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L’objectif de la présente thèse est de générer des connaissances sur les contributions possibles d’une formation continue à l’évolution des perspectives et pratiques des professionnels de la santé buccodentaire. Prônant une approche centrée sur le patient, la formation vise à sensibiliser les professionnels à la pauvreté et à encourager des pratiques qui se veulent inclusives et qui tiennent compte du contexte social des patients. L’évaluation de la formation s’inscrit dans le contexte d’une recherche-action participative de développement d’outils éducatifs et de transfert des connaissances sur la pauvreté. Cette recherche-action aspire à contribuer à la lutte contre les iniquités sociales de santé et d’accès aux soins au Québec; elle reflète une préoccupation pour une plus grande justice sociale ainsi qu’une prise de position pour une santé publique critique fondée sur une « science des solutions » (Potvin, 2013). Quatre articles scientifiques, ancrés dans une philosophie constructiviste et dans les concepts et principes de l’apprentissage transformationnel (Mezirow, 1991), constituent le cœur de cette thèse. Le premier article présente une revue critique de la littérature portant sur l’enseignement de l’approche de soins centrés sur le patient. Prenant appui sur le concept d’une « épistémologie partagée », des principes éducatifs porteurs d’une transformation de perspective à l’égard de la relation professionnel-patient ont été identifiés et analysés. Le deuxième article de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du développement participatif d’outils de formation sur la pauvreté et illustre le processus de co-construction d’un scénario de court-métrage social réaliste portant sur la pauvreté et l’accès aux soins. L’article décrit et apporte une réflexion, notamment sur la dimension de co-formation entre les différents acteurs des milieux académique, professionnel et citoyen qui ont constitué le collectif À l’écoute les uns des autres. Nous y découvrons la force du croisement des savoirs pour générer des prises de conscience sur soi et sur ses préjugés. Les outils développés par le collectif ont été intégrés à une formation continue axée sur la réflexion critique et l’apprentissage transformationnel, et conçue pour être livrée en cabinet dentaire privé. Les deux derniers articles de thèse présentent les résultats d’une étude de cas instrumentale évaluative centrée sur cette formation continue et visant donc à répondre à l’objectif premier de cette thèse. Le premier consiste en une analyse des transformations de perspectives et d’action au sein d’une équipe de 15 professionnels dentaires ayant participé à la formation continue sur une période de trois mois. L’article décrit, entre autres, une plus grande ouverture, chez certains participants, sur les causes structurelles de la pauvreté et une plus grande sensibilité au vécu au quotidien des personnes prestataires de l’aide sociale. L’article comprend également une exploration des effets paradoxaux dans l’apprentissage, notamment le renforcement, chez certains, de perceptions négatives à l’égard des personnes prestataires de l’aide sociale. Le quatrième article fait état de barrières idéologiques contraignant la transformation des pratiques professionnelles : 1) l’identification à l’idéologie du marché privé comme véhicule d’organisation des soins; 2) l’attachement au concept d’égalité dans les pratiques, au détriment de l’équité; 3) la prédominance du modèle biomédical, contraignant l’adoption de pratiques centrées sur la personne et 4) la catégorisation sociale des personnes prestataires de l’aide sociale. L’analyse des perceptions, mais aussi de l’expérience vécue de ces barrières démontre comment des facteurs systémiques et sociaux influent sur le rapport entre professionnel dentaire et personne prestataire de l’aide sociale. Les conséquences pour la recherche, l’éducation dentaire, le transfert des connaissances, ainsi que pour la régulation professionnelle et les politiques de santé buccodentaire, sont examinées à partir de cette perspective. / This thesis aims to generate knowledge on how a continuing education course might contribute to the evolution of oral health professionals’ perspectives and practices. Promoting patient centered care, the course aims to sensitize professionals to poverty issues and to encourage socially inclusive practices that take into account the social context of patients. The course evaluation is nested within a participatory action research project aimed at developing educational and knowledge transfer tools to sensitize oral health professionals to poverty issues and Our research strives to contribute to the fight against social inequities in health and in access to care in Québec; it is grounded in our intent for greater social justice and reflects our belief in the importance of a critical public health founded on a « science of solutions » (Potvin, 2013). Four scientific articles, grounded in constructivism and in the concepts and principles of transformative learning theory (Mezirow, 1991), constitute the heart of this thesis. The first presents a critical review of the literature on health professional education for patient-centered care. We focus on the concept of shared epistemology as a foundation for patient-centered care and determine and analyse the educational