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Article publié dans le journal « Journal of Information Security Research ». March 2012. / Chaque année, le nombre d’utilisateurs des réseaux sociaux augmente à une très grande vitesse. Des milliers de comptes usagés incluant des données privées sont créés quotidiennement. Un nombre incalculable de données privées et d'informations sensibles sont ainsi lues et partagées par les différents comptes. Ceci met en péril la vie privée et la sécurité de beaucoup d’utilisateurs de ces réseaux sociaux. Il est donc crucial de sensibiliser ces utilisateurs aux dangers potentiels qui les guettent. Nous présentons Protect_U (Hélou, Gandouz et al. 2012), un système de protection de la vie privée des utilisateurs de Facebook. Protect_U analyse le contenu des profils des utilisateurs et les classes selon quatre niveaux de risque : Low risk, medium risk, risky and critical. Il propose ensuite des recommandations personnalisées pour leur permettre de rendre leurs comptes plus sécuritaires. Pour ce faire, il fait appel à deux modèles de protection : local et communautaire. Le premier utilise les données personnelles de l’utilisateur afin de lui proposer des recommandations et le second recherche ses amis de confiance pour les inciter à participer à l’amélioration de la sécurité de son propre compte. / Social networking sites have experienced a steady and dramatic increase in the number of users over the past several years. Thousands of user accounts, each including a significant amount of private data, are created daily. As such, an almost countless amount of sensitive and private information is read and shared across the various accounts. This jeopardizes the privacy and safety of many social network users and mandates the need to increase the users’ awareness about the potential hazards they are exposed to on these sites. We introduce Protect_U (Hélou, Gandouz et al. 2012), a privacy protection system for Facebook users. Protect_U analyzes the content of user profiles and ranks them according to four risk levels: Low Risk, Medium Risk, Risky and Critical. The system then suggests personalized recommendations designed to allow users to increase the safety of their accounts. In order to achieve this, Protect_U draws upon both the local and community-based protection models. The first model uses a Facebook user’s personal data in order to suggest recommendations, and the second seeks out the user’s most trustworthy friends to encourage them to help improve the safety of his/her account.

This thesis aims to map and describe how users of online dating servers use this medium. How do they self-present on dating sites and how do they create a profile. What is the motivation to use the online dating sites. For data collection, I chose qualitative research. As a qualitative method were used depth interviews with fourteen users of dating site Badoo. The work is divided into two parts. The first part will focus on theoretical concepts. Detail is devoted to the history of online dating, self-presentation, motivation to use online dating sites. Furthermore, the theoretical approaches discussed the relations in terms of evolutionary psychology and, ultimately, stereotypes. The second part is empirical. It deals with methodology, research questions, research strategies and especially the analysis of interviews. Based on interviews with respondents, I have developed several key categories, which are described in more detail the analytical part. This study describes the attitudes/ approach of respondents to categories such as motivation to use dating sites, self-presentation, communication and stereotypes which I have noticed in my research sample. The last part is devoted to a summary of findings and research results.