyoto protocol to reduce drastically greenhouse gas emissions. In this matter, the progressive replacement of thermal vehicles by electric ones is considered as a key objective. For that purpose, several prerequisites must be considered for the rapid deployment of Electrical Vehicles (EV) in the European market. The first of these prerequisites consists in the design of a new generation of batteries with higher energy efficiency, larger capacity and improved robustness. The second one is the design and rapid deployment of cost effective charging infrastructures. At last, the emergence of European standards in all these matters is an imperious necessity for the viability of the EVs European market. This thesis is mainly focused on the second of these three prerequisites. It is widely admitted that in the short term, EVs usage will be essentially limited to urban areas before being extended to the whole territory. As it is considered by the French National TELEWATT research project to which we have contributed, street lighting networks can be used judiciously to deploy in the short term low cost charging infrastructures. The basic principle of this project consists in coupling to each street light one or two EV's charging stations if one or two parking spots are located nearby. Various electrical constraints specified in the TELEWATT project must be satisfied to enable EVs' charging without degrading the quality of the lighting system. In this thesis, we begin to demonstrate the feasibility of such an operation. For that purpose, we have developed a simulator enablingto depict the dynamic behavior of the global system. The strength and originality of this simulator resides in its capacity to determine in real-time and with the necessary precision if an EV can effectively be connected to a charging station. The response to this question depends on static and dynamic characteristics of the street lighting network and on the state of charge of the batteries of both the connected and candidate EVs. The dynamism of the charging process of each EV strongly depends on the instantaneous power consumed by the global infrastructure. The second original result of this thesis consists in the design of scheduling policies to activate the various charging stations. Our objective is to propose via these scheduling policies, various types of guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) to the end-users. Such guarantees can be declined for instance in terms of expected state of charge for a given parking term

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / With the rapid growth of technology, scientists are trying to find ways to make the world a more efficient and eco-friendly place. The research and development of electric vehicles suddenly boomed since natural resource are becoming very scarce. The significance of an electric vehicle goes beyond using free energy, it is environ- mental friendly. The objective of this thesis is to understand what Vehicle to Grid Communication (V2G) for an electric vehicle is, and to implement a model of this highly efficient system into a Hybrid Petri Net. This thesis proposes a Hybrid Petri net modeling of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Communication topology. Initially, discrete, continuous, and hybrid Petri net's are defined, familiarized, and exemplified. Secondly, the Vehicle and Grid side of the V2G communication system is introduced in detail. The modeling of individual Petri nets, as well as their combination is discussed thoroughly. Thirdly, in order to prove these systems, simulation and programming is used to validate the theoretical studies. A Matlab embedded simulation program known as SimHPN is used to simulate specific scenario's in the system, which uses Depth-first Search (DFS) Algorithm. In addition to SimHPN simulation program, Matlab program is made to output four levels of the reachability tree as well as specifying duplicate and terminate nodes. This code incorporates a technique known as Breadth-first Search (BFS) Algorithm.

Power as a concept has a long history of being debated in regards to foreign policy, whereforeign aid as a tool can create asymmetrical power dynamics between donor and recipient.Traditional donors' own national interests have frequently been reduced to security oreconomic motives. China, an independent and emerging donor, is thought to be among themajor donors of foreign aid today. With the growing Belt and Road Initiative, China's globaleconomic ambition is increasing. The general theme of this study is power in relation toforeign aid. The aim is to examine donor motives and how foreign aid can transitioneconomic power to political influence in accordance with Joseph Nye’s theory of power. Inaddition, could China's aid-project be regarded as a “smart power”-strategy? This was doneby examining China’s whitebook on development cooperation through a motive analysis. Inaddition, a method of process-tracing on the case of Chinese aid to Cambodia wasimplemented to examine how China’s foreign aid can manifest as a means of power.Cambodia is a top receiver of Chinese aid, and therefore interesting to explore. The resultsshowed that China’s donor motives can be summarised as security, global development andambition, cooperation, commercial and diplomatic interests. Furthermore, evidence was foundthat Chinese foreign aid can be considered a means of power in Cambodia. Largely becauseof an asymmetrical bilateral relationship as well as Cambodia’s weak state capacity.

