Yes / Although IT-enabled dynamic capabilities (ITDCs) add value to firms operating in turbulent and rapidly changing environments, firms face several challenges in developing, deploying, and maintaining the right portfolio of ITDCs. Since ITDCs are not uniformly advantageous, firms need to make strategic decisions in order to accomplish the complex task of achieving optimal ITDC configurations. This conceptual paper draws on the strategic alignment perspective to identify the optimal configuration of ITDCs for a firm based on its business strategy orientation indicated by the Miles and Snow typology. This paper first explicates the theoretically ideal configurations of ITDCs based on the competitive strategy patterns associated with each Miles and Snow archetype and then develops a model for measuring the strategic fit of ITDCs. This paper contributes to the literatures on ITDCs and strategic alignment by identifying optimal ITDC configurations and by conceptualizing the strategic fit of ITDCs respectively.

A structure comprised of two arches that lean against each other at the apex is considered. The arches are thin shells with internal pressure. This type of structure with solid arches has been used in bridges, such as the Gateway Arch Bridge in Columbus, Indiana, U.S.A., the Monongahela River Bridge in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., and a pedestrian bridge at the Pacific Tower in Paris, France. A series of leaning arches was incorporated in the frame of the Museum of the Moving Image, a temporary structure in London, England, during 1992-1994. Pressurized arch-shells made of a flexible material have been utilized as part of the framework for some transportable tent-like structures. The behavior of a pair of pressurized leaning arch-shells with various tilt angles, boundary conditions, and loads is investigated numerically. Several types of loads are considered, including uniformly-distributed vertical loads applied over all or half of the structure (representing snow), and wind loads on the structure. The arches are pinned or fixed to the ground. Deflections, vibrations, and stability of the structures are investigated using the finite element method. The effect of the tilt angle on the response is examined, and buckling may occur for some tilt angles under vertical loading. This type of structure has not been used widely, but may be effective for various applications. / Master of Science

This report aims to investigate the possibility of making roof gutter heating systems more energy efficient while maintaining their performance. With a societal target of becoming climate-neutral, all energy use needs to be minimized and without previous research on the subject, real estate owners may have overused electricity in their efforts. The report assesses available conventional systems, how they work, and their composition. With the help of meteorological data a new system was created that would reduce energy use drastically. The findings state that depending on the earlier system installed by companies the new improved system would only use between 2.5-52% of the energy used by the conventional systems. This is largely because the conventional systems are primitive and has not been updated to a central and internet-connected control system. It is this implementation of online meteorological data and using that data in developed dynamic controlling systems that has led to a decrease in energy use for roof gutter heating systems.

Chaque jour, des décisions doivent être prises quant à la quantité d'hydroélectricité produite au Québec. Ces décisions reposent sur la prévision des apports en eau dans les bassins versants produite à l'aide de modèles hydrologiques. Ces modèles prennent en compte plusieurs facteurs, dont notamment la présence ou l'absence de neige au sol. Cette information est primordiale durant la fonte printanière pour anticiper les apports à venir, puisqu'entre 30 et 40% du volume de crue peut provenir de la fonte du couvert nival. Il est donc nécessaire pour les prévisionnistes de pouvoir suivre l'évolution du couvert de neige de façon quotidienne afin d'ajuster leurs prévisions selon le phénomène de fonte. Des méthodes pour cartographier la neige au sol sont actuellement utilisées à l'Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ), mais elles présentent quelques lacunes. Ce mémoire a pour objectif d'utiliser des données de télédétection en micro-ondes passives (le gradient de températures de brillance en position verticale (GTV)) à l'aide d'une approche statistique afin de produire des cartes neige/non-neige et d'en quantifier l'incertitude de classification. Pour ce faire, le GTV a été utilisé afin de calculer une probabilité de neige quotidienne via les mélanges de lois normales selon la statistique bayésienne. Par la suite, ces probabilités ont été modélisées à l'aide de la régression linéaire sur les logits et des cartographies du couvert nival ont été produites. Les résultats des modèles ont été validés qualitativement et quantitativement, puis leur intégration à Hydro-Québec a été discutée. / Every day, decisions must be made about the amount of hydroelectricity produced in Quebec. These decisions are based on the prediction of water inflow in watersheds based on hydrological models. These models take into account several factors, including the presence or absence of snow. This information is critical during the spring melt to anticipate future flows, since between 30 and 40 % of the flood volume may come from the melting of the snow cover. It is therefore necessary for forecasters to be able to monitor on a daily basis the snow cover to adjust their expectations about the melting phenomenon. Some methods to map snow on the ground are currently used at the Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Québec (IREQ), but they have some shortcomings. This master thesis's main goal is to use remote sensing passive microwave data (the vertically polarized brightness temperature gradient ratio (GTV)) with a statistical approach to produce snow maps and to quantify the classification uncertainty. In order to do this, the GTV has been used to calculate a daily probability of snow via a Gaussian mixture model using Bayesian statistics. Subsequently, these probabilities were modeled using linear regression models on logits and snow cover maps were produced. The models results were validated qualitatively and quantitatively, and their integration at Hydro-Québec was discussed.