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina RodeghieroD.pdf: 3378938 bytes, checksum: bcd4ed393becb8cb15da620b96915cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-30 / The most popular social network website of nowadays is about to have more than 900 millions of people connected by it. This is a start point to social relations and its features, in which we can find not only good communication, but concrete examples about how violence can be significant in such environment. This study makes a deep analysis about bullying in virtual context, showing how cyberbullying is being part and changing social organization with the massive participation of people on Facebook. For that, we show how communication technologies arrived until today with social networks and social networks websites, studying violence and its history and concept, showing through authors like Hannah Arendt (2009) how this is related to power and dominance, and comparing it to the contribution of Foucault (2009) about how surveillance is about punishment and control, then closing the theories about violence, surveillance and cyberbullying with Smith et al. (2009), talking about virtual violence and it relations to social networks websites. After that, as theorical reference and methodology, we use Critical Discourse Analysis with enphasis in Tridimentional Discourse Concept from Fairclough (2003) and Visual Grammar from Kress & Leeuwen (2006) to make a deep view into Facebook publications that present violence signals. For that we have a perspective not only at the publication itself, but in it production, distribution and reception, which makes this study caracterized like how cyberbullying can be found not only at school environment, but at virtual, adult and public context, what makes of bullying even more violent and full of abusive power / O site de redes sociais mais aderido de hoje está prestes a ter mais de 900 milhões de pessoas conectadas a ele. Este é um ponto de partida para as relações sociais e suas características, no qual se pode encontrar não só comunicação, mas exemplos concretos sobre como a violência pode ser grande em tal ambiente. Este estudo faz uma análise sobre o bullying em seu contexto virtual, mostrando como o cyberbullying pode mudar as relações sociais com a participação massiva de pessoas no Facebook. Para isso, apresentamos como as tecnologias da informação se desenvolveram até os dias de hoje com as redes sociais e sites de redes sociais, estudando a violência em sua história e conceito, baseando o estudo em autores como Hannah Arendt (2009) com teorias de como estão relacionados poder e dominação, e comparando isso com a contribuição de Foucault (2009) de como a vigilância é sobre punição e controle. Em seguida, fechando as teorias sobre a violência, vigilância e cyberbullying com Smith et al. (2009), falando sobre a violência virtual e sua relação com sites de redes sociais. Depois, como referencial teórico e metodologia, usamos Análise Crítica do Discurso com ênfase na concepção tridimensional do discurso de Fairclough (2003) e na Gramática Visual de Kress & Leeuwen (2006) para fazer uma análise em publicações do Facebook que apresentam sinais de violência. Por mantermos o foco não só na própria publicação, mas na sua produção, distribuição e recepção, este estudo é sobre como o cyberbullying pode ser encontrado fora do ambiente escolar ou adolescente, no contexto virtual, de adultos e público, o que faz esse tipo de bullying ser ainda mais violento e sem preocupação com o abuso de poder nele existente

本研究以人際關係為出發點，希望了解在社群網站形成的人際關係網絡中，個人自我呈現需求和人際關係需求與自我揭露之關聯，揭露對象的差異以及人格特質的影響。本研究以問卷調查法進行，對擁有Facebook帳號者之使用者發放問卷。結果顯示，個人提升自我形象、主動包容和情感期待需求對於在社群網站中向普通朋友及親密朋友的自我揭露有正向影響，情感表達需求對於在社群網站中向普通朋友的自我揭露有正向影響；被動歸屬需求對則普通朋友及親密朋友的自我揭露有負向影響。 此外，外向與自戀人格特質的使用者自我揭露行為上，也有不同的發現。內向的人的被動歸屬需求對普通朋友及親密朋友的自我揭露有負向影響，且被動引導需求對親密朋友的自我揭露有正向影響。而自戀的人的主動控制需求對普通朋友的自我揭露有正向影響。 研究結果提供了基於人際關係需求的社群網站自我揭露動機，並分析面對不同揭露對象時，人際關係需求對揭露的差異，對社群網站使用者的動機和行為有更深入的了解，並提供理論基礎。而針對不同人格特質的使用者，比較在社群網站自我揭露之差異，了解社群網站使用者的不同面貌。 / This study tried to understand the influence of self-presentation need, interpersonal need on self-disclosure of normal friend and close friend at the social network sites. Sample survey was applied to investigate Facebook users. The result reveals that “self-promotion”, “expressed inclusion”, and “wanted affection” needs have positive impacts on self-disclosure of normal friend and close friend in SNS. “Expressed affection” needs have positive impacts on self-disclosure of normal friend. In addition, “wanted inclusion” has negative influence. Furthermore, there are some different findings among extroverted, introverted, narcissistic and non-narcissistic groups.

