This thesis aspires to establish a new research direction in STS. In the first chapter a literature review is conducted and the research questions are being formulated. The second chapter is devoted to presenting research findings from the archaeological, biological and brain sciences in a unified form. The various stone tool technologies are analysed, and a brief introduction follows into human evolution and the effects that artefacts had on it; then recent neurobiological research on the deeper relationships between consciousness, artefacts and the brain is presented. In the third chapter, after an introduction in the deeper neurological relationships between language and gestures, a gestural analysis of mathematical speech follows, based on visual data generated from an interview with a working mathematician; the last section examines recent research on gesture and mathematics as special cases of Roman Ingarden’s aesthetic theory. In the fourth chapter, four approaches to the social history of mathematics in the USSR are presented, based on data generated from interviews with former professional Soviet mathematicians. Following a Maussian approach, the Soviet mathematical community is presented as a gift economy of scientific articles. Then, in line with a Marxian approach, the Soviet university mathematical school is presented as a factory with its own mode of self-production. In the following section, based on a Parsonian systemic approach, the Soviet mathematical community is presented as a banking system, with the scientific journals as the banking institutions. In the next section of the fourth chapter, following a Weberian approach, the mathematical community in the USSR is presented as a social estate, as separate and distinct from other Soviet social estates. The final section integrates the previous approaches and presents the Soviet mathematics research community as a modern version of an ancient city-state. In the fifth chapter Hilbert spaces are briefly presented, as an example of the fictional universe of modern mathematics, along with some conjectured differences between Soviet and Western mathematics research. In the final chapter, the conclusions of this research project are summarised, and this thesis is presented as an instance of a proposed revised version of David Bloor’s Strong Programme.

Based on eighteen months of fieldwork amongst anarchist and anti-authoritarian groups in Athens this thesis focuses on the December 2008 Greek revolt. It is an ethnographic exploration of collective self-organised practices in the public spaces of Athens and the occupied buildings of that period. It posits that these sets of processes were developed in the revolt as politics of subversion of the everyday life which in the thesis is considered both the site of alienation and emancipation. Based on Bourdieu, this study suggests that the everyday practices of subversion in radical politics are habitual dispositions of action that have been developed, based on past events which go as far back as the Greek civil war (1946-49), to establish a political living in the present, a process that is explored based on what Friedman calls ‘mythologisation' . Drawing on De Certeau, Lefebvre and Vaneigem it is argued that these collective dispositions are the productive factors of tactics of the subversion which emerge in the context of everyday situations defined by the particularities of public space, imagination and public memory.This suggests that the revolt was not an organised process to create a counter-hegemony but rather, a multitude of micro-processes which used everyday situations as sites of subversion. This argument is explored based on the notion of the social imaginary as defined by Taylor and Castoriadis. In this thesis imagination is considered to be constitutive of the politics of subversion. Fuelled by past events and habitual dispositions of actions radical political practices in the revolt were formative of an ontological process which imagines and explains the political as personal and the private as public. According to that interpretation the event of the death of Alexandros Grigoropoulos generated sites where official power could be challenged, escaped and confronted by tactics of subversion.

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Thesis advisor: Ruth Langer / This dissertation creates a Jewish theology of asceticism focused on articulating the ideals toward which Jewish observant life is directed, a method for reflecting on the ‘ends’ of a Jewish life well lived in relationship to practice. I apply this theological asceticism to an analysis of Jewish liturgical prayer (tefilat keva), arguing that it is a desire-forming practice that causes practitioners to reimagine human flourishing and what leads to true satisfaction. My approach to this topic is modeled on a careful analysis and evaluation of the Anglican theologian Sarah Coakley’s “new asceticism” in light of Charles Taylor’s “maximal demand.” I augment Coakley’s definition of asceticism to fit a Jewish theological anthropology articulated by Rabbi Israel Salanter. I then apply this ascetic discourse to the study of the daily practice of liturgy. The Jewish liturgical asceticism I develop draws together elements from the Catholic James Fagerberg’s liturgical theology, the Presbyterian theologian James K. A. Smith’s theories about how liturgy forms a social-imaginary, and R. Israel Salanter’s teachings on the formation of desire (ta’avah) through the practice of hitpa’alut. The dissertation ends with an application of this method for theologically reflecting on the desire forming power of a daily prayer life through a close reading of elements of the weekday morning service, shacharit. This dissertation offers a Jewish theological account of the formative power of liturgical prayer on human desire. It also creates an approach for thinking more broadly about desire formation as a key component in the ideal goals of a normative Jewish lifestyle. This theological project will benefit communities of practice looking to better understand the wisdom of their inherited spiritual practices, educators and communal rabbis looking to commend traditional Jewish ways of life, Jewish theologians looking for an approach to discussing the ideals within Jewish life in a way that stays rooted in practice, and scholars of Jewish liturgy who are looking for methods for studying liturgy as a formative act and not merely an historical text. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

