Shifting towards sustainability in environmental, social and economic systems is an urgent concern for society today. In order to contribute to this, the thesis focuses on behaviour orientated social marketing campaigns, which can complement the broader changes required. This study adds knowledge to communication design for social marketing campaigns to improve the conversion of information to action helping move society towards a more sustainable future. Results, drawn from the literature, case studies and interviews, demonstrated the need for a shared vision, detailed knowledge of both the audience and behaviour, development of a network to support the campaign and better use of behavioural psychology and social media. Overall it was found that a more strategic approach is needed during the design and implementation of social marketing campaigns. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) was used to structure findings and provide context for campaigners. In practice the FSSD would be used to inform The Strategic Planning Process (SPP), proposed for development of social marketing campaigns that move society towards sustainability.

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Technology and the boom of the internet have encouraged people to connect with each other, share information and build relationships (Stelzner, 2009; 2010) and the social web has presented a new form of communication through social media which allow people to interact and converse with each other (Evans, 2010). This presents marketers with the opportunity to affect consumers purchase decisions through online marketing and social media. This social engagement by consumers has significant impact on marketing activities as marketers need to be aware of the factors affecting consumer’s purchase decision (Evans, 2010). Continental Tyre South Africa (CTSA), a local tyre manufacturer, is embarking on a social media marketing strategy. No other local tyre manufacturer has a presence on social media platforms. As a result CTSA would have first mover advantage. The main objective of the research that follows is to establish if South African tyre purchasers are supportive of social media as an online research tool to learn more about tyre brands. The significance of this research study is that marketing communications has taken on a different dimension with the growth of online market places and the natural step for CTSA is to engage in social media marketing. The literature review revealed that many modern consumers sought peer advice over social networks thus social media has promoted consumer-to-consumer communication and has made it possible for consumers and brands to interact with each other (Mangold and Faulds, 2009). It was concluded that whilst social media marketing presents marketers with a more cost effective form of marketing, further research regarding South African’s online purchasing activities would be required to assess if the time, money and resources required to manage social media marketing for CTSA would be beneficial to the organisation. As a result a qualitative empirical study was conducted by means of a questionnaire. The research elements were broken down into three segments; the internet and social media, consumer-brand engagement and online iv recommendations. The research revealed that social media marketing is an appropriate strategy for CTSA. The main findings further revealed that CTSA would need to engage in an aggressive traditional marketing campaign in order to drive consumers to engage in the social media campaigns. Strategies must include dedicated social media fan pages, online banners, and online advertisements. Based on the research analysis it is recommended that that most appropriate social media platforms for CTSA to launch social media marketing activities are Facebook and Twitter.

This thesis concentrates on communication of NGOs. Firstly it defines non-profit sector, his financing, then it describes marketing of these organizations. In practical part the thesis deals with the attitude of people to NGOs and their way of communication and analyses communication of individual non-profit organization.

The patient-as-consumer has emerged as a narrative in the government health care system that cares for beneficiary veteran patients, elevating the phenomenon of choice in health care legislation and administration. The problem of the submerged state of a health policy was the issue examined within the context of access to health care and what patients experience when choice is present. The purpose of this study was to explore the motivations of beneficiary veteran patients to choose a preventive care option, a seasonal flu shot, at a private sector retail pharmacy rather than at their government health care provider, with the goal of understanding what social marketing strategies supported their decisions, how they defined choice, and what they expected from their choice option. Research questions focused on reasons for patients’ decisions to choose outside preventive care within the context of a social marketing campaign and their interpretation of choice in health care policy. Drawing on the policy feedback theory, an interpretative phenomenological approach was employed. Purposive semistructured interviews of 7 patients were conducted. Data were analyzed using a 3 step process that included descriptive theme-centered coding, emergent sub-coding, and a clustered coding analysis. Two key themes emerged: first, choice in health care policy is relative to a patient’s individual circumstance, and in order to have choice, one must have options; and second, veterans value their earned health care benefits and trust their government provider. Implications for social change include policy maker awareness of the importance of social marketing as a tool for communicating a health policy and legislation so they can make more informed decisions and veterans can feel empowered as patients.