principles allowing for its development in students and practitioners. Our second article, located within the participatory developmental process, delves into the co-construction of a social realist screenplay portraying poverty and issues of access to dental care. The article examines and reflects on the participatory processes, in particular the co-learning that took place among the partners involved in writing the screenplay and in producing the educational tools on poverty. We discover the potency of shared knowledge among professionals, citizens, educators and academics for enhancing reflection on bias and perspective taking. The educational tools developed have been integrated into an onsite credited continuing education course on poverty and oral health, privileging critical reflection, founded on transformative learning theory, and integrating dimensions of person-centered care. The results of an instrumental case study among the 15 members of a dental team having participated in the course constitute the last two articles of the thesis. The first describes and analyzes the new meanings and actions among course participants, emphasizing shifts in thinking about the causes of poverty, about life on welfare, about certain patient behaviors and about the participants themselves. New actions refer to changes made in verbal and non-verbal communication and appointment giving policy. The article also examines unanticipated and paradoxical effects of learning, such as the reinforcement of certain beliefs. The final thesis article presents the case study results in terms of the participants’ experience of their workplace ideologies and how these constitute obstacles or objections to learning or to making practice or policy changes. These ideologies include 1) identification with a for-profit and private market oral health care system; 2) “equal treatment”, a belief constraining concern for equity and the recognition of discriminatory practices; 3) a predominantly biomedical orientation to care; and 4) stereotypical categorization of publically insured patients into « deserving » vs. « non-deserving » poor. This knowledge contributes to our understanding of systemic influences on professionals’ practices and interactions with patients living on welfare. We discuss implications for research, dental education and knowledge translation, as well as in terms of oral health policy and oral health professional regulation.

SUMMARY: The thesis describes a situation of the part of inhabitants of the Czech Republic that are currently regarded as socio-culturally disadvantaged. It aims to term factors that endanger a healthy and harmonic development of children living in a socio-culturally disadvantaged environment. The means of child protection are specified on international and national level and the current legislation in this field is reviewed. The thesis also deals with the position of ethnic minorities in the Czech Republic and concentrates on Romany minority. On the example of one city district of Prague is presented the lifestyle of Romany community, their cohabitation with the majority and their usage of Romany ethnolect. Possible causes of formation of socially excluded communities are listed together with social and health risks for Romany people that concentrate in such local communities. The situation in the field of education of pre-school children coming from a socio-culturally disadvantaged environment is described and legislative and executive measures to support their access to education are reviewed. Social determinants of health are termed and their impact on Roma community in the Czech Republic is assessed. The research part of the thesis deals with the education of the children attending compensatory...

Background: Food insecurity amongst South Asian Americans is a major public health issue. The South Asian American (SAA) community is the third largest Asian community in the United States. Despite this fact, very few specific studies have been conducted to investigate the food needs and barriers that exist within the SAA community so as to successfully help them improve dietary habits. Methods: This study utilized a mixed methods convergent parallel design, where both qualitative and quantitative methods were conducted and analyzed separately and compared and contrasted at the end. Results: The results of this study demonstrate that ethnic grocery stores were limited and scattered for the population to access them. Also, some ingredients used by the population were not available in general grocery stores and the pricing was considerably higher. Results of the focus group show that what was considered healthy in their home country would be expensive in the United States and thus switching to cheaper options in the new country was norm. Furthermore, cultural/religious appropriate food items were limited due to cost and often impacted participants’ dietary behavior. In addition to expense, the availability of ethnic-specific food ingredients was limited and/or would require significant travel to obtain them, and thus further contributed to change their dietary habits. Conclusion: The results of the study highlight the need for more interventions focusing on the food habits of the SAA population, in terms of availability of ingredients and accessibility to the ethnic grocery stores in the Inland Empire of Southern California.

