This thesis examines enclaves of oppression and discrimination, which continue to subject indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Andean society to the pernicious legacies of a racist past. As an interpretive framework this interdisciplinary study draws from theoretical approaches to power, which analyse the reproduction of social injustice in post-colonial societies. This research demonstrates how resistance in post-colonial contexts does not always function as a subversive force. Especially when the variable of racism is taken into account, it becomes clearer how acts of opposition end up fostering a tyrannical domination. Examples from Peruvian history, as well as my fieldwork data, will illustrate how resistances and revolutions in the Peruvian Andes have paradoxically reinstated an oppressive and subjugating social system founded in disavowal of the indigenous Other. In dismantling the ramifications of a violent racist legacy, this study explores those social practices and attitudes which in the course of history have resulted in the subjugation of indigenous peoples. These include paternalism, the commodification of indigenous identity and the phenomenon of incanismo. Ultimately, the very negotiation of identities and the making of Peruvian ethnicity will highlight the reasons why, since the 1970s, the pursuit of Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in the Peruvian Andes has been a challenging and uncertain endeavour. By comparison with bordering Andean regions of Ecuador and Bolivia, IBE is not in the hands of indigenous peoples. This thesis will demonstrate that this is in part due to an underpinning racism, which keeps disrupting a sense of belonging to an ethnic identity.

The number of girls that are being exploited for prostitution in Nepal has increased in recent years, and girls suffer a high risk of being exposed when they come from already poorly conditions. Previously, uneducated girls could be found in the adult entertainment sector, but nowadays even educated girls are being exploited. This thesis aims to gain further understanding to why girls are being exposed and why it is difficult to protect them. By conducting qualitive interviews with employees from several NGOs working to protect girls from being exploited for prostitution, insights has been given about socio-structural factors that influences the situation for girls. By examining these factors with support from theoretical approaches that highlights social injustice, gender discrimination and structural oppression this thesis presents how different factors affect the work of protecting girls, and how the same factors also are contributing to why girls get exposed. The state of Nepal shows several efforts in trying to eradicate the problem and have ratified both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The state has also made changes in national law that shall promote and strengthen children's rights. Although the laws are strong, the protection for girls is insufficient and girls are vulnerable to being exploited by traffickers. The Government of Nepal, NGOs and several other authorities are working together to eradicate the problem, but the work needs be strengthened, coordinated and responsive to influencing factors simultaneously in order to achieve a long-term solution. This thesis suggest that cultural norms need to be challenged more and that the Government of Nepal needs to oversee how structural injustices affect opportunities for girls to take part of social benefits. In addition, knowledge about legal and moral rights needs to be increased among girls and in society as a whole, moreover the knowledge about trafficking and prostitution needs to be spread.

A tese focaliza na construção de personagens do autor angolano Ondjaki no seuromance Os transparentes (2012). Um tema literário importante no romance é a injustiça socialque prevalece na vida das personagens na Luanda fictícia e é fortemente criticado por Ondjaki.O objetivo da tese é discutir como a construção das personagens contribui a realçar a críticasocial no romance. Portanto a construção das personagens ricas e pobres são comparadas, bemcomo a sua contribuição em enfatizar o tema.A tese utiliza teoria da narrativa para investigar a construção das personagens literárias esobretudo um método desenvolvido por James Phelan e Peter J. Rabinowitz, que argumentaque todas as personagens literárias são compostas de três aspetos: mimético, temático esintético. Os três aspetos orientam a análise e formam o quadro metodológico para poderdiscutir a construção de personagens de Ondjaki. Os resultados mostram que a construção depersonagens ajuda a Ondjaki enfatizar a sua crítica social através de manifestar as diferenças  entre as classes sociais, realçar os problemas experimentados pela classe baixa e apresentar asconsequências possíveis da injustiça social e as possibilidades para melhorar a situação atual. / The thesis focuses on the character construction of Angolan author Ondjaki in hisnovel Os transparentes (2012; Transparent City). An important literary theme in the novel isthe social injustice, which prevails the life of the characters in the fictitious city of Luanda andis heavily criticized by Ondjaki. The objective of the thesis is to discuss how the constructionof the literary characters contributes to highlighting the social critique in the novel. To do sothe construction of the rich and the poor characters are compared, as well as their contributionin asserting the theme.The thesis deploys narrative theory to investigate the construction of the literary characters andespecially a method developed by James Phelan and Peter J. Rabinowitz, which argues that allliterary characters are composed of three aspects: mimetic, thematic and synthetic aspects.These aspects guide the analysis of the characters and are used as a methodological frameworkfor discussing Ondjaki’s character construction. The results show that the construction of thecharacters help Ondjaki to emphasize his social critique by showing class differences,highlighting the problems experienced by the lower classes and presenting potentialconsequences of social injustice as well as the possibilities for improving the current situation.