Face à l’abus d’alcool notamment chez les jeunes, les acteurs de santé recommandent de réguler le marketing des industriels. En France selon la loi Evin (1991), les publicités pour l’alcool doivent être objectives, informatives et, non attractives en termes de contenu. Cette recherche teste l’efficacité de cette régulation en comparant l’influence de publicités informatives versus plus attractives en termes de perception du produit, d’attitude envers la publicité et d’envie de consommer. Elle évalue aussi la visibilité des avertissements sanitaires alcool selon la saillance de leur format et du contexte publicitaire. Cette recherche a identifié et étudié l’appropriation des codes et de l’iconographie du luxe par les marques d’alcool comme une nouvelle forme de contenu publicitaire à travers une phase de monitoring. Grâce à une revue de la littérature, elle a formulé des propositions de recherche en termes d’implications marketing et de santé publique afin de cerner le mécanisme de persuasion potentiel relative à cette pratique marketing. Ces implications présentent le luxe comme une potentielle réponse marketing aux motivations de consommer de l’alcool chez les jeunes, sur la base de théories relatives à la construction identitaire. Elles soulignent aussi l’influence des publicités et du packaging, en particulier lorsque ces stimuli sont infusés de codes du luxe (sur la base de théorie de l’infusion de l’art et de cas des paquets de cigarettes infusés des codes du luxe). Pour tester ces propositions, une étude qualitative exploratoire (26 entretiens) a d’abord servi à cerner la nature et l’influence du contenu (publicités plus informatives versus luxe) en termes de réponses cognitives, affectives, d’intentions comportementales et de perceptions des avertissements sanitaires. Les résultats de ces entretiens ont servi à construire la phase expérimentale de la recherche en termes d’opérationnalisation des concepts de contenu publicitaire et d’avertissement sanitaire, de formulation des hypothèses de recherche, de sélection et design des stimuli et de méthodologie (combinaison de méthodes verbales et non-verbales). Sur la base d’un design inter-sujets, nous avons lancé deux études expérimentales (étude eye-tracking = 174 jeunes ; étude en ligne = 696 jeunes) testant 12 stimuli publicitaires [3 (marques d’alcool) x 2 (styles de contenu publicitaire: PO versus luxe) x 2 (formats d’avertissement: format actuel versus plus saillant)]. Les résultats soulignent l’intérêt de réguler le contenu des publicités d’alcool (cf. Loi Evin). Celui-ci influence l’attitude à l’égard de la publicité, la perception du produit et le désir de consommer. Les publicités plus informatives sont perçues comme moins attractives, alors que les publicités luxe génèrent et renforcent des perceptions positives à l’égard du produit, des bénéfices de consommation et les envies de consommer et de boire. Quant à l’avertissement actuel, il est jugé inefficace en termes de visibilité, de crédibilité et de risques perçus. Toutefois un format plus saillant permet d’augmenter le degré d’attention qu’on y porte ainsi que sa visibilité perçue. Cela est important car l’efficacité d’un avertissement repose en partie sur ses deux critères. Aucun effet d’interaction significatif des variables manipulées n’est à signaler dans cette étude. / This critical social marketing research tackles the effectiveness of advertising regulation that is a health measure recommended to reduce alcohol consumption. It studies how alcohol advertising content restrictions (e.g., the French Evin law mandates ads since 1991 to convey only factual information and objective qualities of alcohol products and thus be product-oriented: PO ads) versus non-regulated advertising affect youth individuals’ perceptions of alcohol products, attitude towards the ad, desire to consume and noticeability of health warning displayed in ads (depending on format prominence). This research identified and investigated the luxury codes and iconography appropriation by alcohol brands as a new type of advertising content, through a monitoring phase. To understand the potential persuasion mechanism at stake, this study relied on assumptions in terms of persuasion and public health based on a literature review. It helped to explain luxury symbolism as a potential response to youth drinking motives on the basis of self-growth theories and suggest possible effect on consumers’ responses to alcohol advertising especially when infused with luxury perceptions (e.g., art infusion theory and tobacco packs infused with luxury codes). To test those assumptions, we implemented an exploratory qualitative study and two experimental studies. Using (26) in-depth interviews, the qualitative phase helped understand the nature and influence of advertising content (luxury versus PO) on cognitive, affective