Objectif: La santé des Indiens inscrits est inférieure à celle des autres Canadiens et dévoile des écarts importants entre les différents groupes qui la composent. La nation crie de l’Iiyiyiu Aschii, signataire de la Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois (CBJNQ), bénéficie à cet égard d’un état de santé supérieur à celui des autres Indiens inscrits. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’examiner l’impact de la CBJNQ sur les déterminants sociaux et l’état de santé de ses signataires cris depuis son entrée en vigueur en 1977. Méthodologie : Des analyses comparatives entre les Cris de l’Iiyiyiu Aschii, les Indiens inscrits et les Canadiens ont permis de suivre l’évolution à travers le temps des différences socioéconomiques, d’habitudes de vie et d’état de santé de ces groupes. Résultats : Les Cris ont enregistré, comparativement aux autres groupes d’Indiens inscrits vivant sur une réserve, une plus grande amélioration de leurs déterminants socioéconomiques, une progression relativement limitée de leurs comportements à risque et une préservation à un niveau plus élevé de leurs pratiques traditionnelles. Les Cris ont également vu progresser plus rapidement leur espérance de vie à la naissance que les Canadiens, et leur mortalité infantile a connu une chute encore plus importante que celle enregistrée chez les Indiens inscrits sur réserve. Conclusion : La CBJNQ a vraisemblablement eu un impact significatif sur la santé des Cris de l’Iiyiyiu Aschii. Cette amélioration sanitaire s’explique notamment par la Convention qui a su mettre en place des structures politiques qui ont favorisé l’amélioration des déterminants sociaux et le développement de l’autonomie gouvernementale des Cris. / Objective : The health of Status Indians is below that of other Canadians, showing important gaps among the different Status groups. The Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee, signatory to the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA), shows a higher health level than that of other Indian Nations. The objective of this thesis is to examine the impact of the JBNQA, signed in 1977, on the health of the Cree. Method : A comparative health analysis was conduted among the Cree of Eeyou Istchee, other Indian Nations’ levels, and that of non-Native Canadians, in order to examine the evolution of social determinants of health statuses of these groups. Results : The Cree achieved the highest improvement in their socioeconomic determinants, limited progress in reducing their risky behaviors, and better retention of their traditional ways of life, than other Native Nations. The Cree increased their life-expectancy at birth to a higher status than the Canadian status, and their child mortality rates decreased compared to those of other Status Indians. Conclusion : The JBNQA seems to have had a significant impact on the health of the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee. The improvements might be explained by the political structures created by the Agreement. These structures supported both the improvement of the social determinants and the development of the Cree self-governement.

Puisque les déterminants sociaux de la santé sont en dehors du secteur institutionnel conventionnel de la santé, la collaboration intersectorielle apparaît comme la stratégie de choix pour agir sur ces déterminants. Comme souligné par Jackson et coll. (2006), la collaboration intersectorielle et les partenariats interorganisationnels sont des actions transversales qui doivent se produire à des niveaux structurels, sociaux et personnels et qui doivent être imbriquées dans toutes les stratégies de promotion de la santé mises de l’avant par la Charte d’Ottawa. Mais que signifie la collaboration intersectorielle, comment est-elle vécue, et comment ces processus intersectoriels peuvent-ils être réussis? L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche était de contribuer à l’élaboration d’un cadre conceptuel de l’action intersectorielle, développé à partir de la littérature disponible et validé empiriquement par quatre études de cas, à l’intérieur d’une région du Québec (Chaudière-Appalaches). Ces quatre initiatives se sont déroulées entre 1997 et 2012 : • Cas 1 : Programme de prévention de la détresse psychologique auprès des agriculteurs • Cas 2 : Construction du parc de jeu destiné aux enfants de 0 à 5 ans • Cas 3 : Programme de cuisines collectives à Beauce-Sartigan • Cas 4 : Programme de prévention de l’alcool au volant La première partie de la thèse se concentre sur la compréhension de termes reliés à l’intersectorialité en santé, en comparant les définitions théoriques (à partir d’une revue systématique de la littérature grise et scientifique) à la terminologie utilisée sur le terrain (à partir des études de cas). La deuxième partie de la thèse consiste en une analyse transversale des quatre études de cas qui ont été élaborées autour des sept dimensions suivantes : le problème, les objectifs de santé de populations, les autres objectifs, les résultats, les acteurs, les processus et le contexte. L’analyse transversale porte principalement sur les avantages, les conditions facilitantes et les défis de l’action intersectorielle en santé, incluant une discussion sur le rôle et la légitimité du secteur santé en tant qu’instigateur du partenariat intersectoriel. Thesis Abstract Since the social determinants of health lie outside the conventional institutional health sector, intersectoral collaboration appears to be the strategy of choice to act on these determinants. As Jackson et al. note (2006), intersectoral collaboration and inter-organizational partnerships are cross-cutting actions that must occur at structural, social and personal levels, and they should be embedded in all strategies for health promotion put forward by the Ottawa Charter. But what does intersectoral collaboration mean, how it is lived, and how can these intersectoral processes be successful? The main objective of this research project is to contribute to the development of a conceptual framework for intersectoral action. That framework is developed from the literature and empirically validated by four case studies within a Quebec region (Chaudière-Appalaches). These four initiatives took place between 1997 and 2012: • Case 1: Program for the prevention of psychological distress among farmers • Case 2: Construction of a play park for children aged 0 to 5 years • Case 3: Program of collective kitchens in Beauce-Sartigan • Case 4: Program for the prevention of alcohol-impaired driving The first part of the thesis focuses on understanding terms related to intersectoriality in health by comparing the theoretical definitions (from a systematic review of scientific and grey literature) to the terminology used in the field (captured by conducting case studies). The second part of the thesis is a cross-sectional analysis of four case studies developed around the following seven dimensions: the problem, the population health objectives, other objectives, the outcomes, the actors, the processes and the context. This cross-sectional analysis focuses on the benefits, facilitating conditions and challenges of intersectoral action in health, including a discussion of the role and legitimacy of the health sector as an instigator of intersectoral partnerships.