The main objective of this paper was to investigate runoff changes in the catchment Ala-Arca, Alamaedin and Kara-Balta in Kyrgyzstan, as well as change in climate conditions from available stations in the area. The runoff, precipitation, and temperature series were subjected to monthly, seasonal and annual analyses based on available data. Both absolute and relative data homogeneity were verified using statistical tests such as the Mann-Whitney-Pettit test, the SNHT test, and the WiIlcoxon's two- sample test for absolute homogeneity, and the Alexandersson's test for relative homogeneity. The Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the trend in each serie. There were inhomogeneities found in a number of runoff data. In most cases, the changes of rivers Ala-Arca and Kara-Balta were recorded in 1987. Compare to Ala-Arca and Kara-Balta, the changes of river Alamedin were recorded 3 years later, in 1990. There was a positive trend development by the rivers with the glacial-snow regime. However, there was no statistically significant trend for the entire time series. Key words: runoff change, precipitation, temperature, glacial-snow regime, snow-glacial regime, homogenization, Mann-Whitney-Pettit test, trend, Mann-Kendall test, glaciation, Kyrgyzstan, Tien- Shan

O objetivo da tese é discutir e analisar filmes realizados entre 1967 e 1971 que, ainda no estrito campo do cinema, estabeleciam franco diálogo com as experiências mais recentes das vanguardas nas artes visuais. Os dois eixos da investigação se referem a produções de duas vertentes cinematográficas contemporâneas que se consolidaram em Nova York e no Rio de Janeiro sob os rótulos de \"Cinema estrutural\" e de \"Cinema marginal\", respectivamente. Ambas tendências, qualificadas como \"cinema experimental\", surgiam no rastro de vanguardas artísticas com fortes desdobramentos nas artes visuais, no que ficou conhecido como minimalismo nos Estados Unidos e o um \"pós-tropicalismo\" ou marginália no Brasil. Nos filmes que podem ser tomados como mais representativos desta relação - Wavelength (1967), de Michael Snow; Serene Velocity (1970), de Ernie Gehr; Mangue Bangue (1971), de Neville d\'Almeida e Lágrima-Pantera, a Míssil (1971), de Júlio Bressane - busca-se analisar as principais operações formais a partir de questões e posicionamentos provindos de tendências das artes visuais ao lado de discussões teóricas cinematográficas, principalmente aquelas relativas à vanguarda no cinema. No segundo eixo, aproxima-se as contemporâneas experiências de Hélio Oiticica no cinema e em demais meios audiovisuais. Acompanhada desta análise formal buscamos situar estas obras no percurso de seus autores e no contexto artístico e cultural no qual se inseriam. Propõe-se assim, ao final, observar os paralelos e contrastes entre essas experiências e as razões de suas descontinuidades. / The main purpose of the thesis is to discuss and analyse films from the late 60\'s and early 70\'s that, althought in the strict field of cinema, established a frank dialogue with the most recent experiences of the avant-garde. The two axes of the investigation refer to productions of two contemporary cinematographic strands that took place in New York and Rio de Janeiro known respectively as \"Structural film\" and \"Cinema marginal\". Both tendencies, usually considered in the same field of an \"experimental cinema\", emerged after and in direct association with the artistic avant-garde tendencies with strong ramifications in visual arts, like what became known as minimalism in the US and the \"post-tropicalism\" or marginália in Brazil. In the films that can be taken as the most representatives of this link - Wavelength (1967), by Michael Snow; Serene Velocity (1970), by Ernie Gehr; Mangue Bangue (1971), by Neville d\'Almeida and Lágrima-Pantera, a Míssil (1971), by Júlio Bressane - we seek to analyse its main formal operations based on questions and standings derived from contemporary visual arts tendencies next to theoretical discussions especifically cinematografic, especially those related to avant-garde cinema. On the second axis, the closeness with the contemporary experiences of Hélio Oiticica in film and in other audiovisual media is one of the focus. Accompanied by this formal analysis we also seek to situate these works in the path of their authors and in its artistic, cultural and political context in which they were placed. It is thus proposed, at the end, to observe the parallels e contrasts between these experiences and the reasons of their discontinuities.