responses, behavioral intentions and warnings’ noticeability. The findings helped operationalize advertising content and warnings’ noticeability concepts, develop hypotheses, fine-tune stimuli selection and modification, and finally select methods and (verbal and non-verbal) measurements for the testing phase. Based on a between-subject design, the experimentation (eye-tracking study = 174 individuals; online study = 696 individuals) tested on samples of young people a total of 12 advertising stimuli [3 (brands) x 2 (content: luxury versus PO) x 2 (warning format: LP versus MP)]. Our results showed the relevancy of alcohol advertising content restrictions such as the French Evin law (1991). They indicated that advertising content does influence attitude towards the ad, alcohol products’ perceptions and desire to consume. While PO ads reduce the alcohol advertising attractiveness, luxury ads enhanced the participants’ positive product perceptions, perceived alcohol consumption benefits and intention to purchase and drink. They also reported the ineffectiveness of health warnings in terms of noticeability, perceived credibility and risks. Findings suggest that modifying the current warning format prominence can help increase its attentional processing and perceived noticeability, which is a first step in improving generally warnings’ effectiveness. However our results revealed no significant interaction effect of both manipulated factors in this study.

La consommation de la cigarette constitue de nos jours un problème de santé publique. L’OMS a mis plusieurs outils à la disposition des Etats, dont les avertissements sanitaires pour lutter contre le tabagisme. Au Burkina Faso, l’avertissement sanitaire actuel en vigueur est sous forme textuelle de petite taille. La littérature en marketing social s’est intéressée à l’impact des avertissements sanitaires textuels et visuels sur les réactions affectives, cognitives et conatives des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs. Des divergences existent toujours sur l’efficacité des avertissements sanitaires de façon générale et de façon particulière, ceux qui suscitent des émotions négatives. Aussi très peu de recherches ont été réalisées sur des individus non-lettrés. Partant de ces constats, la présente thèse s’est fixée pour objectif de tester l’impact sur les fumeurs et les non-fumeurs, de l’avertissement sanitaire textuel actuel en vigueur au Burkina Faso et des 72 nouveaux avertissements sanitaires visuels proposés par l’OMS pour les pays africains. Nous avons mené une étude qualitative à travers des entretiens individuels. Les résultats indiquent que l’avertissement sanitaire textuel actuel a peu d’impact sur les réactions affectives, cognitives et les intentions comportementales des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs. En revanche, les avertissements sanitaires visuels ont plus d’impact sur les fumeurs et les non-fumeurs comparativement à l’avertissement sanitaire textuel. Les avertissements sanitaires qui suscitent plus d’émotions négatives (peur) ont plus d’impact sur l’intention comportementale des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs. Une étude quantitative a ensuite été réalisée pour comparer l’avertissement sanitaire textuel actuel en vigueur au Burkina Faso à 4 nouveaux avertissements sanitaires visuels choisis parmi les 72, à l’issue de l’étude qualitative. Les résultats de l’étude quantitative vont dans le sens de ceux de l’étude qualitative. A l’exception de la variable « lecture », le niveau d’instruction des fumeurs (lettré ou non-lettré) n’exerce pas une influence sur l’impact des avertissements sanitaires. Le sexe et la tranche d’âge des individus n’ont pas aussi d’effet significatif sur l’impact des avertissements sanitaires. La présente thèse contribue à enrichir la littérature sur les avertissements sanitaires dans les pays en développement et sur des cibles non-lettrées. Sur le plan de la santé publique, nos résultats suggèrent l’apposition des avertissements sanitaires visuels sur les paquets de cigarettes au Burkina Faso pour la lutte contre le tabagisme. / Smoking cigarettes is nowadays a public health issue. The World Health Organization has made several tools available to the States, including health warnings for nicotinism. In Burkina Faso, the current health warning in force is in small size textual form. Social marketing literature has focused on the impact of textual and visual health warnings on the affective, cognitive and conative responses of smokers and non-smokers. Divergences still exist on the effectiveness of health warnings in a general way and particularly, those which arouse negative emotions. Thus, very little research has been carried out on illiterate individuals. Based on these observations, the present thesis aims to test the impact on smokers and non-smokers, of the