Social exclusion has garnered much attention from researchers across the social sciences, especially among social psychologists. However, given the fact that social relationships and consumption are two of the central activities in daily life, there is surprisingly little research on the impact of social connection threats within the realm of consumer behavior. This study examines the effect of social exclusion on proenvironmental behavior and green consumption. More precisely, the objectives of this study are threefold. The first objective is to examine whether the findings in social psychology literature on how excluded individuals respond to exclusion when they are exposed to proenvironmental consumption behavior. The second objective of this research is to find the underlying mechanism and to rule out some of the possible explanations (e.g., mood) for this effect. The final objective of this study is to establish some of the boundary conditions (individual differences and situational factors) for the proposed effect. The hypotheses of this study were developed based on two main theoretical bases borrowed from social psychology literature: empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson 1991) and social reconnection hypothesis (Maner et al. 2007). Overall, it was proposed that while social exclusion decreases individuals’ inclination to engage in proenvironmental activities, socially excluded people are motivated to use green consumption behaviors to establish new social bonds with others. These propositions were tested and supported across four experiments. Across these experiments, the findings demonstrated that social exclusion causes people to express lower tendency to engage in proenvironmental behaviors. The findings also consistently suggest that mood does not explain why social rejection leads to negative environmental outcomes. Additionally, social exclusion appears to cause a temporary absence of empathic concern toward others, which leads to less green behavior with altruistic motivation. Further, the role of emotional empathy as a boundary condition was tested in this study and the findings indicate that experiencing social exclusion does not negatively impact proenvironmental behavior in highly empathetic individuals. Finally, this investigation showed that when a proenvironmental behavior is perceived as an opportunity to reconnect and positive social feedback is expected from peers, socially excluded participants favor products that signal to their peers that they too are concerned about environmental issues. In addition to its contributions to consumer research and marketing, this work provides several practical implications. For instance, as established in this study, green products by default are not perceived by excluded individuals as tools that facilitate social reconnection. However, when such products are positioned properly, such individuals tend to capitalize on the social acceptability of their behavior to help them fulfill their threatened need for affiliation. The implication here is that marketers should attempt to customize their promotional strategies accordingly and direct the consumer’s attention to this covert benefit of green products.

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The diploma thesis titled "Social exclusion of Roma at the local level and strategy of overcoming" is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The goal of the thesis is to answer two main research questions: "What are the specific characteristics of life of the Roma in socially excluded locality Smíchov?" and "How do the Roma living in Smíchov perceive possibilities of the overcoming social exclusion of the Roma?". The theoretical part is insight into the problems of social exclusion of the Roma in the Czech Republic. It outlines the history of the Roma and the general concepts of coexistence of majority and minority. It also contains a description of the specific features of the social exclusion of the Roma in the Czech Republic and opportunities of social work in the Roma community. The theoretical part is followed by empirical part, which is based on a framework analysis of ten interviews with Roma respondents from Smíchov. The research examined the economic situation, social contacts, education level, life satisfaction and difficulties experience of discrimination and attitudes towards media image of Roma, politics and the police.