In dieser Dissertation wird erstmalig ein theoretisches Fundament zur Beschneiung virtueller Szenen entwickelt. Das theoretische Fundament wird als analytisches Modell in Form einer Diffusionsgleichung formuliert. Aus dem analytischen Modell lässt sich eine Gruppe von Algorithmen zur Beschneiung virtueller Szenen ableiten. Eingehende Voruntersuchungen zur allgemeinen Modellierung natürlicher Phänomene in der Computergraphik sowie eine Klassifikation der bestehenden Literatur über mathematische Schneemodellierung bilden den Anfang der Arbeit. Aus der umfassenden Darstellung der Eigenschaften von Schnee, wie er in der Natur vorkommt, ergeben sich die Grundlagen für die Modellbildung. Die Modellbildung fußt auf den grundlegenden Ansätzen der klassischen Mechanik und der statistischen Physik. Für die Beschneiung auf visueller Skala erweist sich der Diffusionsprozess als geeignete Beschreibung. Mit der Beschreibung lassen sich diffusiv Schneeoberflächen erzeugen. Der konkrete computergraphische Wert des theoretischen Fundaments wird anhand zweier Implementierungen exemplarisch dargestellt, und zwar in der Distanzfeldmethode und der Diffusionskernmethode. Die Ergebnisse werden mithilfe dreidimensionaler Rauschtexturen und Alpha-Masken an den Rändern fotorealistisch visualisiert. / In this dissertation for the first time a theoretical foundation is developed for snow accumulation in virtual scenes. The theoretical foundation is formulated in an analytical model as diffusion equation. The analytical model leads to a group of algorithms for virtual snow accumulation. Comprehensive investigations for the modelling of natural phenomena in computer graphics in general are used to develop a method classification scheme. Another classification is given for an overview over the aspects of snow in the real world. This allows an efficient presentation of related literature on snow modelling. A new approach of snow modelling is then drawn from first principles of classical mechanics and statistical physics. Diffusion processes provide an efficient theoretical framework for snow accumulation. The mathematical structure of diffusion equations is discussed and demonstrated to be adequate to snow modelling in visual scales. The value of the theoretical foundation for computer graphics is demonstrated with two exemplary implementations, a distance field method and the diffusion kernel method. Results are visualized with 3D noise textures and alpha masks near borders delivering photorealistic snow pictures.