current textual health warning in force in Burkina Faso and the 72 new visual health warnings proposed by the WHO for African countries. We conducted a qualitative study through individual interviews. The results show that the current textual health warning has little impact on the emotional, cognitive and behavioral intents of smokers and non-smokers. But, visual health warnings have a greater impact on smokers and non-smokers compared to the textual health warning. Health warnings that cause more negative emotions (fear) have more impact on the behavioral intent of smokers and non-smokers. A quantitative study has then been carried out to compare the current textual health warning in force in Burkina Faso with 4 new visual health warnings selected from the 72, following the qualitative study. The quantitative study’s results are in line with those of the qualitative study. With the exception of the « reading » variable, smokers’ level of education (literate or non-literate) does not influence the impact of health warnings. Gender and age range of individuals do not also have a significant effect on the impact of health warnings. This thesis helps to enrich the literature on health warnings in developing countries and on non-literate people. In terms of public health, our results suggest the addition of visual health warnings on cigarette packets in Burkina Faso to fight against smoking.

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad comprender cuál es la percepción de las niñas frente a los mensajes de “empoderamiento femenino” utilizados en la campaña Dove. Se analizará qué tan efectivo ha sido el mensaje transmitido a las niñas y cómo lo han recibido. Ya que ellas son el futuro target de la marca, y a pesar de no ser las compradoras, se plantea generar cambios en sus actitudes o sentimientos. Se buscará comprender qué valores han podido rescatar, en esta etapa llena de cambios que atraviesan, la cual las compradoras actuales de Dove ya vivieron. Por tal razón, se estudiará el compromiso social detrás de esta campaña. Para ello, investigaremos los terrenos de percepción, construcción de marca y cómo esta se baña en los valores de la mano de discursos “pro-mujer” para reflejarlos en sus campañas publicitarias. De tal manera, tenemos como objetivo el analizar si el target, en este caso niñas y adolescentes, reciben adecuadamente el mensaje y si este fue comprendido. Por eso, ellas son fundamentales para poder concluir si la campaña fue efectiva y si despierta sentimientos o emociones en las niñas. Es así como podremos saber qué tipo de percepciones presentan, cómo se conectó y reforzaron cambios en ellas. Para tal razón, el estudio empleará una metodología cualitativa apoyado de entrevistas al target. / The purpose of this work is to understand girls' perceptions of the "female empowerment" messages used in the Dove campaign. It will analyse how effective the message has been transmitted to the girls and how it has been received. They are the future target of the brand, and despite not being the buyers, it is proposed to generate changes in their attitudes or feelings. We will try to understand what values they have been able to rescue, in this stage full of changes that they going through, which the current buyers of Dove have already lived. For this reason, the social commitment behind this campaign will be studied. To do this, we will investigate the fields of perception, brand building and how this is bathed in the values of the hand of "pro-woman" discourses to reflect them. To do this, we will investigate the fields of perception, brand building and how this is bathed in the values of the hand of "pro-woman" discourses to reflect them in their advertising campaigns. In this way, we aim to analyse whether the target, in this case girls and adolescents, receive the message properly and if it was understood. Therefore, they are essential to conclude if the campaign was effective and if it arouses feelings or emotions in the girls. This is how we will be able to know what kinds of perceptions they present, how they connected and reinforced changes in them. For this reason, the study will use a qualitative methodology supported by interviews with the target. / Trabajo de investigación