A partir da análise de 18 matérias veiculadas nos jornais impressos capixabas, a saber, AGazeta e A Tribuna a pesquisa buscou entender como tais jornais operam a construção do imaginário social do progresso no Espírito Santo. A partir do aporte teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso, a pesquisa busca encontrar nos textos os indícios que levam a uma formação discursiva, e, por conseguinte, a uma formação ideológica em que o progresso emerge como categoria fundante. Tais indícios, que tecem a trama do imaginário do progresso é o discurso, entendido como materialidade lingüística, lugar em que se articulam sujeito, língua e história. A premissa inicial é a de que o progresso, ainda que não apareça nos jornais como um enunciado concreto, constitui-se enquanto idéia e funda-se como vontade, ganhando assim aderência social. Logo, se por um lado, o progresso aparece como discurso forjado por determinados grupos, por outro, encontra aderência nessa vontade, constituindo-se enquanto imaginário coletivamente apropriado. O imaginário social seria, por seu turno, essa espécie de imagem que a sociedade cria de si. Uma forma de um grupo, uma comunidade, uma sociedade se enxergar; a base na qual cada sociedade elabora a imagem de si mesma e do universo em que vive. Enquanto uma imagem atua, portanto, como uma espécie de representação da realidade. É o espelho no qual se estrutura essa sociedade. Mas esse espelho, no entanto, não funciona com uma imagem refletida e sim com uma representação dessa realidade. A pesquisa conta com uma articulação teórica com o campo da história e também das ciências sociais, em especial, a sociologia das práticas sociais, sendo o conceito de habitus jornalístico um dos aportes teóricos da pesquisa. Articular a discussão acerca do habitus jornalístico, discutir como o jornalismo cria, a partir de sua prática e seu modo de operação, um lugar para si mesmo lugar de quem fala , é também um dos objetivos desta pesquisa. Para isso queremos entender como o jornalismo, ao mesmo tempo em que opera discursos outros, opera o discurso sobre si mesmo, construindo-se como lugar de legitimidade. Para as análises, fora realizada a constituição de um corpus selecionado de forma aleatória das edições do jornal, chegando a um total de 96 edições (48 de cada jornal) distribuídas entre os anos de 2003 e 2006. O período foi escolhido por ser tratar de momento ímpar em relação ao discurso do progresso no estado do Espírito Santo, em parte, pelas mudanças que ocorriam no cenário local, em parte, pelas mudanças que ocorriam no cenário nacional. As matérias ou colunas fazem parte dos cadernos de Economia de ambos os jornais. / From the analysis of 18 articles published in capixaba´s printed newspapers, wich are A Gazeta and A Tribuna, the research intended to understand how these newspapers operate the building of social imaginary of progress in Espírito Santo. With the theoretical and methodological stand of Discourse Analysis, it was possible to find in these texts the evidences that lead to a discursive formation and, consequently, to a ideological formation where progress emerges as a regnant category. These evidences, that weave the plot of progress, are contained in discourse as a linguistic materiality, place where subject, language and history are articulated. The results point that progress, even when does not appear in newspapers as a correct enunciation, constitutes itself as idea and is founded as will, thus gaining social adherence. On this way, if progress appears as a discourse forged by certain groups, on the other hand it finds adherence to this will, constituting an imaginary collectively taken. The social imaginary would be, on its turn, this kind of image that society creates of itself. A formation of a group, a community, a society way of seeing itself; the base on wich each society elaborates an image of itself and the universe where she lives. As an image it acts, therefore, as a kind of reality´s representation. It is the mirror where this society is structured. But this mirror, however, does not work reflecting an image, considering that is also refracts it. The research has a theoretical articulation with history´s extent and also with social sciences, especially sociology of social practices, since the concept of habitus as one of the contributions to this research. Articulating the argument about the journalistic, discussing how journalism creates, from its practice and its operation way, a place for itself - a place that talks was also one of this work´s objectives. To achieve that, the research intended to understand how journalism, at the same time that operates discourses about others, also operates a discourse about itself, constructing its place as a place of legitimacy. To the analysis, was made a constitution of a montage about a sampling selected in a random way over the newspaper editions, in a total of 96 editions (48 of each newspaper) distributed between the years of 2003 and 2006, in wich 18 constitutes the amount of the research. This period was chosen because it shows a special moment related to the discourse of progress in Espírito Santo´s state, somehow, by the changes that occurried in local scene, and also because of the changes in national stage. The articles or columns are part of Economical´s sections in both newspapers.