Fondée sur de nombreuses enquêtes en psychodynamique du travail menées au sein d’entreprises publiques et privées, relevant des secteurs de l’industrie et des services aussi bien que de l’agriculture, cette thèse se propose d’analyser les ressorts psychologiques individuels et collectifs de ce qui peut s’apparenter à des actions de résistance face aux contraintes du travail imposées par l’organisation néolibérale du travail. Le matériel clinique de la recherche porte spécifiquement sur les rapports entre les différentes formes d’organisation du travail d’une part, la souffrance psychique et les pathologies mentales d’autre part. Dans la plupart des cas ce matériel a été recueilli à l’occasion d’interventions spécialisées en clinique du travail engagées à la demande des médecins du travail ou de services de santé au travail des entreprises. Par le truchement de ces interventions (qui ont débouché sur des actions de transformation de l’organisation du travail), une attention particulière a été portée aux formes concrètes que revêtent les conduites de résistance inventées par les salariés lorsqu’ils sont confrontés aux dérives de certaines méthodes introduites dans les entreprises depuis le tournant gestionnaire. Dans cette perspective, l’analyse des conduites de résistance a permis de les identifier comme relevant d’un tournant dans l’orientation des stratégies de défense contre la souffrance au travail. Les faits cliniques construits dans ces enquêtes suggèrent que ce tournant affecte électivement les stratégies de défense construites pour lutter contre la souffrance éthique, c’est-à-dire la souffrance éprouvée par des sujets lorsqu’ils sont amenés, par les consignes de l’organisation du travail, à apporter leur concours à des pratiques que leur sens moral réprouve. In fine, la référence au travail vivant permet de dégager une conception de la praxis de résistance visant spécifiquement à lutter contre trois des conséquences produites par l’organisation néolibérale du travail : le mépris du travail vivant, la désolation et la banalisation de l’injustice sociale. Pour cela, le rôle revenant à la recomposition des coopérations dans le travail apparaît comme l’élément central structurant la praxis de résistance. La thèse mobilise des connaissances dans le champ de la clinique et de la psychodynamique du travail d’abord, dans le champ de la psychologie individuelle et de la psychanalyse ensuite, de la « psychologie morale » et de la philosophie politique enfin. / Based on numerous surveys in psychodynamics of work conducted in public and private companies, in the sectors of industry and services as well as agriculture, this thesis proposes to analyse the individual and collective psychological springs of resistance actions against the constraints of work imposed by the neoliberal work organization. The clinical material of the research deals specifically with the relationships between the different forms of work organization on the one hand, and psychological suffering and mental pathologies on the other. In most cases, this material was collected through specialized interventions in "work clinics" at the request of occupational physicians or occupational health services. Through these interventions (which have resulted in changes in the work organization), attention has been paid to the concrete forms of resistance behaviours invented by workers when confronted with some methods introduced in companies since the managerial revolution. In this perspective, the analysis of the resistance behaviours made it possible to identify them as a turning point in the orientation of strategies of defense against suffering at work. The clinical facts constructed in these surveys suggest that this turning point affects electively the strategies of defense constructed to combat the ethical suffering, that is to say the suffering experienced by subjects when they are brought, by the instructions of the work organization, to contribute to practices which their moral sense condemns. Ultimately, the reference to living labor gives rise to a conception of the praxis of resistance aimed specifically at combating three of the consequences produced by the neo-liberal organization of work: contempt for living labor, loneliness and the banalization of social injustice. For this, the role of recomposing cooperation in labor appears to be the central element structuring the praxis of resistance. The thesis mobilizes knowledge in the field of clinical and psychodynamics of work first, in the field of psychology and psychoanalysis, "moral psychology" and finally political philosophy. / A partir de numerosas encuestas en psicodinámica del trabajo llevadas a cabo en empresas públicas y privadas, en los sectores de la industria y los servicios, así como en la agricultura, esta tesis propone analizar los resortes psicológicos individuales y colectivos de acciones de resistencia a la dominación impuestas a los trabajadores por la organización neoliberal del trabajo. El material clínico de la investigación trata específicamente de las relaciones entre las diferentes formas de organización del trabajo, por un lado, y el sufrimiento psicológico y las patologías mentales, por el otro. En la mayoría de los casos, este material fue recolectado a través de intervenciones especializadas en "la Clínica del trabajo" a solicitud de médicos ocupacionales o de servicios de salud ocupacional. A través de estas intervenciones (que han dado lugar a cambios en la organización del trabajo), se ha prestado una atención especial a las formas concretas de comportamientos de resistencia inventados por los empleados cuando se enfrentan a algunos métodos introducidos en las empresas desde "la revolución gerencial". En esta perspectiva, el análisis de los comportamientos de resistencia permitió identificarlos como un punto de inflexión en la orientación de las estrategias de defensa contra el sufrimiento en el trabajo. Los hechos clínicos construidos en estas encuestas sugieren que este punto de inflexión afecta electivamente las estrategias de defensa construidas para combatir el sufrimiento ético, es decir, el sufrimiento experimentado por el sujeto cuando están impulsado por las instrucciones de la organización del trabajo, a realizar actos que su sentido moral condena. En última instancia, la referencia al trabajo vivo da lugar a una concepción de una praxis de la resistencia dirigida específicamente a combatir tres de las consecuencias producidas por la organización neoliberal del trabajo: el desprecio por el trabajo vivo, la soledad y la banalización de la injusticia social. Para ello, el papel de recomponer la cooperación en el trabajo parece ser el elemento central que estructura la praxis de la resistencia.