Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Only a limited number of systems involving anther-smut fungi have been studied, usually due to the economic significance of their crop plant hosts. A smut fungus of the genus Thecaphora has been discovered infecting Oxalis hosts in South Africa. This pathogenic fungus, Thecaphora capensis, produces dark-coloured spores in the anthers of host flowers, rendering it an anther-smut fungus. The host genus is the seventh largest plant genus in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) and the largest geophytic genus of this region. Nine Oxalis species that host T. capensis have been identified across a wide distribution in the CFR of South Africa. A preliminary assessment of T. capensis infections of Oxalis was conducted in 2009, which provided a foundation for further research into the ecological and evolutionary consequences of hosting this fungus. In this study, a comprehensive host diversity assessment was conducted to determine the extent of infected Oxalis individuals within the CFR. Three new Oxalis host species for Thecaphora capensis were discovered. This brings the total number of known hosts to twelve. The morphological and reproductive effects of the fungus were assessed on two host species (O. incarnata and O. lanata) by comparing healthy and infected individuals of these species. Infection by Thecaphora capensis had a significantly negative effect on both of these factors. Host resources appear to be co-opted for fungal spore production, since floral morphological characters of infected individuals were reduced in size. Furthermore, infection by T. capensis ensured near-universal sterility in both hosts. Differences in floral characters and pollinator preferences for healthy Oxalis incarnata and O. lanata individuals from disease-free and diseased populations were compared to determine the evolutionary influence of Thecaphora capensis infections. It was shown that this pathogen can have a significant evolutionary influence on its hosts, showing its ability to shape flower size and pollinator activity in O. lanata, but not in O. incarnata. A need has therefore been identified to assess these evolutionary forces independently for each host and its pathogen before making erroneous assumptions for conservation practices. Plant pollinators play an integral role in plant fitness. Pollinator movements within a population are important when between-flower spore transfer by pollinators increases the likelihood of new infections. Pollinator movements may be influenced by host density and the frequency of diseased individuals, amongst other factors. Pollinators were found to mediate Thecaphora capensis spore transfers within diseased Oxalis populations. Host density and disease frequency affected the number of spores transferred under field and standardized conditions. More research is required to investigate confounding factors in these complex systems. This study highlighted the complexities of a fungal-plant-insect relationship, the evolutionary consequences of such fungal infections and the various factors influencing the likelihood of new infections. This research adds to the limited body of knowledge on multi-organismal interactions in the CFR and provides a base for more detailed future studies on this intriguing system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Brandswam, wat deel is van die Thecaphora genus,is ontdek in 'n Oxalis blom waar dit die gasheer plant se blom gebruik om spore in te produseer. Die swam, Thecaphora capensis, produseer donker gekleurde spore in die helmknoppe van die blomme van gasheer plante, daarom word dit geklasifiseer as 'n brandswam van die helmknop. Die gasheer plante van die swam is deel van die genus Oxalis, die sewende grootste plant genus in die Kaapse Floristiese Streek (KFS) en die grootste geofitiese genus in die streek. Nege Oxalis species is al klaar identifiseer as gasheer plante van T. capensis. Hulle is versprei oor 'n groot area van die KFS van Suid Afrika. 