A partir da análise de 18 matérias veiculadas nos jornais impressos capixabas, a saber, AGazeta e A Tribuna a pesquisa buscou entender como tais jornais operam a construção do imaginário social do progresso no Espírito Santo. A partir do aporte teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso, a pesquisa busca encontrar nos textos os indícios que levam a uma formação discursiva, e, por conseguinte, a uma formação ideológica em que o progresso emerge como categoria fundante. Tais indícios, que tecem a trama do imaginário do progresso é o discurso, entendido como materialidade lingüística, lugar em que se articulam sujeito, língua e história. A premissa inicial é a de que o progresso, ainda que não apareça nos jornais como um enunciado concreto, constitui-se enquanto idéia e funda-se como vontade, ganhando assim aderência social. Logo, se por um lado, o progresso aparece como discurso forjado por determinados grupos, por outro, encontra aderência nessa vontade, constituindo-se enquanto imaginário coletivamente apropriado. O imaginário social seria, por seu turno, essa espécie de imagem que a sociedade cria de si. Uma forma de um grupo, uma comunidade, uma sociedade se enxergar; a base na qual cada sociedade elabora a imagem de si mesma e do universo em que vive. Enquanto uma imagem atua, portanto, como uma espécie de representação da realidade. É o espelho no qual se estrutura essa sociedade. Mas esse espelho, no entanto, não funciona com uma imagem refletida e sim com uma representação dessa realidade. A pesquisa conta com uma articulação teórica com o campo da história e também das ciências sociais, em especial, a sociologia das práticas sociais, sendo o conceito de habitus jornalístico um dos aportes teóricos da pesquisa. Articular a discussão acerca do habitus jornalístico, discutir como o jornalismo cria, a partir de sua prática e seu modo de operação, um lugar para si mesmo lugar de quem fala , é também um dos objetivos desta pesquisa. Para isso queremos entender como o jornalismo, ao mesmo tempo em que opera discursos outros, opera o discurso sobre si mesmo, construindo-se como lugar de legitimidade. Para as análises, fora realizada a constituição de um corpus selecionado de forma aleatória das edições do jornal, chegando a um total de 96 edições (48 de cada jornal) distribuídas entre os anos de 2003 e 2006. O período foi escolhido por ser tratar de momento ímpar em relação ao discurso do progresso no estado do Espírito Santo, em parte, pelas mudanças que ocorriam no cenário local, em parte, pelas mudanças que ocorriam no cenário nacional. As matérias ou colunas fazem parte dos cadernos de Economia de ambos os jornais. / From the analysis of 18 articles published in capixaba´s printed newspapers, wich are A Gazeta and A Tribuna, the research intended to understand how these newspapers operate the building of social imaginary of progress in Espírito Santo. With the theoretical and methodological stand of Discourse Analysis, it was possible to find in these texts the evidences that lead to a discursive formation and, consequently, to a ideological formation where progress emerges as a regnant category. These evidences, that weave the plot of progress, are contained in discourse as a linguistic materiality, place where subject, language and history are articulated. The results point that progress, even when does not appear in newspapers as a correct enunciation, constitutes itself as idea and is founded as will, thus gaining social adherence. On this way, if progress appears as a discourse forged by certain groups, on the other hand it finds adherence to this will, constituting an imaginary collectively taken. The social imaginary would be, on its turn, this kind of image that society creates of itself. A formation of a group, a community, a society way of seeing itself; the base on wich each society elaborates an image of itself and the universe where she lives. As an image it acts, therefore, as a kind of reality´s representation. It is the mirror where this society is structured. But this mirror, however, does not work reflecting an image, considering that is also refracts it. The research has a theoretical articulation with history´s extent and also with social sciences, especially sociology of social practices, since the concept of habitus as one of the contributions to this research. Articulating the argument about the journalistic, discussing how journalism creates, from its practice and its operation way, a place for itself - a place that talks was also one of this work´s objectives. To achieve that, the research intended to understand how journalism, at the same time that operates discourses about others, also operates a discourse about itself, constructing its place as a place of legitimacy. To the analysis, was made a constitution of a montage about a sampling selected in a random way over the newspaper editions, in a total of 96 editions (48 of each newspaper) distributed between the years of 2003 and 2006, in wich 18 constitutes the amount of the research. This period was chosen because it shows a special moment related to the discourse of progress in Espírito Santo´s state, somehow, by the changes that occurried in local scene, and also because of the changes in national stage. The articles or columns are part of Economical´s sections in both newspapers.