O objetivo da tese é discutir e analisar filmes realizados entre 1967 e 1971 que, ainda no estrito campo do cinema, estabeleciam franco diálogo com as experiências mais recentes das vanguardas nas artes visuais. Os dois eixos da investigação se referem a produções de duas vertentes cinematográficas contemporâneas que se consolidaram em Nova York e no Rio de Janeiro sob os rótulos de \"Cinema estrutural\" e de \"Cinema marginal\", respectivamente. Ambas tendências, qualificadas como \"cinema experimental\", surgiam no rastro de vanguardas artísticas com fortes desdobramentos nas artes visuais, no que ficou conhecido como minimalismo nos Estados Unidos e o um \"pós-tropicalismo\" ou marginália no Brasil. Nos filmes que podem ser tomados como mais representativos desta relação - Wavelength (1967), de Michael Snow; Serene Velocity (1970), de Ernie Gehr; Mangue Bangue (1971), de Neville d\'Almeida e Lágrima-Pantera, a Míssil (1971), de Júlio Bressane - busca-se analisar as principais operações formais a partir de questões e posicionamentos provindos de tendências das artes visuais ao lado de discussões teóricas cinematográficas, principalmente aquelas relativas à vanguarda no cinema. No segundo eixo, aproxima-se as contemporâneas experiências de Hélio Oiticica no cinema e em demais meios audiovisuais. Acompanhada desta análise formal buscamos situar estas obras no percurso de seus autores e no contexto artístico e cultural no qual se inseriam. Propõe-se assim, ao final, observar os paralelos e contrastes entre essas experiências e as razões de suas descontinuidades. / The main purpose of the thesis is to discuss and analyse films from the late 60\'s and early 70\'s that, althought in the strict field of cinema, established a frank dialogue with the most recent experiences of the avant-garde. The two axes of the investigation refer to productions of two contemporary cinematographic strands that took place in New York and Rio de Janeiro known respectively as \"Structural film\" and \"Cinema marginal\". Both tendencies, usually considered in the same field of an \"experimental cinema\", emerged after and in direct association with the artistic avant-garde tendencies with strong ramifications in visual arts, like what became known as minimalism in the US and the \"post-tropicalism\" or marginália in Brazil. In the films that can be taken as the most representatives of this link - Wavelength (1967), by Michael Snow; Serene Velocity (1970), by Ernie Gehr; Mangue Bangue (1971), by Neville d\'Almeida and Lágrima-Pantera, a Míssil (1971), by Júlio Bressane - we seek to analyse its main formal operations based on questions and standings derived from contemporary visual arts tendencies next to theoretical discussions especifically cinematografic, especially those related to avant-garde cinema. On the second axis, the closeness with the contemporary experiences of Hélio Oiticica in film and in other audiovisual media is one of the focus. Accompanied by this formal analysis we also seek to situate these works in the path of their authors and in its artistic, cultural and political context in which they were placed. It is thus proposed, at the end, to observe the parallels e contrasts between these experiences and the reasons of their discontinuities.

Vid gruvdrift genereras stora mängder gråberg (sprängsten) som lagras i deponier på markytan. Dessa deponier kan innehålla kväveföreningar, härstammande från odetonerade sprängämnen. Under senvintern/våren bidrar snösmältningen till att stora mängder vatten frigörs och infiltrerar i gråbergsmassorna. Lakvattnet som bildas från dessa deponier kan innehålla förhöjda halter av kväve vilket bl.a. kan leda till övergödning av närliggande sjöar och vattendrag. I denna studie har två snöinventeringar utförts på två gråbergshögar vid LKAB:s gruvområde i Kiruna. Syftet med rapporten har varit att beräkna snötäckets vattenekvivalent samt undersöka hur mycket vatten som potentiellt kan infiltrera deponierna och bilda lakvatten. Snötaxeringarna utfördes under februari och april 2015. Vid dessa tillfällen uppmättes snö- djups variationer mellan 8-100 cm beroende på slutningsriktning, samt snömassa variationer mellan 10-430 g. Med hjälp av dessa variabler beräknades snötäckets totala vattenekvivalent för de båda högarna till 100 m3 och 90m3. Utifrån en porositetlaboration uppskattades gråbergsdeponiernas totala porvolym till 968m3 och 725m3. Då den totala porvolymen är större än den vattenmängd som potentiellt kan infiltrera deponierna, bör majoriteten av vattnet lagras i porerna istället för att bidra till lakvattenproduktionen.