Darbe analizuojamos skurdžiai gyvenančios šeimos vaikų socialinės atskirties įveikimo galimybės specialiojoje mokykloje. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidžia, kad skurdžiai gyvenančios šeimos vaikai, besimokantys specialiojoje mokykloje, yra veiksmingiau įgalinami įveikti socialinę atskirtį lyginant su tos pačios šeimos vaikais, kurie mokosi įprastoje pagrindinėje mokykloje. Tyrimo tipas – kokybinis, dalyvių atranka – kriterinė, tyrimo lauką sudarė šeima, specialioji mokykla, kaimo bendruomenė. Duomenys buvo renkami pusiau struktūruoto interviu, standartizuoto interviu paauglių problemoms įvertinti, stebėjimo ir dokumentų analizės metodais. Gauti tyrimo duomenys rodo, kad skurdžiai gyvenančios šeimos vaikai gali paveldėti tėvų gyvensenos bruožus – nedalyvavimą ugdymo veikloje ir integracijos stoką, žemą motyvaciją, neišmoksta naudotis daiktais, pinigais, planuoti laiką ir veiksmus, neišmoksta taupumo, jiems charakteringa yra ankstyva seksualinio gyvenimo pradžia, jie išgyvena stiprų marginalumo jausmą, neapsaugotumą, priklausomumą ir nevisavertiškumą. Atėję mokytis į įprastą kaimo pagrindinę mokyklą priklausantys skurdo kultūrai vaikai ir mokytojai tarpusavyje nesusikalba, juos diskriminuoja suaugusieji ir bendraamžiai dėl neturto ir „nesuprantamo“ elgesio, dėl išgyvenamų stiprių marginalumo jausmų, neapsaugotumo, priklausomumo ir nevisavertiškumo emocinės būsenos šie vaikai sunkiai adaptuojasi mokykloje. Dėl būdingo skurdui gyvenimo nuolatinėje streso situacijoje tokių vaikų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This research work analyse the possibilities in school for children with special needs to defeat social exclusion of children living with family in Poverty. Results of research establish that children living with family in Poverty and go to in school for children with special needs are more effective enable to overcome social exclusion as compared to children of this family who go to simple secondary school. Results of research also establish children living with family in Poverty are heritors of the poor life some characteristics.

This study focuses on the issue of social exclusion in British tennis. It commences with a critique of current LTA policy, presenting exclusion as static, ahistorical and underpinned by false dichotomies of age and social class. Aspects of Norbert Elias’s theoretical approach are employed throughout as an analytical framework. Initially, the roots of exclusion in British tennis are sought through historical analysis. Aspects of the Civilising Process help direct attention towards wider social processes to explain the prevalence of exclusion, particularly in tennis clubs. Cost was a crucial factor in determining early access, but as tennis became more accessible to lower classes, codes of behavioural etiquette helped demarcate members along status lines. Into the mid-20th century, the globalisation, professionalisation and commercialisation of tennis pushed the LTA to adopt a more performance-oriented outlook, but this has come to oppose the more relaxed culture of tennis clubs. Thus, a power struggle emerged between these two institutions, and, underpinned by thirty interviews with leading figures in British tennis as well as extensive documentary analysis, the third section documents these developments from the 1980s. Crucially, tennis clubs remain largely amateur and voluntary-run organisations, yet are important locations for the implementation of the LTA’s demanding talent development objectives. These recent developments are understood with the help of Elias’s Game Models theory. The fourth section presents findings from a ten-month ethnographic study of social exclusion in a tennis club; a micro-analysis of club member relations underpinned by Elias’s Established-Outsider Relations theory. Overall findings suggest that social exclusion in British tennis is far more complex, multi-faceted and historically-rooted than what current LTA discourse presents. Differences in age and class are less central, and instead preconceived notions of social status based on longevity of membership, adherence to behavioural norms and playing standard are powerful determinants of inclusion.