Este estudo trata da utilização e acesso a serviços de saúde por idosos rurais, o qual se insere em um projeto intitulado "Determinantes Sociais e Interfaces com a Mobilidade de Usuários: análise dos fluxos e utilização de serviços de saúde". Busca-se conhecer os problemas de saúde que afetam os idosos rurais de Santana da Boa Vista/RS, levando em conta a situação econômica e social, as dinâmicas familiares e as estratégias que integram práticas de controle e prevenção em saúde e doença. Trata-se de um estudo híbrido, com desenho epidemiológico descritivo e uma abordagem qualitativa com 30 idosos entrevistados. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva por meio de freqüência simples para os dados quantificáveis e a análise de conteúdo do tipo temático, na etapa qualitativa. Entre os resultados encontrou-se predominância masculina, com idade média de 67,8 anos, brancos, católicos e com baixa escolaridade. Com relação ao estado civil a maioria é casada, predominando mulheres na viuvez. A caracterização socioeconômica mostrou que a maioria dos idosos morava com familiares em residência própria, e apresentaram melhoria das condições de vida após o benefício da aposentadoria. Em relação à saúde, a maioria dos idosos entrevistados referiu como boa, sendo que as mulheres apresentaram mais queixas, se comparadas aos homens. Quanto aos serviços de saúde, mais da metade declarou utilizar habitualmente a Rede Municipal, em conseqüência dos problemas crônicos, acessando a Rede básica. Os principais motivos para não recorrerem aos serviços de saúde, mesmo em caso de necessidade, estão relacionados aos recursos financeiros insuficientes, demora no atendimento, ausência de transporte, uso de automedicação e ausência de profissionais médicos. Esses resultados expressam as desigualdades sociais como reflexos na saúde, as dificuldade de acesso funcional e geográfico, já que a maioria dos serviços de saúde encontra-se fora da área rural, havendo, ainda, a insuficiência de transporte em quantidade e freqüência aos locais de atendimento. A análise das trajetórias terapêuticas apontou para a diversidade de situações e estratégias de saúde desenvolvidas pelos usuários e pelo Município. / This study addresses the use of and access to health services by rural elderly subjects. It is linked to the project "Social Determinants and Interfaces with Users' Mobility: Analysis of Flows and Health Service Usage". Having the rural area and local development processes as background, it is intended to learn of life contexts and health problems which affect the elderly. An account is made of economical and social situation, family dynamics and strategies integrating practices for health and illnesses' control and prevention. The study is aimed at characterizing and understanding social determinants in flows of health service usage by rural residents 60 years old or more. Their therapeutic trajectories and mobility is considered. This is a hybrid study with an epidemiological descriptive design and a qualitative approach. Data were obtained from a structured interview with 30 elderly subjects in rural households. Descriptive statistics was used by means of simple frequency for quantitative data and thematic content analysis in the qualitative phase. Results indicated male predominance. Average age was 67.8. They were mostly white, catholic and bore low educational status. As for marital status, most were married; widows were predominant. Socioeconomical features indicated most elderly lived with family at their own home. They experienced better life conditions after received retirement funds. As far as health was concerned, most regarded themselves as healthy. Elderly women presented more complaints compared to men. When it came to health services use, more than half declared they often turned to the public local network due to chronic health problems. Main reasons not to turn to health services, even when needed, involved lack of financial resources; long waiting; transportation constraints; automedication practices; and lack of physicians. Such results revealed social inequalities such as reflexes in health, difficulties associated with functional and geographical access because most health services were available out of rural areas. There was not enough and frequent transportation to other health centers either. These findings highlight the diversity of situations and health strategies developed by users and the municipality. / Este estudio trata de la utilización y acceso a servicios de salud por ancianos rurales, se insiere en un proyecto intitulado "Determinantes Sociales e Interfaces con la Movilidad de Usuarios: análisis de los flujos y utilización de servicios de salud". Busca conocer los problemas de salud que afectan los ancianos rurales de Santana da Boa Vista/RS, llevando en cuenta la situación económica y social, las dinámicas familiares y las estrategias que integran prácticas de control y prevención en salud y enfermedad. Se trata de un estudio híbrido con dibujo epidemiológico descriptivo y un abordaje cualitativo en 30 ancianos entrevistados. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva a través de frecuencia simple para los datos cuantificables y el análisis de contenido del tipo temático, en la etapa cualitativa. Entre los resultados se encontró predominancia masculina, con edad mediana de 67,8 años, blancos, católicos y con baja escolaridad. Con relación al estado civil la mayoría es casada, predominando mujeres en la viudez. La caracterización socioeconómica mostró que la mayoría de los ancianos vive con familiares en residencia propia, y presentaron mejoras de las condiciones de vida después del beneficio de la jubilación. En relación a la salud, la mayoría de los ancianos refirió como buena, siendo que las mujeres presentan más quejas si comparadas a los hombres. Cuanto a los servicios de salud, más de la mitad declaró utilizar habitualmente la red municipal, en consecuencia de los problemas crónicos, accediendo a la red básica. Los principales motivos para que no recurran a los servicios de salud, mismo en caso de necesidad, están relacionados a los recursos financieros insuficientes; tardar en ser atendido; ausencia de transporte; uso de automedicación y ausencia de profesionales médicos. Esos resultados expresan las desigualdades sociales como reflejos en la salud, las dificultades de acceso funcional y geográfico, ya que la mayoría de los servicios de salud se encuentran fuera el área rural, donde hay, todavía, la insuficiencia de transporte en cantidad y frecuencia a los locales de atendimiento. El análisis de las trayectorias terapéuticas señaló a la diversidad de situaciones y estrategias de salud desarrolladas por los usuarios y por el municipio.