“What role did branding play in the social marketing processes of the three Schwab Foundation award winning social enterprises (SEs)?” The research problem, as well as the research questions, revolve around the issue of establishing how branding may be employed as part of the social marketing process in such a way as to increase the competitiveness of those organisations known as social enterprises (SEs). This study investigates three SEs whose Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) have won The Schwab Foundation Social Entrepreneur (SFSE) of the Year Awards, to determine how branding was used as a communication tool to position their organisations as leaders and differentiators in the development sector. The three SEs that were chosen as case study organisations are: Soul City, Heartbeat and the Johannesburg Housing Company (JHC). The theoretical context focuses firstly on the non-profit sector in South Africa as the context and environment of this study, more specifically, the evolution of non-profit organisations (NPOs) into Social Enterprises (SEs). This is followed by defining communication principles and applications as they appear in both profit-driven and non-profit organisations/social enterprises (NPOs/SEs). This is applied in two different communication contexts: communication within corporate organisations and communication within development organisations. The last theoretical focus is placed on understanding what branding means, a description of the different branding categories, and a view of the evolution of branding to brand building and brand leadership. This is followed by a discussion on the importance of brand identity and equity in the process of brand development, brand management and measurement, including a presentation of the main role players in this brand-building process. Branding is then discussed as it is applied in SEs, outlining what a strong brand could do for the development sector. A combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches are utilised; more specifically a qualitative research approach, supported by a quantitative one, referred to as the “dominant less-dominant model”. This study is based on the grounded theory model supported by a collective case study approach, also referred to as “building theories from case study research”. The study further indicates the theory that was generated by this study, namely “The Social Enterprise (SE) branding layered grounded theory model”. Whereas the 1st layer displays the important role that the NPO/SE sector if fulfilling in modern society; the 2nd layer the specific space and linkages of SEs with the different other society sectors are explained; the 3rd layer positions/similar to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs with the growth path of NPOs towards SEs and their own sustainability on the NPO/SE pyramid model; the 4th layer indicates the fact that the same corporate communication principles applies to the development sector; and the 5th layer stresses the important role that branding plays as the core element of a corporate communication strategy. In summary, the study found that a lack of implementation of corporate communication in NPOs and SEs, more specifically the absence of a corporate identity, image and a strategic brand management process, has a direct impact on the effectiveness of SEs’ communication and limits the achievement of their developmental objectives. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Information Science / unrestricted

Around the globe, sensitive nature destinations suffer from media-mediated mass tourism. Especially, the social media network Instagram is often made responsible for these events as its emphasis on visuals is claimed to foster people’s ambition to reproduce photographs of themselves in the epic sceneries they see online. Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) face a particularly big challenge in using Instagram. While they aim at attracting enough tourists to satisfy the local tourism industry’s needs, they need to apply a careful promotion to avoid attracting more tourists than the natural environments can cope with. Focusing on Sweden as case study, this thesis aims at identifying and exploring how Swedish DMOs currently promote vulnerable nature destinations on Instagram and what significance these economically driven communication agencies thereby attribute the protection of the natural resources. Theoretical implications from sustainable destination management and environmental psychology are employed to develop different communication strategies that enhance the destination’s sustainable image as well as attempt to encourage pro-environmental behavior among tourists. A mixed method design is applied which is dominated by an extensive quantitative content analysis and complemented by a more limited qualitative semiotic analysis. The findings reveal that the implementation of sustainable communication strategies is of varying importance for the six Swedish DMOs considered in this study. In general, their effort of using communication tools to enhance sustainable nature-based tourism is still very low. Future research is advised to investigate in the production as well as audience site to gain further insights in how economic interests might hinder a more sustainable branding and to examine how effective the developed communication strategies actually are in influence people’s behavioral intentions.