Contribuir para decifração de problemáticas concernentes à noção de exclusão social no campo da saúde mental, a partir do estudo de moradias para egressos de hospitais psiquiátricos. Os dados são provenientes de diário de campo e depoimentos gravados durante pesquisa em três cidades paulistas. A noção de exclusão social é problematizada em razão de sua nomeação freqüente em discursos e propostas políticas. Segregação espacial e exclusão urbanística são temas abordados, considerando-se como eixo central de discussão os \'sentidos do morar\'. No cotidiano de práticas em Saúde Mental, exclusão associa-se a banimento do convívio social e se amplia para questões sociais discutidas nos âmbitos definidores de políticas. Porém esta ampliação não traz diferença significativa às formulações políticas para além dos sentidos usuais da questão da diferença. Os sentidos do morar, expressos em grupos populacionais diversos e, singularmente, pelos sujeitos, encaminharam a discussão para problematização de políticas e práticas. Estas, quando desconsideram a diversidade de experiências, tendem à reprodução da lógica manicomial que propõem superar, mesmo a partir de propostas nomeadas como \'inclusivas\'. O trânsito entre egressos do manicômio e moradores da cidade, entre áreas do conhecimento e diversidade das práticas, apresenta-se como uma das possibilidades de ruptura com o circulo vicioso que rearticula práticas e discursos tradicionais da psiquiatria. A indagação sobre \'modos de viver\' possibilita recuperar parte da história dos costumes que se perderam com o processo de urbanização; leva-nos a situar questões emergentes no campo da saúde mental junto ao contexto dos problemas das cidades no mundo contemporâneo / The aim of the present work is to contribute to the understanding of problems related to the notion of social exclusion in the mental health field, based on the study of the living places for people egressed from psychiatric hospitals. Data were collected from recorded conversations and registered in field diary during the research in three cities in the state of São Paulo. The notion of social exclusion is approached as it is frequently mentioned in political discourses and proposals. Spatial segregation and urban exclusion are focused, considering the \'meanings of living\' as the central aspect. In everyday practices in Mental Health exclusion is associated to being banned from the social life and it is amplified to social problems in the spheres which define policies but they bring no important difference for policies formulation beyond the usual meanings of the question. The meanings of living, expressed in different populational groups and singularly by each person, guided the discussion to the question of policies and practices. Such practices, when the diversity of experiences is not taken into account, tend to reproduce the manicomial reasoning that they are supposed to overcome, even if they are based on the so called inclusive proposals. The transit among people egressed from the psychiatric hospitals and people living in the city, among knowledge areas and diversity of practices is presented as a possibility of interrupting the vicious circle whichrearticulates the traditional practices and discourse in psychiatry. The understanding of \'ways of living\' allows us to recover part of the story of habits which were lost in the urbanization process and instigates us to consider emergent questions in the field of mental health in the context of problems of the cities in the contemporary world

This thesis provides an ethnographic account of post-industrial life in East Manchester, a locality which has undergone repeated waves of regeneration. The neighbourhoods of Beswick and Openshaw were once located at the heart of manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution but have since undergone deep social and economic change in the twentieth century which has resulted in widespread unemployment and perceived ‘social deprivation’. In 2000, New Labour introduced a regeneration plan to create ‘New East Manchester’ with the hope that material transformation would bring about economic growth and social change by creating a cohesive community and a productive and profitable space in the post-industrial city. This research, however, demonstrates that for long-standing residents, the relationship between redevelopment and change is more complex than this simple formula may suggest. Despite millions of pounds of investment and radical physical transformation, long-standing residents argue that East Manchester is dislocated and characterised by an overwhelming sense of uncertainty about the future. The thesis draws on twelve months of residential, ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 2010. It focuses on a group of older, female, long-standing residents and explores the issues which are important to them which include neighbourhood risk, memories of the past, gift exchange, housing and political alienation. For these residents, change is understood in terms of unpredictability and inequality. Images of a stable past are drawn upon in order to articulate anger and frustration against mainstream politics and feelings of social exclusion. On the surface, it appears that social life has declined and community has fractured due to the pressures of economic and social change but, on further examination, it is clear that intense social relations and attachments to East Manchester continue to exist. In order to understand the apparent contradiction between narratives of community decline and observations of social relations which are evident in East Manchester, this thesis argues that it is necessary to re-examine concepts of community, belonging and class which are presented in the anthropology of Britain literature.

The dissertation employs insights from critical race theory and the environmental justice literature, questioning the sustainability of dominant state policies concerning development of informal settlements. The work explores spatialized and racialised forms of class and their normalisation in South Africa. Discussion of the rise and redefinition of urban segregation in South Africa notes racialised exclusions have not disappeared with the end of apartheid. Economic supremacy of ‘white’ populations reproduces ‘white’ control – with dirt, crime and disorder constitutive of the pathological spaces of the ‘other’. Second part examines the role of environmental ideas in reproducing ‘white’ spaces of privilege and ‘black’ spaces of degradation. Discussing neo-liberal development, sustainable development and ecological justice in South Africa – the dissertation shows service delivery and housing policy to possess similarities to apartheid projects – with weaknesses of the dominant model failing the requirements of environmental justice. The case study which follows examines a contemporary attempt to relocate an informal settlement sited in an affluent neighbourhood through ‘greenfields’ housing development, revealing environments as contested, with spatial subjugation dramatic and ongoing.