'n Primêre ondersoek van T. capensis infeksies op Oxalis is in 2009 onderneem. Hierdie ondersoek het gelei tot meer vrae oor die sisteem en het 'n goeie fondasie geskep vir verdere navorsing rakende die ekologiese koste verbonde daaraan om as gasheer plant vir 'n swam op te tree. 'n Deeglike ondersoek is in die KFS aangepak om die Oxalis gasheer plante van die brand swam te identifiseer en om voort te bou op die basiskennis wat in die primêre ondersoek daargestel is. Drie nuwe Oxalis gasheer plante van Thecaphora capensis is ontdek. Die totale aantal gasheer plante staan nou op twaalf. Gesonde en geinfekteerde individuele gasheer plante is gebruik om die morfologiese en reproduktiewe effekte van die swam te toets in twee Oxalis spesies (O. incarnata en O. lanata). Die negatiewe gevolge om 'n gasheer plant van die brand swam te wees was duidelik toe gesonde en geinfekteerde individuele met mekaar vergelyk is. Dit kom voor asof gasheer plante se hulpbronne vir spoor produksie gebruik word, want hulle is morfologies kleiner en meestal steriel. Die evolusionêre effek van Thecaphora capensis op 'n populasie is getoets met gesonde individuele in populasies van twee Oxalis spesies. Blomkenmerke en insek bestuiwers van gesonde individue in gesonde en geinfekteerde populasies is ondersoek om die effekte van T. capensis op populasies te toets. Daar is suksesvol gedemonstreer dat swamme sterk evolusionêre kragte uitoefen, en die vermoë het om plantpopulasies te vorm en te verander, ofskoon nie in alle gevalle ewe sterk nie. Daarom is dit belangrik om die evolusionêre kragte vir elke gasheer plant en sy patogeen onafhanklik te assesseer, sonder om algemene aannames te maak in bewaringspraktyke. Plantbestuiwers speel 'n belangrike rol in die fiksheid van plante. Hulle kan hul fiksheid verbeter deur bestuiwers te lok met blomme en deur aspekte geassosieer met blomme. Die bewegingspatrone van plantbestuiwers is baie belangrik indien hulle helmknop-geproduseerde spore van brandswamme vervoer instede van stuifmeel, want dit vergroot die kanse vir nuwe infeksies. Die bewegingspatrone van plantbestuiwers word, onder andere, beinvloed deur die digtheid en frekwensie van geinfekteerde individue. Plantbestuiwers speel 'n belangrike rol in die vervoer van Thecaphora capensis spore in geinfekteerde Oxalis populasies. Die digtheid en frekwensie van geinfekteerde blomme het die vervoer van spore geaffekteer onder veld en gestandardiseerde kondisies, alhoewel baie veranderlikes so 'n komplekse natuurlike sisteem beinvloed. Hierdie studie beklemtoon die kompleksiteit van 'n fungus-plant-insek verhouding, die gevolge van so 'n interaksie en die verskeie faktore wat die waarskynlikheid van nuwe infeksies beinvloed. Tot dusver is daar 'n beperkte aantal sisteme soos hierdie bestudeer waarin 'n brandswam van die helmknop betrokke is, en die enkele beskikbare studies is onderneem meestal as gevolg van hulle ekonomiese effekte op landboukundig belangrike gasheer plante. Hierdie studie verteenwoordig 'n belangrike byvoeging tot die inter-organismiese studies in die KFS. 'n Holistiese ekologiese oorsig soos hierdie verskaf 'n belangrike basis vir toekomstige studies en bewarings- en bestuurspraktyke.

No presente trabalho, foi utilizada uma coleção de 14 isolados de Sporisorium scitamineum coletados em diferentes regiões canavieiras, para estudar a diversidade genética por RFLP da região telomérica de maneira comparativa a marcadores AFLP. Os teliósporos, esporos de resistência do fungo, foram coletados a partir do sintoma mais característico da planta infectada que é formação do chicote. Os teliósporos são diplóides e quando germinam dão origem ao probasídio, onde, por meiose formam-se os esporídios haplóides. Estes quando compatíveis sexualmente voltam a se fundir formando um micélio dicariótico infectivo. A fase do ciclo de vida escolhida para as análises foram os derivados haplóides de cada linhagem dicariótica obtida a partir dos teliósporos. Na técnica de AFLP foram encontrados 40 loci polimórficos (3%) entre 1311 analisados obtidos a partir de 2 enzimas de corte raro, 1 de corte frequente e 19 combinações de primers. A técnica de RFLP da região telomérica foi comparativamente mais eficiente, no qual foram utilizadas três enzimas de restrição que geraram 102 loci, sendo 36 polimórficos (34,3%). O agrupamento com base nos coeficientes de similaridade e os resultados de atribuição pelo programa Structure revelaram dois grupos genotípicos homogêneos, tanto quando os marcadores foram analisados separadamente como na análise conjunta. Não houve agrupamento por localidade, mas ficou claro que o fluxo desses isolados é baixo. Os derivados haplóides de tipos de reação sexual opostos de cada linhagem dicariótica (teliósporo) permaneceram dentro do mesmo grupo, com exceção de uma única linhagem. Desta forma, de maneira geral na natureza, a fusão entre os esporídios deve acontecer entre aqueles que estão mais próximos. Uma análise molecular de diversidade genética em isolados obtidos em diferentes regiões do mundo por outros autores revelou uma alta homogeneidade entre eles, de forma que somente em localidades da Ásia foi possível revelar, com os marcadores utilizados, alguma diversidade genética. Nossos resultados indicam que a escolha do marcador foi fundamental para revelar diversidade entre os isolados de S. scitamineum, sendo que o RFLP-tel revelou um fingerprinting de DNA quase que específico para cada isolado, sendo assim mais apropriado do que os descritos anteriormente. A quantidade de loci AFLP necessária para revelar polimorfismo foi mais alta do que para RFLP-tel. Uma segunda contribuição deste trabalho foi a detecção de heterozigotos quando consideramos a análise conjunta de derivados haplóides por teliósporo. Um alto grau de homozigosidade foi detectado quando as análises foram realizadas considerando o comportamento dicariótico como diplóide, no entanto, loci heterozigotos puderam ser encontrados. Esta é a primeira vez que um estudo desta natureza foi realizado com isolados de Sporisorium scitamineum do Brasil. / The genetic diversity of Sporisorium scitamineum, the sugarcane smut agent, was characterized in a 14 isolates collection. The isolates were obtained from various sugarcane growing areas and RFLP of the telomeric region was used as molecular marker, compared with AFLP. Teliospores were collected from the whip of infected plants. Teliospores are diploids and germinate producing a probasidium where meiosis takes place originating four haploid cells. These cells if sexually compatible can fuse and a dikaryotic mycelium is formed. The haploid phase, derived from each dikaryotic line obtained from teliósporos, was used to perform the analysis. Our results showed that 40 polymorphic loci (3%) were described among 1,311 analyzed. These were obtained with two rare-cutter restriction enzymes, one frequent-cutter restriction enzyme and 19 primers combinations. The RFLP markers were more efficient when compared to AFLP to reveal polymorphisms. Three restriction enzymes produced 102 loci, from which 36 were polymorphic (34.3%). Clustering using similarity coefficients and results obtained by Structure software revealed two genotypic groups. The analyses were performed with individual markers and combining RFLP and AFLP markers. Locations were not responsible for clustering, and low flux of isolates was evident. The opposite sexual types haploid derivatives originated from the same teliospore were clustered together, with only one exception. This implies that sporideos that are located close together are more likely to fuse. Our data suggest that choosing RFLP as markers were the key for unrevealing diversity among isolates of S. scitamineum. RFLP-tel revealed almost unique DNA fingerprintings to various isolates. A second contribution of this work was that heterozygous were detected when considering a combined analyses of haploids derivatives from the same teliospore. This is the first time a study of this nature was organized with Brazilian isolates of S. scitamineum.