社群網站集結了線下各種社會關係於平台中的特色，幫助使用者重整自我人際關係。社群網站中的各種功能得以應對不同社交情況，然而，根據東方線上的調查報告指出，以多重帳號分流管理人際關係的現象愈加普遍，社群媒體打破了虛實人脈的界線，在隱私權與形象管理等需求下，衍生出「雲端多重人格症」，出現多帳號、人際分流的狀態。 　　尤其當人們踏入職場後，將比起學生族群面臨更為多樣的社會交際互動。因此，本研究以擁有多個Facebook帳號的上班族為對象，探究他們在使用多重Facebook帳號時所採取的戰術策略、所面臨的人際關係與權力影響，以及在不同帳號中所呈現的自我形象。 　　本研究透過深度訪談法蒐集了八位在Facebook中經營多重帳號之上班族的使用經驗，發現上班族使用者們以創建多個Facebook帳號，作為閃躲Facebook意圖讓使用者間更加緊密連結的主要手段，藉由「與現實生活中可連結之假名」、「不完整的個人資料編輯」、「帳號間的互相封鎖或追蹤」等戰術，來對抗Facebook希望達到的人際關係串聯。另一方面，這種策略運用可被視為對de Certeau所提出之「戰略」與「戰術」的顛覆，Facebook使用者不僅運用戰術躲避網站空間的戰略，亦用以閃躲其他戰術使用者，形成另一種「戰略」與「戰術」的共舞狀態。此外，Facebook多重帳號的上班族使用者藉著「戰術」使用，不僅翻轉了原先de Certeau對「戰略」與「戰術」之二元觀點，更推翻費孝通早期所提出的人際親疏遠近模型。社群網路中的人際關係與權力影響充滿不確定性，親疏遠近的定義隨著不同使用者而改變，透過將不同層面之好友加入不同帳號的過程，上班族使用者能夠更彈性地控制這些關係中親疏遠近的變更，並在Facebook人際互動的過程中獲得更多自主權。同時，多重帳號的使用模式將傳統虛擬社群中人們得以自由探索自我之特性帶入與現實生活緊密相連的社群網站中，藉由在不同親疏關係的帳號中有不同程度的展演，上班族使用者得以同時在前／後台中現身，一邊整飾自我形象，一邊解放真實自我。 / Given the function of representing offline social relations, social media platforms, such as Facebook, facilitate users to maintain their online relationships based on different social conditions. According to a report of Eastern Online, some users, for the reasons of privacy and image control, manage their interpersonal relationship with multiple accounts, resulting in the online phenomenon of ‘multiple accounts, multiple relations’. This is especially true when students graduate from schools and start to work. Once becoming job employees, they have to encounter their bosses, colleagues, and other phatic relations, enhancing their desire for manipulating multiple accounts. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine Facebook users who have created multiple accounts for social groupings, to explore their tactics against the potential power subjects such as their parents, their bosses, or Facebook itself, and to discover how they formulate their images in different accounts. Eight employee subjects with multiple Facebook accounts were recruited for in-depth interviews. The study found that, although the Facebook policy encourages world-wide users tightly interconnected, users tend to escape from this strategy by using pseudonym, partial and falsified personal data, and block and trace tactics among Facebook friends. On the other hand, users not only use tactics against the strategy made by Facebook, but also against other tactic users such as their parents or elders who are relatively powerless in using Facebook and would like to tactically detect their children’s actions all the times. Such findings have challenged de Certeau’s theory of everyday life practice, since the binary distinction of strategy and tactic is no more warranted. The study also found the uncertainty of interpersonal relationship in Facebook. Thanks to Facebook design, users are allowed to join different friends into different accounts. In other words, they can define who are ‘close friends’ and who are ‘not so close’ online. And this definition may change from time to time. Such self-control provides users with flexibility to rewrite the closeness of their Facebook ‘friends’ in different life periods. Consequently, they rewrite the stable nature of Fei Hsiao-Tung’s sense of ‘relationship’, in which closeness and strangeness would not change easily over time. Finally, with the use of multiple accounts, the study found both front-stage and back-stage selves in Facebook, making image management more complex and increasing the possibility of liberating the true selves.

Chaque année, le nombre d’utilisateurs des réseaux sociaux augmente à une très grande vitesse. Des milliers de comptes usagés incluant des données privées sont créés quotidiennement. Un nombre incalculable de données privées et d'informations sensibles sont ainsi lues et partagées par les différents comptes. Ceci met en péril la vie privée et la sécurité de beaucoup d’utilisateurs de ces réseaux sociaux. Il est donc crucial de sensibiliser ces utilisateurs aux dangers potentiels qui les guettent. Nous présentons Protect_U (Hélou, Gandouz et al. 2012), un système de protection de la vie privée des utilisateurs de Facebook. Protect_U analyse le contenu des profils des utilisateurs et les classes selon quatre niveaux de risque : Low risk, medium risk, risky and critical. Il propose ensuite des recommandations personnalisées pour leur permettre de rendre leurs comptes plus sécuritaires. Pour ce faire, il fait appel à deux modèles de protection : local et communautaire. Le premier utilise les données personnelles de l’utilisateur afin de lui proposer des recommandations et le second recherche ses amis de confiance pour les inciter à participer à l’amélioration de la sécurité de son propre compte. / Social networking sites have experienced a steady and dramatic increase in the number of users over the past several years. Thousands of user accounts, each including a significant amount of private data, are created daily. As such, an almost countless amount of sensitive and private information is read and shared across the various accounts. This jeopardizes the privacy and safety of many social network users and mandates the need to increase the users’ awareness about the potential hazards they are exposed to on these sites. We introduce Protect_U (Hélou, Gandouz et al. 2012), a privacy protection system for Facebook users. Protect_U analyzes the content of user profiles and ranks them according to four risk levels: Low Risk, Medium Risk, Risky and Critical. The system then suggests personalized recommendations designed to allow users to increase the safety of their accounts. In order to achieve this, Protect_U draws upon both the local and community-based protection models. The first model uses a Facebook user’s personal data in order to suggest recommendations, and the second seeks out the user’s most trustworthy friends to encourage them to help improve the safety of his/her account. / Article publié dans le journal « Journal of Information Security Research ». March 2012.