Miami’s marketers have a long and successful history of creating and recreating imagery that draws visitors towards the "magic city" or the "tropical playground". This thesis investigates Miami’s marketing and its roots by analyzing the role and legacy of segregation in order to examine how tourism and its image relate to issues of exclusion and inequality. An inclusive rethinking of the definitions and usage of culture is then advocated as an important theoretical shift that could benefit development and revitalization in the city’s economically poorest neighborhoods. Analysis (through case studies, semi-structured interviews and GIS analysis) then shows how historic patterns of exclusion and adverse incorporation, especially in regard to tourism, are reproduced in much of Miami’s contemporary marketing, with the Greater Miami Convention and Visitors Bureau (GMCVB) playing an important role in this process. The Black community especially suffers greater levels of exclusion from Miami’s tourism and marketing and therefore has the most to gain from a shift in policy and perception. Community-based cultural tourism has functioned in various US cities as a tool to assist urban revitalization however Miami has yet to implement such a program. The results of this research suggest a number of recommendations for cultural tourism’s implementation in Miami, emphasizing the need for a community-based coalition of non-profit organizations utilizing governmental, marketing and creative/artistic partnerships.

The main theme of this thesis is the relation between education governance and social inclusion and exclusion. Overall the thesis is based on a life history approach were biographical interviews with young people are complemented with other contextual data such as survey data, longitudinal statistics, interviews with local politicians and school actors and local reports. Data were generated in three Swedish areas: a rural area in the North, an advantaged segregated area, and a disadvantaged segregated area in the South. The thesis consists of four articles that use the concepts of biography, space, and mobility. Article 1. examines the increasing usage of biographical registers in school. It suggests that biography as a form of education governance serves to construct the students as both objects for assessment and as a relay for continuous self-assessment. As such, this is a socio-political technology that is important to acknowledge in order to understand processes of social inclusion and exclusion. Article 2. addresses the following empirically generated question: How is it possible to understand the fact that disadvantaged students from a segregated area have such optimistic future orientations in relation to further education and work? Building on life history interviews with a small sample of refugee youth from a disadvantaged segregated area the paper presents a concept labelled Utopian diaspora biography (UDB). UDB describes a process whereby a high level of aspiration concerning education and labour is accumulated as a consequence of the social, temporal and spatial dynamic of the biography. Article 3. is an attempt to develop new understandings about local production of social inclusion and exclusion in a decentralised, individualised and segregated school landscape. Using a wide range of data the article suggests that local differences concerning schooling and the outcomes of schooling – both in terms of statistical patterns and the identities produced – are interrelated and are based on an amalgamation of local policy implementation, material conditions and spatially guided representations. Article 4. deploys the concept of mobility in order to explore how space and class become related to education and social inclusion and exclusion in the three chosen areas as young people are spatially situated but move, want to move, dream about moving, try to move, and fail to move through, in and out of different forms of communities. This paper shows that the possibilities of moving to desired places on the education- and labour market are unequally distributed between young people and between places. The analysis also seeks to move beyond schematic typologies such as those of ‘immobile working class’ and ‘mobile middle class’ by exploring how mobility is made meaningful and how notions about mobility are structured and enable action. In summary, the thesis contributes to the discussion on processes of inclusion and exclusion in contemporary society. These processes are understood as inter-disciplinary problematics that include the social production of spatiality, historicality, and sociality at both the societal level and on the level of identity. Crucial aspects concern aestheticisation and performativity in education which imply an increasing focus on discursive, or textual, dimensions of identity formation and the competitive strategies developed by students in order to secure social inclusion through the marketing of oneself. Under these circumstances, new identities and new forms of social inclusion and exclusion are produced.