No presente trabalho, foi utilizada uma coleção de 14 isolados de Sporisorium scitamineum coletados em diferentes regiões canavieiras, para estudar a diversidade genética por RFLP da região telomérica de maneira comparativa a marcadores AFLP. Os teliósporos, esporos de resistência do fungo, foram coletados a partir do sintoma mais característico da planta infectada que é formação do chicote. Os teliósporos são diplóides e quando germinam dão origem ao probasídio, onde, por meiose formam-se os esporídios haplóides. Estes quando compatíveis sexualmente voltam a se fundir formando um micélio dicariótico infectivo. A fase do ciclo de vida escolhida para as análises foram os derivados haplóides de cada linhagem dicariótica obtida a partir dos teliósporos. Na técnica de AFLP foram encontrados 40 loci polimórficos (3%) entre 1311 analisados obtidos a partir de 2 enzimas de corte raro, 1 de corte frequente e 19 combinações de primers. A técnica de RFLP da região telomérica foi comparativamente mais eficiente, no qual foram utilizadas três enzimas de restrição que geraram 102 loci, sendo 36 polimórficos (34,3%). O agrupamento com base nos coeficientes de similaridade e os resultados de atribuição pelo programa Structure revelaram dois grupos genotípicos homogêneos, tanto quando os marcadores foram analisados separadamente como na análise conjunta. Não houve agrupamento por localidade, mas ficou claro que o fluxo desses isolados é baixo. Os derivados haplóides de tipos de reação sexual opostos de cada linhagem dicariótica (teliósporo) permaneceram dentro do mesmo grupo, com exceção de uma única linhagem. Desta forma, de maneira geral na natureza, a fusão entre os esporídios deve acontecer entre aqueles que estão mais próximos. Uma análise molecular de diversidade genética em isolados obtidos em diferentes regiões do mundo por outros autores revelou uma alta homogeneidade entre eles, de forma que somente em localidades da Ásia foi possível revelar, com os marcadores utilizados, alguma diversidade genética. Nossos resultados indicam que a escolha do marcador foi fundamental para revelar diversidade entre os isolados de S. scitamineum, sendo que o RFLP-tel revelou um fingerprinting de DNA quase que específico para cada isolado, sendo assim mais apropriado do que os descritos anteriormente. A quantidade de loci AFLP necessária para revelar polimorfismo foi mais alta do que para RFLP-tel. Uma segunda contribuição deste trabalho foi a detecção de heterozigotos quando consideramos a análise conjunta de derivados haplóides por teliósporo. Um alto grau de homozigosidade foi detectado quando as análises foram realizadas considerando o comportamento dicariótico como diplóide, no entanto, loci heterozigotos puderam ser encontrados. Esta é a primeira vez que um estudo desta natureza foi realizado com isolados de Sporisorium scitamineum do Brasil. / The genetic diversity of Sporisorium scitamineum, the sugarcane smut agent, was characterized in a 14 isolates collection. The isolates were obtained from various sugarcane growing areas and RFLP of the telomeric region was used as molecular marker, compared with AFLP. Teliospores were collected from the whip of infected plants. Teliospores are diploids and germinate producing a probasidium where meiosis takes place originating four haploid cells. These cells if sexually compatible can fuse and a dikaryotic mycelium is formed. The haploid phase, derived from each dikaryotic line obtained from teliósporos, was used to perform the analysis. Our results showed that 40 polymorphic loci (3%) were described among 1,311 analyzed. These were obtained with two rare-cutter restriction enzymes, one frequent-cutter restriction enzyme and 19 primers combinations. The RFLP markers were more efficient when compared to AFLP to reveal polymorphisms. Three restriction enzymes produced 102 loci, from which 36 were polymorphic (34.3%). Clustering using similarity coefficients and results obtained by Structure software revealed two genotypic groups. The analyses were performed with individual markers and combining RFLP and AFLP markers. Locations were not responsible for clustering, and low flux of isolates was evident. The opposite sexual types haploid derivatives originated from the same teliospore were clustered together, with only one exception. This implies that sporideos that are located close together are more likely to fuse. Our data suggest that choosing RFLP as markers were the key for unrevealing diversity among isolates of S. scitamineum. RFLP-tel revealed almost unique DNA fingerprintings to various isolates. A second contribution of this work was that heterozygous were detected when considering a combined analyses of haploids derivatives from the same teliospore. This is the first time a study of this nature was organized with Brazilian isolates of S. scitamineum.