Este estudo trata da utilização e acesso a serviços de saúde por idosos rurais, o qual se insere em um projeto intitulado "Determinantes Sociais e Interfaces com a Mobilidade de Usuários: análise dos fluxos e utilização de serviços de saúde". Busca-se conhecer os problemas de saúde que afetam os idosos rurais de Santana da Boa Vista/RS, levando em conta a situação econômica e social, as dinâmicas familiares e as estratégias que integram práticas de controle e prevenção em saúde e doença. Trata-se de um estudo híbrido, com desenho epidemiológico descritivo e uma abordagem qualitativa com 30 idosos entrevistados. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva por meio de freqüência simples para os dados quantificáveis e a análise de conteúdo do tipo temático, na etapa qualitativa. Entre os resultados encontrou-se predominância masculina, com idade média de 67,8 anos, brancos, católicos e com baixa escolaridade. Com relação ao estado civil a maioria é casada, predominando mulheres na viuvez. A caracterização socioeconômica mostrou que a maioria dos idosos morava com familiares em residência própria, e apresentaram melhoria das condições de vida após o benefício da aposentadoria. Em relação à saúde, a maioria dos idosos entrevistados referiu como boa, sendo que as mulheres apresentaram mais queixas, se comparadas aos homens. Quanto aos serviços de saúde, mais da metade declarou utilizar habitualmente a Rede Municipal, em conseqüência dos problemas crônicos, acessando a Rede básica. Os principais motivos para não recorrerem aos serviços de saúde, mesmo em caso de necessidade, estão relacionados aos recursos financeiros insuficientes, demora no atendimento, ausência de transporte, uso de automedicação e ausência de profissionais médicos. Esses resultados expressam as desigualdades sociais como reflexos na saúde, as dificuldade de acesso funcional e geográfico, já que a maioria dos serviços de saúde encontra-se fora da área rural, havendo, ainda, a insuficiência de transporte em quantidade e freqüência aos locais de atendimento. A análise das trajetórias terapêuticas apontou para a diversidade de situações e estratégias de saúde desenvolvidas pelos usuários e pelo Município. / This study addresses the use of and access to health services by rural elderly subjects. It is linked to the project "Social Determinants and Interfaces with Users' Mobility: Analysis of Flows and Health Service Usage". Having the rural area and local development processes as background, it is intended to learn of life contexts and health problems which affect the elderly. An account is made of economical and social situation, family dynamics and strategies integrating practices for health and illnesses' control and prevention. The study is aimed at characterizing and understanding social determinants in flows of health service usage by rural residents 60 years old or more. Their therapeutic trajectories and mobility is considered. This is a hybrid study with an epidemiological descriptive design and a qualitative approach. Data were obtained from a structured interview with 30 elderly subjects in rural households. Descriptive statistics was used by means of simple frequency for quantitative data and thematic content analysis in the qualitative phase. Results indicated male predominance. Average age was 67.8. They were mostly white, catholic and bore low educational status. As for marital status, most were married; widows were predominant. Socioeconomical features indicated most elderly lived with family at their own home. They experienced better life conditions after received retirement funds. As far as health was concerned, most regarded themselves as healthy. Elderly women presented more complaints compared to men. When it came to health services use, more than half declared they often turned to the public local network due to chronic health problems. Main reasons not to turn to health services, even when needed, involved lack of financial resources; long waiting; transportation constraints; automedication practices; and lack of physicians. Such results revealed social inequalities such as reflexes in health, difficulties associated with functional and geographical access because most health services were available out of rural areas. There was not enough and frequent transportation to other health centers either. These findings highlight the diversity of situations and health strategies developed by users and the municipality. / Este estudio trata de la utilización y acceso a servicios de salud por ancianos rurales, se insiere en un proyecto intitulado "Determinantes Sociales e Interfaces con la Movilidad de Usuarios: análisis de los flujos y utilización de servicios de salud". Busca conocer los problemas de salud que afectan los ancianos rurales de Santana da Boa Vista/RS, llevando en cuenta la situación económica y social, las dinámicas familiares y las estrategias que integran prácticas de control y prevención en salud y enfermedad. Se trata de un estudio híbrido con dibujo epidemiológico descriptivo y un abordaje cualitativo en 30 ancianos entrevistados. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva a través de frecuencia simple para los datos cuantificables y el análisis de contenido del tipo temático, en la etapa cualitativa. Entre los resultados se encontró predominancia masculina, con edad mediana de 67,8 años, blancos, católicos y con baja escolaridad. Con relación al estado civil la mayoría es casada, predominando mujeres en la viudez. La caracterización socioeconómica mostró que la mayoría de los ancianos vive con familiares en residencia propia, y presentaron mejoras de las condiciones de vida después del beneficio de la jubilación. En relación a la salud, la mayoría de los ancianos refirió como buena, siendo que las mujeres presentan más quejas si comparadas a los hombres. Cuanto a los servicios de salud, más de la mitad declaró utilizar habitualmente la red municipal, en consecuencia de los problemas crónicos, accediendo a la red básica. Los principales motivos para que no recurran a los servicios de salud, mismo en caso de necesidad, están relacionados a los recursos financieros insuficientes; tardar en ser atendido; ausencia de transporte; uso de automedicación y ausencia de profesionales médicos. Esos resultados expresan las desigualdades sociales como reflejos en la salud, las dificultades de acceso funcional y geográfico, ya que la mayoría de los servicios de salud se encuentran fuera el área rural, donde hay, todavía, la insuficiencia de transporte en cantidad y frecuencia a los locales de atendimiento. El análisis de las trayectorias terapéuticas señaló a la diversidad de situaciones y estrategias de salud desarrolladas por los usuarios y por el municipio.

Este estudo trata da utilização e acesso a serviços de saúde por idosos rurais, o qual se insere em um projeto intitulado "Determinantes Sociais e Interfaces com a Mobilidade de Usuários: análise dos fluxos e utilização de serviços de saúde". Busca-se conhecer os problemas de saúde que afetam os idosos rurais de Santana da Boa Vista/RS, levando em conta a situação econômica e social, as dinâmicas familiares e as estratégias que integram práticas de controle e prevenção em saúde e doença. Trata-se de um estudo híbrido, com desenho epidemiológico descritivo e uma abordagem qualitativa com 30 idosos entrevistados. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva por meio de freqüência simples para os dados quantificáveis e a análise de conteúdo do tipo temático, na etapa qualitativa. Entre os resultados encontrou-se predominância masculina, com idade média de 67,8 anos, brancos, católicos e com baixa escolaridade. Com relação ao estado civil a maioria é casada, predominando mulheres na viuvez. A caracterização socioeconômica mostrou que a maioria dos idosos morava com familiares em residência própria, e apresentaram melhoria das condições de vida após o benefício da aposentadoria. Em relação à saúde, a maioria dos idosos entrevistados referiu como boa, sendo que as mulheres apresentaram mais queixas, se comparadas aos homens. Quanto aos serviços de saúde, mais da metade declarou utilizar habitualmente a Rede Municipal, em conseqüência dos problemas crônicos, acessando a Rede básica. Os principais motivos para não recorrerem aos serviços de saúde, mesmo em caso de necessidade, estão relacionados aos recursos financeiros insuficientes, demora no atendimento, ausência de transporte, uso de automedicação e ausência de profissionais médicos. Esses resultados expressam as desigualdades sociais como reflexos na saúde, as dificuldade de acesso funcional e geográfico, já que a maioria dos serviços de saúde encontra-se fora da área rural, havendo, ainda, a insuficiência de transporte em quantidade e freqüência aos locais de atendimento. A análise das trajetórias terapêuticas apontou para a diversidade de situações e estratégias de saúde desenvolvidas pelos usuários e pelo Município. / This study addresses the use of and access to