World War II women are commonly understood to have come closer to equality than any previous generation. Their mass entry into the workforce is remembered as a united front to support the troops while simultaneously claiming ground to demonstrate their abilities as workers. However, scholarship which emphasizes the collaboration between the government and advertisers to create propaganda that persuaded women to enter the workforce and thus serve as the "domestic front" of the war begins to question the prevailing notion of wartime employment as strides towards equality. This project begins with the question: why did post-war women seemingly willingly abandon these jobs and move to the suburbs? I argue the construct of the post-war housewife, which positions women as willing to abandon careers for the suburban kitchen, is a social imaginary which responds to and uses social anxieties to constrain women’s gender performance and silence gender anxieties. I use the context of the time, as well as rhetorical analysis of mediated artifacts of representations of housewife, to argue this social imaginary silences women’s post-war lived experience and replaces it in public discourse with the multimodal image of Fifties housewife. A visual rhetorical analysis of post-war advertisements which portray the housewife reveals the work of the social imaginary using social anxieties concerning gender roles as well as Cold War fears to define woman’s place. Examining the way Hollywood uses housewife as a frame for its female stars uncovers how circulated use of the imaginary of housewife perpetuates the imaginary by seeming to evidence its claims to representation. However, an analysis of televised representations of the housewife imaginary reveals the fabric of the imaginary fraying. Television humor illuminates the illusion of the imaginary of housewife’s claims to representativeness, and therefore creates a public space in which women can contest the imaginary by exposing women’s discontent with the role of housewife. I conclude with a discussion of the ways this social imaginary of housewife continues to define women’s lives in political debate seventy years after it began to define and constrain post-war women’s gender performance.

Cette étude cherche à développer un regard complexe et non technocratique sur l'Enseignement Secondaire Technique Professionnel (ESTP) au Chili, en l'analysant à partir des notions d'imaginaire social de Cornelius Castoriadis et du discours de Michel Foucault. Avec cet abordage nous prétendons élargir le débat autour des formes sociales et subjectives à la base de la politique éducative de l'ESTP ainsi qu’autour de l’imaginaire social qui l'institue. À cette fin, la méthodologie employée comprend des entretiens semi-structurés à des sujets liés à l’ESTP et à l’Enseignement Secondaire Général, ainsi que l'analyse de documents historiques et actuels relatifs à l’ESTP, à partir de la méthode proposée par Michel Foucault. Cette thèse montre que le ciment idéologique qui soutient l'ESTP n’est en aucun cas économique fonctionnel ; il s’agit plutôt d’un imaginaire social qui configure certaines stratégies d'administration des formes de subjectivation des jeunes des secteurs populaires. De la même manière, l’analyse des résultats met en évidence que la politique éducative de l'ESTP se base sur une forte division sexuelle du travail, face auquel cette politique est hautement conservatrice. / This research develops a complex view about the Vocational – Technical Education in Chile, from an approach that overcomes the technocratic analysis which dominates until now, questioning her from notions like social imaginary of Corneluis Castoriadis and discourse of Michel Foucault. This way of analysis pretends to open the discussion about the social and subjectives forms which are sustained across the educational politic of Vocational – Technical Education, and also the social imaginary that institutionalize her. For this goal, it develops a methodology that includes semi constructured interviews to subjects related with the Vocational – Technical and Humanistic Education and the analysis of historic and actual documents about the Vocational – Technical Education. The thesis shows that it is not the economic-functional vision which sustains the Vocational – Technical Education, like the educational politic trays to show her-self, but rather a neoliberal knowledge that configures certain administration strategies of the subjectivation forms of young people from vulnerable populations. They emerges inside the discourse and the social imaginary like subjects marked by the lack. They are the Others of the education towards whom goes Other educational politic. / La presente investigación busca desarrollar una mirada compleja respecto de la Enseñanza Media Técnico- Profesional (EMTP) en nuestro país, desde un enfoque que supera el análisis tecnocrático que ha primado hasta ahora, interrogándola desde las nociones de imaginario social de Cornelius Castoriadis y de discurso de Michel Foucault. Con este abordaje se pretende abrir la discusión, tanto en torno a las formas sociales y subjetivas que se sustentan a través de la política educativa de EMTP, como del imaginario social que la instituye. Para dicho fin, se desarrolla una metodología que incluye la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a sujetos relacionados con la modalidad EMTP y EMCH, y el análisis de documentos históricos y actuales referentes a EMTP. La tesis da cuenta que no es una visión económico-funcional la que sostiene a la EMTP, tal como la política educativa intenta mostrarse a sí misma, sino más bien, un saber neoliberal que configura ciertas estrategias de administración de las formas de subjetivación de los jóvenes de sectores populares, quienes emergen dentro del discurso y del imaginario social como sujetos marcados por la carencia. Son los Otros de la educación, hacia quienes se dirige Otra política educativa.