Plant pathogens have the ability to quickly overcome host resistance and shift to novel hosts. The (re)emergence of plant pathogens is a major concern in agriculture and in conservation of natural landscapes. The rapid adaptation to hosts and new environments depends on the genetic variability in pathogen populations. Despite of the importance of sugarcane for Brazilian agribusiness and the persistence of the smut pathogen Sporisorium scitamineum in most cropping areas, genetic variation studies are still missing for Brazilian isolates. In the chapters 1 and 2, molecular variability studies were performed for Brazilian and Argentine isolates of S. scitamineum, using molecular markers (AFLP, telRFLP) and sequencing (ITS and a candidate effector gene) strategies. No variation was found in ITS sequences. On the contrary, telRFLP marker generates almost a unique fingerprint for each strain. Two genetically distinct groups were formed by the joint analysis of the AFLP and telRFLP markers. The two groups were the same formed by haplotypes of a candidate effector gene. The presence of polymorphisms that causes non-synonymous mutations in a candidate effector gene potentially involved in the specific interaction with sugarcane may cause distinct performances on host genotypes. S. scitamineum is part of the highly diverse clade of Ustilaginomycetes fungi that includes several smut disease agents. Despite being phylogenetically close and present similar lifestyles, species of smut fungi have distinct and narrow host ranges. Hence, another objective in this thesis was to identify the genetic basis of host specialization in smut fungi using comparative genomics analyses. In chapter 3, the mating-type loci were described in S. scitamineum genome and compared among smut fungi. Transposable elements are the likely mechanism causing chromosomal rearrangements between mating-type loci. The presence of trans-specific polymorphisms at the genes encoding pheromone/receptor proteins suggests a hybridization potential among smut species. In the chapter 4, a broad comparative genomics analysis was performed among nine species of smut fungi infecting distinct hosts. The genetic basis of host specialization in smut fungi is complex and seems to involve a range of evolutionary processes, including gene gain/loss and episodic selection events. Species-specific effectors and positively selected genes will be good candidates for further characterization in regards to their role in host adaptation. / Fitopatógenos apresentam a habilidade de rapidamente suplantar os mecanismos de defesas da planta e adaptar-se a um novo hospedeiro. A (re)emergência de patógenos é uma das maiores preocupações na agricultura e na conservação de populações naturais. A rápida adaptação ao hospedeiro e a novos ambientes depende da variabilidade genética nas populações de patógenos. Apesar da importância da cana-de-açúcar para o agronegócio brasileiro e da persistência do patógeno Sporisorium scitamineum, o agente causal do carvão da cana-de-açúcar, na maioria das áreas canavieiras, estudos de variabilidade genética ainda não foram realizados para isolados brasileiros. Nos capítulos 1 e 2, estudos de variabilidade molecular foram realizados para isolados brasileiros e argentinos de S. scitamineum, usando marcadores moleculares (AFLP e telRFLP) e dados de sequenciamento (ITS e um gene candidato a efetor). Nenhum polimorfismo foi encontrado usando sequências ITS. Contrariamente, o marcador telRFLP gerou quase um fingerprint para cada linhagem. Dois grupos geneticamente distintos foram formados pela análise conjunta dos marcadores telRFLP e AFLP. Os dois grupos também foram formados pelos haplótipos obtidos pelo sequenciamento de um candidato a efetor. A presença de polimorfismos causando mutações não-sinônimas em um candidato a efetor pode acarretar em performances distintas em diferentes genótipos de cana-de-açúcar. S. scitamineum pertence à classe Ustilaginomycetes, a qual também abrange vários outros agentes causais de doenças do carvão. Apesar de filogeneticamente próximos e com estilo de vida similar, espécies de carvão apresentam uma faixa distinta e estreita de hospedeiros. Portanto, outro objetivo desta tese foi identificar a base genética da especialização ao hospedeiro por fungos causadores de carvão usando análises de genômica comparativa. No capítulo 3, os loci envolvidos na determinação do tipo de reação sexual (mating-type) foram caracterizados no genoma de S. scitamineum e comparados com sequências de outras espécies de carvão. Tranposons foram identificados como provável mecanismo de rearranjo cromossômico entre os loci de mating-type. Polimorfismos trans-específicos nos genes codificadores de feromônios e receptores sugerem o potencial de hibridização entre espécies de carvão. No capítulo 4, análises de genômica comparativa abrangendo nove espécies de carvão infectando hospedeiros distintos foram realizadas. A base genética da especialização ao hospedeiro em fungos causadores de carvão é complexa e parece envolver processos evolutivos de ganho/perda de genes e seleção positiva. Efetores espécie-específicos e sob seleção positiva são destacados como bons candidatos para serem caracterizados quanto ao papel que estabelecem na adaptação ao hospedeiro.