L’estimation de l’équivalent en eau de la neige (ÉEN) en temps quasi-réel est un enjeu important pour Hydro-Québec. Le réseau de mesure au sol étant non homogène et de faible densité, ne permet pas un suivi adéquat de l’ÉEN. L’imagerie satellitaire pourrait être une alternative à ce problème. Le modèle HUT (Helsinki University of Technology) permet l’estimation de l’ÉEN à partir des données micro-ondes passives. Le premier objectif de ce projet était de comparer deux produits qui estiment l’ÉEN à partir du modèle HUT, mais avec deux procédures d’inversion différentes. Il s’agit du produit Grille Neige du Québec (GNQ) et le produit GlobSnow. Deuxièmement, l’étude a évalué le produit GNQ en fonction de la végétation, du climat et de la topographie. L’étude s’est portée sur la région des bassins versants de la Grande et du Manicouagan situés au nord du Québec, sur une période allant du 1er janvier au 31 mars des années 2006 à 2010. Les données in-situ utilisées sont les lignes de neige d’Hydro-Québec et les mesures d’ÉEN de l’Année Polaire Internationale (février 2008), qui concernaient les sites de Sept-Iles et Schefferville. Il s’agissait de calculer l’erreur quadratique moyenne, le biais et le R2 pour chaque produit par rapport aux données in-situ, puis d’analyser ces paramètres en fonction des valeurs de fraction forestière, de volume des tiges, des moyennes de température et des précipitations, ainsi que de l’ÉEN moyen mesuré et de la pente du terrain. L’analyse a été faite d’abord à l’échelle du bassin, puis à l’échelle de cinq bandes latitudinales de 1° de latitude du nord vers le sud. Pour toute la zone, cette étude a démontré la supériorité de GNQ (RMSE=31%) par rapport à GlobSnow (RMSE=43%) pour un ÉEN moyen de 215 mm. Cependant cette supériorité décroit du nord vers le sud, où les produits deviennent similaires avec une RMSE = 45% et un biais de -90 mm pour un ÉEN moyen de 253 mm. Ceci pourrait être expliqué par l’effet de la densité de végétation caractéristique de la forêt boréale (fraction forestière > 45%), qui agit comme un masque au signal, et par l’effet d’un ÉEN > 250mm qui le sature. Pour le GNQ, l’effet combiné de la température et des précipitations joue un impact sur l’estimation de l’ÉEN, alors que le relief, plat en général, n’a pas montré un impact significatif. Pour conclure, le produit GNQ montre de meilleurs résultats que le produit GlobSnow, mais cette efficacité est limitée pour les régions ayant une végétation dense et un ÉEN très élevé. / Abstract : The monitoring of snow water equivalent (SWE) in near real time is an important challenge for Hydro-Quebec. Measurement networks do not allow adequate monitoring of the SWE. Passive microwave remote sensing could be an alternative to overcome this problem. The HUT (Helsinki University of Technology) model allows the estimation of the SWE from passive microwave data. The first purpose of this project was to compare two products that estimate the SWE using the HUT model, but with different inversion approaches. The first product is Quebec Snow Grid (GNQ) produced by Hydro-Quebec, and the second product is GlobSnow. The second objective of this study was to evaluate the GNQ product with regards to environmental variables (vegetation cover fraction, stem volume, climate and topography). The study area is located at La Grande and Manicouagan watersheds in northern Quebec. The study period was from 1 st January to 31 March of the years 2006 to 2010. The SWE data estimated by the two products were compared to Hydro-Quebec's insitu snow line data and to 2008 International Polar Year field campaign’s SWE measurements in Sept-Iles and Schefferville. The methodology of this work consisted in calculating the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), bias and R2 for each product, relative to the in-situ data; and then analyze these parameters according to forest fraction, stem volume, mean temperatures, precipitation, as well as the mean measured SWE and the slope of the terrain. This was done, first for the study area, and then at the scale of five latitudinal bands of one degree latitude from north to south, which divide the study area. This study demonstrated the superiority of GNQ (RMSE = 31%) compared to GlobSnow (RMSE = 43%) for an average SWE of 215 mm over the entire study area. However, the performance decreases from north to south, where both products become quite similar, with RMSE = 45% and a bias of -90 mm for an average SWE of 253 mm. This could be explained by the effect of the vegetation density characteristic of the boreal forest (forest fraction> 45%), which acts like a mask for the signal, and by the higher SWE values (> 250 mm) which saturates it, hence the underestimation of the SWE. A combined effect of temperature and precipitation that had an impact on the SWE estimate was found for GNQ product. The relatively flat relief did not have a significant impact on the estimation of the SWE. Globally, GNQ shows better results than GlobSnow, but its capacity is limited for dense vegetation and thick snowpack.