Alors que l’utilisation d’un fauteuil roulant permet aux personnes en situation de handicap de compenser une perte de la mobilité, certaines personnes se voient privées de l’utilisation d’un fauteuil roulant électrique. En effet, la présence de troubles cognitifs ou de la perception visuelle altère la capacité à conduire sans danger. Dans ce contexte, l’accès à la mobilité peut être amélioré par l’apport d’aides techniques adaptées permettant de compenser la perte de mobilité dans tous types d’environnements. Alors que les premiers travaux sur les fauteuils roulants intelligents datent du début des années 80, aucune solution n’est à ce jour sur le marché ou dans les centres de rééducation. Ce travail vise à proposer un ensemble de solutions d’aide à la conduite de fauteuil roulant électrique conçu en collaboration. Le développement de telles aides techniques constitue de multiples défis robotiques mêlant techniques de détection innovantes et méthodes de contrôle partagé avec l’utilisateur. Dans ce travail, un simulateur de conduite visant à appuyer la recherche et le développement de nouvelles solutions robotiques est proposé. Puis des solutions bas coût d’assistance semiautonome à la conduite en intérieur et en extérieur sont détaillées. L’évaluation avec des participants sains nous permet de valider les méthodes mathématiques mises en oeuvre et de fournir des preuves de concept des solutions proposées. Enfin, les premières évaluations cliniques avec des usagers au Pôle MPR Saint Hélier montrent la validation de de la méthode proposée en termes de satisfaction des utilisateurs. / While the use of a wheelchair allows people with disabilities to compensate for a loss of mobility, people with severe disabilities are denied the use of a power wheelchair. Indeed, cognitive or visual perception impairments can affect the ability to drive safely. In this context, access to mobility can be improved by providing appropriate assistive technologies to compensate for loss of mobility in all types of environments. While the first research on smart wheelchairs dates back to the early 1980s, no solutions have yet been proposed on the market or in rehabilitation centers and other specialized structures. This work aims to propose a set of solutions for power wheelchair navigation assistance designed in close collaboration with users and therapists. The development of such assistive solutions faces multiple robotic challenges combining innovative detection techniques, shared control with the user. In this work, a driving simulator supporting research and development of new robotic solutions for wheelchair navigation assistance is proposed. Then low-cost semi-autonomous assistance solutions for navigation assistance in indoor and outdoor environments are detailed. The evaluation with able-bodied participants allows to validate the mathematical methods and provide proof of concept of the proposed solutions. Finally, the first clinical evaluations with regular users at Pôle MPR Saint Hélier show the validation of the proposed framework in terms of user satisfaction.

Over the last several decades, electricity consumption and generation have continually grown. Investment in the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) infrastructure has been minimal and it has become increasingly difficult and expensive to permit and build new power lines. At the same time, a growing increase in the penetration of renewable energy resources is causing an unprecedented level of dynamics on the grid. Consequently, the power grid is congested and under stress. To compound the situation, the utilities do not possess detailed information on the status and operating margins on their assets in order to use them optimally. The task of monitoring asset status and optimizing asset utilization for the electric power industry seems particularly challenging, given millions of assets and hundreds of thousands of miles of power lines distributed geographically over millions of square miles. The lack of situational awareness compromises system reliability, and raises the possibility of power outages and even cascading blackouts. To address this problem, a conceptual Power Line Sensor Network (PLSN) is proposed in this research. The main objective of this research is to develop a distributed PLSN to provide continuous on-line monitoring of the geographically dispersed power grid by using hundreds of thousands of low-cost, autonomous, smart, and communication-enabled Power Line Sensor (PLS) modules thus to improve the utilization and reliability of the existing power system. The proposed PLSN specifically targets the use of passive sensing techniques, focusing on monitoring the real-time dynamic capacity of a specific span of a power line under present weather conditions by using computational intelligence technologies. An ancillary function is to detect the presence of incipient failures along overhead power lines via monitoring and characterizing the electromagnetic fields around overhead conductors. This research integrates detailed modeling of the power lines and the physical manifestations of the parameters being sensed, with pattern recognition technologies. Key issues of this research also include design of a prototype PLS module with integrated sensing, power and communication functions, and validation of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology integrated to this proposed PLSN.