隨者社會網絡網站在全球流行的同時，其相關的學術研究也如雨後春筍般地冒出頭來，主要可分為隱私權議題、線上與下線的聯繫、友情聯繫與印象管理、網絡與網絡結構這四大塊領域。目前的文獻缺乏以質性研究深入了解網友偏好哪些社會網絡網站的功能、這些功能帶給網友哪些利益，以及是哪一些價值觀驅使網友追求這些利益。因此本研究以「方法目的鏈理論」為基礎，透過「階梯訪談法」，深入訪談社會網絡網站的使用者，了解其對於社會網絡網站認知的「價值階層圖」（HVM），並將使用者分為大學生和上班族兩群，分析其價值階層圖之異同，並提供社會網絡網站業者對於網站功能改善的建議。 本研究之訪談結果，經內容分析法分析後，繪製成價值階層圖，大學生HVM的要素的連結路徑包括「小遊戲-調整心情」、「微網誌-調整心情」、「微網誌-獲得關懷」、「微網誌-關懷他人」、「完整的網誌-關懷他人」、「完整的網誌-保存回憶」、「影音存取-保存回憶」、「調整心情-樂趣與享受」、「獲得關懷-歸屬感」、「關懷他人-與他人的溫暖關係」、「影音存取-與他人的溫暖關係」；上班族HVM的要素的連結路徑包括「完整的網誌-保存回憶」、「完整的網誌-關懷他人」、「完整的網誌-獲得關懷」、「微網誌-關懷他人」、「微網誌-獲得關懷」、「微網誌-廣告宣傳」、「影音存取-關懷他人」、「影音存取-獲得關懷」、「影音存取-增加話題」、「相片標籤-禮貌」、「關懷他人-與他人的溫暖關係」、「獲得關懷-歸屬感」、「完整的網誌-樂趣與享受」。 本研究為社會網絡網站業者提出的功能改善的建議為：一、提供使用者偏好的網站屬性，二、提高使用者互動的質量，三、提供更簡易操作的隱私分級制度，四、提高娛樂價值，五、不同的社會網絡網站業者應發展自己的特色。 / As the social network sites（SNSs） have became widespread, the relevant research has also increased. These resaerches have focused on privacy issues, online/offline connections, impression management and friendship performance, and networks and network structure. To date, there lacks research that using qualitative methods to analyze which SNSs attributes users prefer, which benefits the attributes bring, and which values motivate users to gain the benefits. This thesis adopts the “Means-End Chain Model（MEC）” as the research methodology, and the researcher interviews survey candidates by laddering method. The goal of the interview is to obtain the hierarchical value maps（HVM） perceived by the survey respondents. The survey respondents are divided into two groups: college students and full-time workers, and their HVMs are compared. In the end, there are suggestions for improving the functions of SNSs. The interview data are analyzed by content analysis method, and then drawn as HVM. The connections between elements in HVM of college students include “Flash game connects to Mood-adjusting”, “Micro blog connects to Mood-adjusting”, “Micro blog connects to Concern-gaining”, “Micro blog connects to Concern-offering”, “Blog connects to Concern-offering”, “Blog connects to Memory-remaining”, “Visual and auditive elements access connects to Memory-remaining”, “Mood-adjusting connects to Fun and enjoyment”, “Concern-gaining connects to Sense of belonging”, “Concerning-offering connects to Warm relationships with others”, and “Visual and auditive elements access connects to Warm relationships with others”. The connections between elements in HVM of full-time workers include “Blog connects to Memory-remaining”, “Blog connects to Concern-offering”, “Blog connects to Concern-gaining”, “Micro blog connects to Concern-offering”, “Micro blog connects to Concern-gaining”, “Micro blog connects to Advertisement”, “Visual and auditive elements access connects to Concern-offering”, “Visual and auditive elements access connects to Concern-gaining”, “Visual and auditive elements access connects to Increasing the topic of conversation”, “Photo tag connects to Manners”, “Concern-offering connects to Warm relationships with others”, “Concern-gaining connects to Sense of belonging”, and “Blog connects to Fun and enjoyment”. The suggestions for improving the functions of SNSs are: 1. Provide the website attributes users prefer; 2. Improve the quality of interaction among users; 3. Provide the simple privacy classification interface; 4. Increase the entertainment value; 5. Different SNSs should develop different characteristics.