This dissertation addresses the industrial history of American-based celebrity gossip over century, beginning with the first Hollywood stars in the 1910s and reaching into “celebrified” culture of the 2010s. Gossip, broadly defined as discourse about a public figure produced and distributed for profit, can operate within the star’s good graces or completely outside of the Hollywood machine; it can be published in “old media” print and broadcast forms or online and on a phone. Regardless of form, tone, and content, gossip remains a crucial component of the ways in which star images are produced and consumed. The dissertation thus asks: how has the relationship between the gossip industry and Hollywood in general changed over the last century? And what implications do those changes have for stars, those who exploit their images, and media industries at large? / Not available / text

The purpose of this thesis was to study interactions between systemic fungal diseases and perennial plants. Using the systemic rust Puccinia minussensis on the host plant Lactuca sibirica, and the rust Puccinia pulsatillae on the host plant Pulsatilla pratensis, this thesis focused on: (i) the effects of systemic diseases on their hosts (ii) host and pathogen responses to abiotic factors, (iii) the importance of life history strategies for understanding host-pathogen interactions, and (iv) the evolutionary consequences of living in close associations. Results of greenhouse experiments showed that Lactuca sibirica had a high plasticity in growth, since it produced significantly more shoots in favourable than in unfavourable growth conditions. Both the disease levels and the number of healthy shoots (i.e. escape) were significantly higher under favourable conditions. Disease spread within the rhizome was found to be incomplete, and the risk of aecidial- infection decreased with distance from the parent. Furthermore, one isolate of the fungus had highest success and reduced the host plant biomass and shoot production more on the clone it was collected on compared to four other clones . In the field, disease levels were found to fluctuate more at localities subjected to disturbance, the host and pathogen abundances were found to be in phase and the pathogen showed no delayed response to increasing host densities. The rust Puccinia pulsatillae on Pulsatilla pratensis showed no fluctuations between years, low infection rates, and disease levels were higher in ungrazed compared to grazed sites. There was no escape from the disease in this system. A comparison of characteristics of different systemic fungi and hosts with different growth patterns indicated that the life history strategies of both host plants and pathogens need to be studied if the long-term consequences of host-pathogen interactions are to be predicted. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1993, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Five potential resistance-inducing chemicals were applied to two sugarcane varieties (N12 and N27) in a pot trial with the aim of inducing resistance to nematodes in naturally-infested soil. BION® (acibenzolar-S-methyl), methyl jasmonate, cis-jasmone and 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) were applied as a foliar spray and suSCon® maxi (imidacloprid) applied to the soil. All chemicals were tested at two rates and plants were sprayed one week prior to being harvested at 7, 9 and 11 weeks of age. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus infestation of sett and shoot roots was determined at each harvest. The activity of four pathogenesis-related proteins was examined at 7, 9 and 11 weeks using separate assays, these enzymes where chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Methyl jasmonate treatment produced significant increases in β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and peroxidase activity. All other elicitor treatments showed little difference in enzyme activity from the Control. The effect of each treatment on plant growth was examined by recording the dried root and shoot biomass of each plant. No significant differences were seen (p<0.05; Holm-Sidak test). However, root and shoot dried biomass was highest in the N12 variety treated by suSCon® maxi. The infection of sugarcane with Ustilago scitaminea (sugarcane smut) is commonly identified visually by the presence of a smut whip. Identification of sugarcane smut infection can be determined prior to whip development by staining tissue sections with lactophenol cotton blue and examining plant tissues microscopically. This allows for a rapid determination of smut infection which can aid breeding programs. Smut infection is achieved in vitro by soaking sugarcane setts in smut spores collected from infected whips. Four methods of inoculation were examined. The method that most consistently caused infection involved allowing setts to germinate for 24 hours, before puncturing a bud with a toothpick, followed by submerging the sett in 1x10⁸ smut spores per mℓ. An elicitor of systemic acquired resistance called BION®, and an insecticide with resistance-inducing properties called Gaucho® (imidacloprid) were used as a sett soak treatments to induce resistance to sugarcane smut. The effect of each treatment at three concentrations on plant germination and growth was examined in the NCo376 variety. Smut spore germination on agar was examined in the presence of both treatments at three concentrations. Sugarcane setts were treated with a concentration that did not significantly reduce the germination of smut spores or sugarcane setts. Plants were infected with smut post treatment and allowed to grow for approximately one month until plants were between 8 and 10 cm in height. Smut infection was assessed by cutting longitudinal sections through the base of the shoot and staining each section with cotton blue lactophenol. Treatment with BION® and Gaucho® did not reduce smut infection. / M.Sc.Agric. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2013.