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma abordagem de controle de demanda para consumidores residenciais de baixa tensão, visando melhoria da eficiência energética em Smart Grids. Inicialmente, um emulador de cargas elétricas residenciais é modelado com base na literatura. O emulador é composto pelo modelo de um reservatório de aquecimento de água (boiler), o modelo de um aparelho de ar condicionado e também modelos de consumo de iluminação, televisores e uma geladeira. Utilizando o software Matlab foi realizada a implementação e simulação do emulador. Os principais algoritmos de controle de demanda são investigados, a fim de verificar o seu desempenho quando aplicados ao conjunto de cargas residenciais. Esses algoritmos normalmente realizam o controle de demanda a partir de um sistema de prioridades. Ainda, a partir dessa analise demostra-se que estes algoritmos consideram níveis de conforto do usuário, porém não permitem o acionamento de duas ou mais cargas em um mesmo período caso a demanda da residência ultrapasse um limite predeterminado. Portanto, propõem-se um algoritmo de controle de demanda adaptativo que utiliza o método de busca Rosenbrock, com o objetivo de sobrepujar tais limitações. O procedimento proposto realiza a operação das cargas residenciais de forma gradual considerando níveis de prioridade e parâmetros de conforto dos usuários. Demonstra-se através de simulações e experimentos que através do método proposto é possível realizar a ativação de diversas cargas concorrentemente, desde que respeitados os níveis de conforto e de demanda. Para obtenção dos resultados experimentais o controlador de demanda foi implementado em um sistema embarcado e testado com o emulador de cargas elétricas residenciais implementado em uma arquitetura HIL (Hardware-in-the-loop). Analisando os resultados, observou-se que o consumo de energia foi o mesmo para todos os cenários simulados sendo que a demanda se manteve abaixo dos limites parametrizados. Porém com o limitador de demanda ativo, se obteve uma redução de até 52% no tempo de aquecimento da água utilizando o controlador de demanda adaptativo, dessa forma o desconforto dos usuários pode ser minimizado. / This work presents an approach to control demand for residential low voltage consumers, aiming to improve energy efficiency in Smart Grids. Initially, an emulator of residential electric loads is modeled based on the literature. The emulator consists of a reservoir for water heating model, the model of an air conditioner and also models of consumption for lighting, televisions and a refrigerator. The implementation and simulation were performed using software Matlab. The demand control algorithms are investigated in order to verify its performance when applied to the set of residential loads. These algorithms typically perform control demand from a system of priorities. Still, from this analysis it demonstrates that these algorithms consider levels of user comfort, but do not allow the drive of two or more loads in the same period of residence if the demand exceeds the limit. Therefore, we propose a control algorithm that uses Rosenbrock search of demand adaptive method, aiming to overcome these limitations. The proposed procedure performs the operation of residential loads gradually considering priority levels and parameters of comfort of users. It is shown through simulations and experiments using the proposed method can perform the activation of several concurrently loads, provided they comply with the limits of comfort and demand. To obtain the experimental results demand the controller was implemented in an embedded system and tested with the emulator residential electrical loads implemented in a HIL (Hardware-in-theloop) architecture. Analyzing the results, it was observed that the power consumption is the same for all scenarios simulated and demand remained below parametric limits. But with the demand limiter active, we obtained a reduction of up to 52% in heat water using the demand controller adaptive, so the discomfort of the users can be minimized.