[pt] Imaginários do medo: imprensa e violência urbana analisa séries de reportagens sobre crimes violentos, publicadas entre 2004 e 2007 em periódicos do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo, relacionando-as com a produção de um imaginário urbano. O objetivo é mostrar como as reportagens veiculadas nesses jornais diários contribuem para a instituição de um imaginário do medo contemporâneo através da narração da violência urbana. Abordam-se as formas de enunciação e evocação do medo nas séries de reportagens publicadas em O Globo - 24 horas; Geografia da violência; A guerra do Rio - e Folha de S. Paulo - Guerra urbana. São analisadas duas perspectivas adotadas para dar sentido a crimes violentos: aquela que narra a violência como parte do cotidiano da cidade e, por outro lado, aquela que narra a violência urbana como metáfora da guerra. Nestas perspectivas, os relatos jornalísticos que tratam do crime violento nas grandes cidades produzem uma simbologia e um vocabulário que constituem um imaginário urbano do medo, afetando profundamente as práticas de democratização do espaço público. Além disso, a grande ênfase dada às questões do aparelho repressor do Estado simplifica a complexidade própria da idéia de segurança pública, que vai além de questões policiais. Assim, de modo mais amplo, esse imaginário do medo - que é a própria circulação de discursos que têm o crime violento como tema - se entrelaça com outros fatores e aponta para questões fundamentais da ordem social, política, econômica e cultural no Brasil contemporâneo. / [en] Imaginaries of fear: journalism and urban violence analyzes a series of stories on violent crimes published between 2004 and 2007 on newspapers of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, relating them to the production of an urban imaginary. It intends to show how the stories published on these periodicals contribute to the making of a contemporary imaginary of fear through urban violence narration. This dissertation examines the types of enunciation and evocation of fear in the series of stories published on O Globo - 24 horas; Geografia da violência; A guerra do Rio - and Folha de S. Paulo - Guerra urbana. Two perspectives used by journalists are analyzed: one that sees violence as part of the everyday life, and the other one in which urban violence is approached as a war metaphor. On these perspectives, the stories that focus on violent crimes in big cities produce a symbology and a vocabulary that constitute an urban imaginary of fear that affects the democratization practices of public space. Moreover, the emphasis on the issues related to the enforcement of the law by the police seems to simplify all the complexity that involves the idea of public security. That said, this fear`s imaginary - that is, the circulation of stories that have crime as main theme - is related to other issues, and leads to very important social, political, economic and cultural matters in contemporary Brazil.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar os imaginários sociais sobre os trabalhadores no varguismo e no peronismo. Posteriormente, pretendemos comparar os imaginários sociais sobre os trabalhadores no Estado Novo (1937-1945) com os do Primeiro Peronismo (1946- 1955), visando estabelecer aproximações e distanciamentos entre os mesmos. Para lograr o objetivo, analisaremos os discursos políticos de Getúlio Vargas e Juan Domingo Perón em duas festas cívicas específicas de seus países, isto é: 10 de novembro e o Primeiro de Maio, entre os anos 1937-1945, no Brasil; e o 17 de outubro e o Primeiro de Maio, entre os anos 1946-1955. A partir da análise dos discursos políticos, sobretudo relacionados aos imaginários sociais sobre os trabalhadores, propomos a ideia de uma (re) invenção dos trabalhadores, composta pela combinação de aspectos imateriais ou simbólicos com os aspectos materiais. / This work aims to study the social imaginary on workers in Varguism and Peronism. Subsequently, we intend to compare the social imaginary of workers in the Estado Novo (1937-1945) with the Primeiro Peronismo (1946-1955), to establish similarities and differences between them. To achieve the goal, we will analyze the political speeches of Getúlio Vargas and Juan Domingo Perón in two specific civic events in their countries: 10 of November and the first of May, between the years 1937-1945, in Brazil; and the 17 of October and the first of May, between the years 1946-1955. From the analysis of the political discourse, particularly in relation to social imaginary about the workers, we propose the idea of a reinvention of workers, composed by the combination of immaterial or symbolic aspects with the material aspects.