Fundação de Apoio a Tecnologia e Ciência / This study had the objective of to describe the biology and management of the Tilletia barclayana, determine the effects of different rates of nitrogen topdressing application on the incidence and severity of kernel smut on irrigated rice, to assess the level of crop damage, and to determine the effectiveness of fungicide applied in different rice stages. To achieve these objectives, it was conducted two field experiments at Dona Francisca City, Rio Grande do Sul state, in the 2007/08 growing season, using the IRGA 422 CL cultivar. The Experiment 1, using rates of 108 kg ha-1 and Experiment 2, 135 kg ha-1 N, being applied in both experiments four rates of Miclobutanil (75,150, 225 e 300 g ha-¹ de a.i.) and one rate of Trifloxistrobina e Propiconazole (93,75+93,75 g ha-¹ de a.i.). The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two N rates for grain yield, milling yield, whole grains and mass of thousand grains. The kernel smut incidence, number of infected grains and sterility of spikelets had the higher average under application of 135 kg ha-1 N. On the other hand, the amount of healthy grain and yield of broken grain had higher values with the application of 108 kg ha-1 N. The fungicide application in R3 proved to be more efficient when compared to the R4 application in both experiments. In regards to the active ingredients, it was observed in Experiment 1, higher efficiency of Trifloxystrobin and Propiconazole 93, 75 + 93, 75 g ha-¹ a.i. for the variable incidence and grain yield. In Experiment 2 was a higher average of variable healthy grain, lower average of sterility of spikelets under application of Myclobutanil 75 g ha-¹ a.i. For the average yield whole grain yield and mass of thousand grains had better result with application of Myclobutanil 300 g ha-¹ a.i. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever a biologia e o manejo de Tilletia barclayana, determinar os efeitos de diferentes doses de adubação nitrogenada sobre a incidência e severidade da cárie-do-arroz na cultura do arroz irrigado, avaliar os danos provocados à cultura, determinar a eficiência de ingredientes ativos em relação ao controle do patógeno e a melhor época de aplicação dos mesmos. Para isto foram conduzidos dois experimentos no município de Dona Francisca RS na safra agrícola 2007/08, utilizando a cultivar IRGA 422 CL. O experimento 1, com a dose de 108 kg de N ha-1 e o experimento 2, 135 kg de N ha-1, sendo aplicadas em ambos experimentos quatro doses de Miclobutanil (75,150, 225 e 300 g ha-¹ de i.a) e uma dose de Trifloxistrobina e Propiconazol (93,75+93,75 g ha-¹ de i.a). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que não houve diferença significativa entre as duas doses de N para as variáveis produtividade, renda do benefício, rendimento de grãos inteiros e massa de mil grãos. As variáveis incidência de T. barclayana, grãos cariados e esterilidade de espiguetas apresentaram maior média sob aplicação de 135 kg de N ha-1. Já as variáveis grãos sadios e rendimento de grãos quebrados apresentaram médias superiores com a aplicação de 108 kg de N ha-1. O controle em R3 mostrou-se mais eficiente em relação ao controle em R4 em ambos os experimentos. Com relação aos ingredientes ativos, observouse no experimento 1, melhor eficiência da mistura formulada de Trifloxistrobina e Propiconazol na dose de 93,75 + 93,75 g ha-¹ de i.a para a variável incidência e rendimento de grãos inteiros. No experimento 2 observou-se maior média de grãos sadios, menor média de esterilidade de espiguetas sob aplicação da solução fungicida Miclobutanil 75 g ha-¹ de i.a. Para as médias rendimento de grãos inteiros e massa de mil grãos foi observada melhor resultado com aplicação de Miclobutanil 300 g ha-¹ de i.a.