health services by rural elderly subjects. It is linked to the project "Social Determinants and Interfaces with Users' Mobility: Analysis of Flows and Health Service Usage". Having the rural area and local development processes as background, it is intended to learn of life contexts and health problems which affect the elderly. An account is made of economical and social situation, family dynamics and strategies integrating practices for health and illnesses' control and prevention. The study is aimed at characterizing and understanding social determinants in flows of health service usage by rural residents 60 years old or more. Their therapeutic trajectories and mobility is considered. This is a hybrid study with an epidemiological descriptive design and a qualitative approach. Data were obtained from a structured interview with 30 elderly subjects in rural households. Descriptive statistics was used by means of simple frequency for quantitative data and thematic content analysis in the qualitative phase. Results indicated male predominance. Average age was 67.8. They were mostly white, catholic and bore low educational status. As for marital status, most were married; widows were predominant. Socioeconomical features indicated most elderly lived with family at their own home. They experienced better life conditions after received retirement funds. As far as health was concerned, most regarded themselves as healthy. Elderly women presented more complaints compared to men. When it came to health services use, more than half declared they often turned to the public local network due to chronic health problems. Main reasons not to turn to health services, even when needed, involved lack of financial resources; long waiting; transportation constraints; automedication practices; and lack of physicians. Such results revealed social inequalities such as reflexes in health, difficulties associated with functional and geographical access because most health services were available out of rural areas. There was not enough and frequent transportation to other health centers either. These findings highlight the diversity of situations and health strategies developed by users and the municipality. / Este estudio trata de la utilización y acceso a servicios de salud por ancianos rurales, se insiere en un proyecto intitulado "Determinantes Sociales e Interfaces con la Movilidad de Usuarios: análisis de los flujos y utilización de servicios de salud". Busca conocer los problemas de salud que afectan los ancianos rurales de Santana da Boa Vista/RS, llevando en cuenta la situación económica y social, las dinámicas familiares y las estrategias que integran prácticas de control y prevención en salud y enfermedad. Se trata de un estudio híbrido con dibujo epidemiológico descriptivo y un abordaje cualitativo en 30 ancianos entrevistados. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva a través de frecuencia simple para los datos cuantificables y el análisis de contenido del tipo temático, en la etapa cualitativa. Entre los resultados se encontró predominancia masculina, con edad mediana de 67,8 años, blancos, católicos y con baja escolaridad. Con relación al estado civil la mayoría es casada, predominando mujeres en la viudez. La caracterización socioeconómica mostró que la mayoría de los ancianos vive con familiares en residencia propia, y presentaron mejoras de las condiciones de vida después del beneficio de la jubilación. En relación a la salud, la mayoría de los ancianos refirió como buena, siendo que las mujeres presentan más quejas si comparadas a los hombres. Cuanto a los servicios de salud, más de la mitad declaró utilizar habitualmente la red municipal, en consecuencia de los problemas crónicos, accediendo a la red básica. Los principales motivos para que no recurran a los servicios de salud, mismo en caso de necesidad, están relacionados a los recursos financieros insuficientes; tardar en ser atendido; ausencia de transporte; uso de automedicación y ausencia de profesionales médicos. Esos resultados expresan las desigualdades sociales como reflejos en la salud, las dificultades de acceso funcional y geográfico, ya que la mayoría de los servicios de salud se encuentran fuera el área rural, donde hay, todavía, la insuficiencia de transporte en cantidad y frecuencia a los locales de atendimiento. El análisis de las trayectorias terapéuticas señaló a la diversidad de situaciones y estrategias de salud desarrolladas por los usuarios y por el municipio.

Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le cadre d'une formation doctorale en bioéthique au département de médecine sociale et préventive à l'École de santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (ESPUM). Elle a été complétée grâce au soutien financier des Fonds de recherche du Québec - Santé (FRQS) et des Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada (IRSC). / L’épigénétique est un champ de recherche qui s’intéresse aux variations dans l'activité des gènes n’impliquant pas de modification de la séquence d'ADN et pouvant être transmises lors des divisions cellulaires. Les chercheurs dans ce domaine se penchent principalement sur le rôle de changements très précis dans la structure 3D de l’ADN, qui sont imposés par la méthylation de l’ADN et d'autres réactions biochimiques et qui ont pour effet de contraindre ou de faciliter la lecture des gènes en fonction du besoin des cellules. De nombreuses maladies ont été associées à une perturbation des mécanismes épigénétiques, comme les cancers, les maladies cardiovasculaires, les désordres hormonaux et métaboliques, les maladies inflammatoires chroniques et les troubles neuropsychologiques. Au cours des quinze dernières années, l’épigénétique a connu un essor fulgurant. Elle fut particulièrement propulsée par la recherche en épigénétique environnementale, une spécialité qui s’intéresse aux causes externes de l’altération des mécanismes épigénétiques. Cette branche de la recherche a récemment suscité une vive attention de la part des médias et des chercheurs en sciences sociales et humaines, parce qu’elle met en évidence, au niveau moléculaire, l’influence critique de l’environnement physico-chimique et psychosocial des personnes sur leur santé. Elle apporte ainsi un éclairage supplémentaire sur la relation étroite qui existe entre les inégalités sociales et les inégalités de santé. L’épigénétique environnementale pourrait donc nous encourager, non seulement à imaginer des technologies biomédicales capables de renverser les perturbations acquises, mais aussi à élaborer des stratégies de santé publique préventives, soucieuses des considérations de justice sociale qui affectent la santé des personnes et des populations. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une exploration des implications éthiques, légales et sociales de l’épigénétique (EpigELS). Nous présentons d’abord une revue exhaustive des différentes observations, interprétations et spéculations exprimées dans la littérature en sciences sociales et humaines au sujet des conséquences épistémologiques et normatives de ce jeune champ de recherche. Nous procédons ensuite à une analyse en trois temps de l’application des connaissances. Une première approche, que nous appelons la perspective rhétorique, fait la promotion de l’épigénétique environnementale comme plaidoyer en faveur de politiques de santé préventives et de l’expansion de la bioéthique nord-américaine pour y inclure les préoccupations environnementales et les enjeux relatifs aux déterminants sociaux de la santé (article 1). Une seconde approche, que nous appelons la perspective dialectique, offre un regard critique sur l’attribution de responsabilités morales fondée sur les découvertes en épigénétique. Elle démontre toute la complexité de cette entreprise en faisant la lumière sur les incertitudes scientifiques et les contradictions internes apparentes de ce champ d’étude, spécialement autour des concepts de norme épigénétique et de plasticité épigénétique (article 2). Une troisième approche, que nous appelons la perspective réflexive, se penche sur l’influence potentielle du paysage biopolitique contemporain – molécularisation de la santé et biomédicalisation de la vie – sur l’application des connaissances. Dans ce ‘régime de vérité’ néolibéral, qui favorise les processus d’internalisation, d’isolement, de marchandisation et de technologisation, il est probable que l’application clinique des découvertes en épigénétique soit injustement privilégiée, par défaut, au détriment de leur application en politiques de santé préventives (article 3). Nous terminons par une ouverture sur l’avenir du domaine EpigELS et une brève discussion sur la nature en partie interprétative du processus de passage des connaissances à la pratique. / Epigenetics is a field of research focusing on variations in gene activity that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence and that can be transmitted during cell divisions. Researchers in this field are studying the role of very precise changes in the 3D structure of DNA, imposed by DNA methylation and other biochemical reactions, that impede or facilitate the reading of genes depending on the need of the cells. Many diseases are associated with a disruption of epigenetic mechanisms, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, hormonal and metabolic disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases and neuropsychological disorders. Over the past fifteen years, epigenetics has grown rapidly. It was particularly propelled by research in environmental epigenetics, which is interested in the external causes of the alteration of epigenetic mechanisms. This branch of research has recently attracted considerable attention from the media and researchers in social sciences and humanities because it highlights, at the molecular level, the critical influence of the physico-chemical and psycho-social environment on people’s health. It also sheds additional light on the close relationship between social inequalities and health inequalities. Thus, environmental epigenetics could encourage us not only to conceive biomedical technologies capable of reversing the acquired detrimental variations, but also to develop preventive public health strategies that take into account social justice considerations affecting the health of individuals and populations. In this thesis, we propose an exploration of the ethical, legal and social implications of epigenetics. We begin by presenting a comprehensive review of the various observations, interpretations and speculations expressed in the social sciences and humanities literature about the epistemological and normative consequences of this young field of research. We then proceed to a three-step analysis of knowledge translation. A first approach, that we call the rhetorical perspective, promotes environmental epigenetics as an advocacy tool for preventive health policies and the expansion of North American bioethics towards a view that includes environmental concerns and social determinants of health (Article 1). A second approach, that we call the dialectical perspective, offers a critical look at the assignment of moral responsibilities based on epigenetic discoveries. It demonstrates the complexity of this endeavor by shedding light on the scientific uncertainties and apparent internal contradictions of this field of study, especially with regards to the notions of epigenetic normality and epigenetic plasticity (Article 2). A third approach, that we call the reflexive perspective, examines the potential influence of the contemporary biopolitical landscape – molecularization of health and biomedicalization of life – on knowledge translation. In this neoliberal ‘regime of truth’, which favors the processes of internalization, isolation, commodification and technologization, it is likely that the clinical translation of epigenetics will be unduly privileged, by default, impeding its translation into important preventive health policies (Article 3). We conclude with a view towards the future of the field of EpigELS and a brief discussion on the partly interpretive nature of the knowledge-to-practice process.