Anther smuts (Microbotryum violaceum s.l.) represent a well-known system for studying pathogens of wild plants and coevolution between pathogens and hosts. Infected plants produce sterile flowers with anthers filled with fungal spores which are transmitted to other host plants by pollinators. Data from existing research come mainly from the genus Silene. However, the applicability of these findings to other host plants of anther smuts is largely unknown. Therefore, this thesis focuses on a different host species - Dianthus carthusianorum. First, the pattern of disease was surveyed in natural populations of D. carthusianorum in a small area in Střední Povltaví. Most populations were infected to various degrees and only a few populations remained completely healthy. The prevalence of disease was positively correlated with size and density of host populations. On the other hand, environmental factors and the degree of connectedness had very little effect on disease prevalence. Second, additional data were collected from a subset of populations to determine plant resistance and densities of pollinators. Differences in resistance among populations (as inferred from flower inoculations) were not significant. Populations differed in densities of pollinators, but there was no correlation between densities...

Sugarcane smut is a worldwide distributed disease important to agribusiness, since it can affect sugarcane yield drastically. The disease is caused by the Basidiomycete Sporisorium scitamineum, a biotrophic fungus that colonizes mainly sugarcane. Sugarcane-smut interaction has been extensively studied by this research group for the past few years in their various aspects, considering both the pathogen attack and plant defenses. This work aimed to functionally address fungal candidate effector proteins associated with this pathosystem. Effectors are essential to modulate host metabolism to allow pathogen colonization. The identification of such proteins may assist in recognition of resistance genes relevant to genetic breeding programs. Based on the complete genome sequence of S. scitamineum and the dual transcriptomic data candidate genes were selected in silico. Selection strategies were based on the predicted secretome and differential expression levels of the genes in planta. Candidate effectors were analyzed regarding their expression pattern, subcellular location and influence over basal plant defenses and plant immunity. The results showed that the S. scitamineum candidate effector genes are expressed under the influence of the host genotype. It was observed various expression patterns in the set of selected genes and differential subcellular localization patterns. These results will enable future researches considering virulence level of different isolates and also help decision making in plant breeding programs. / O carvão da cana-de-açúcar é uma doença cosmopolita de grande importância para o agronegócio, uma vez que pode afetar a produtividade da cultura. A doença é causada pelo basidiomiceto Sporisorium scitamineum, fungo biotrófico que coloniza exclusivamente a cana-de-açúcar. A interação cana-carvão vem sendo extensivamente estudada por este grupo de pesquisa nos últimos anos em seus vários aspectos, considerando as atividades de ataque e defesa do patógeno e da planta, respectivamente. Este trabalho teve como finalidade o estudo funcional de proteínas candidatas a efetores neste patossistema. Efetores são moléculas essenciais na manipulação do metabolismo e fisiologia do hospedeiro de forma a permitir sua colonização. A identificação de tais proteínas auxilia no reconhecimento de genes de resistência podendo gerar informações relevantes a programas de melhoramento genético na produção de variedades resistentes. A estratégia de seleção utilizada se baseia em características do secretoma predito e da expressão diferencial de genes do patógeno in planta. Os candidatos foram analisados quanto ao padrão de expressão gênica, à localização sub celular e sua influência sobre a defesa basal e imunidade em plantas. Os resultados demonstraram que a expressão dos genes que codificam para as proteínas efetoras de S. scitamineum e é influenciada pelo genótipo das plantas infectadas. Foram observadas variações no padrão de expressão entre o conjunto de efetores selecionados, bem como padrões diferenciais de localização sub celular e influência sobre a imunidade em plantas. Os resultados gerados por este trabalho servirão de subsídio para estudos futuros sobre os níveis de virulência dos diferentes isolados do patógeno bem como para auxiliar a tomada de decisão em programas de melhoramento genético de variedades resistentes ao carvão da cana.