L'usage politique d'Internet et des réseaux socionumériques (RSN) ne cesse d'augmenter depuis plus d'une décennie. Le recours à des réseaux tels que Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, Skype, Instagram etc., se manifeste comme un passage obligatoire, tant pour les acteurs politiques que pour les citoyens « ordinaires ». La présente recherche retrace l'usage politique et les logiques de mobilisation et de la production de parole politique sur les RSN dans le contexte de la crise syrienne en 2011. Elle questionne, à travers l'analyse de cas de la page The Syrian Revolution 2011, les possibilités que ces RSN offrent aux usagers dans l'instauration d'espaces de mobilisations et d'interactions collectives. Notre analyse s'est organisée pour couvrir deux périodes : la première s'étale de 18 janvier au 14 mars 2011, quant à la seconde, elle s'étend du 15 mars au 30 avril 2011. Ce découpage permet de comprendre le passage d'un mode opératoire à un autre en fonction du changement du contexte politique et de la dégradation de la situation dramatique en Syrie. Notre recherche question également la place de la discussion politique en ligne dans l'élaboration des cadres d'action collective. Elle montre que ces derniers sont, activés, adoptés et diffusés à travers des logiques propres aux pratiques sociotechniques offertes par les RSN. Ainsi, notre étude peut apporter une contribution, nous l'espérons, originale dans le champ de l'analyse des RSN. Elle montre comment ces derniers peuvent constituer un espace de mobilisation d'information à travers duquel les usagers peuvent développer différentes pratiques communicationnelles. / During the last decade, the political use of the Internet and Social Network Sites (SNS) has tremendously increased. Using networks such as Facebook, Youtube, Twitter, Skype, Instagram, etc., has become a must for both political actors and ordinary citizens. Using as a framework the Syrian crisis in 2011, this research will follow the evolution of the political use of SNS in addition to the logics of mobilization and the production of the political speech in these networks. Through the analysis of the Facebook Page the Syrian Revolution 2011, it will question the possibilities that these SNS provide to the users to create mobilizations spaces and collective interaction. Our analysis covered two periods of time: the first one from January 18th to March 14th 2011, and the second from March 15th to April 30th 2011. This will help us better understand the change from one operational mode to another based on the change of the political context and on the degradation of the dramatic situation in Syria. Our research questions the place of the political discussion online and its parts on the creation of collective actions frames. It shows that these frames are activated, adopted and spread in ways that are specific to the social and technical practices provided by the SNS. From this perspective, we hope that our study can bring an original contribution in the analysis of the SNS field. It shows how these networks can be an area for mobilization of information that would help users develops various communication practices.

Les médias sociaux occupent un rôle grandissant dans de nombreux domaines de notre vie quotidienne. Parmi d'autres, les réseaux sociaux tels que Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn et Google+ dont la popularité a explosé ces dernières années, attirent des millions d'utilisateurs qui se communiquent, publient et partagent des informations et contenus à un rythme sans précédent. Outre les avantages reconnus, les réseaux sociaux ont également soulevé des problèmes divers. Nous sommes particulièrement intéressés par deux problèmes spécifiques : surcharge d'information et cloisonnement de données. Ces deux problèmes empêchent les utilisateurs d'exploiter pleinement et efficacement la richesse des informations poussées sur les réseaux sociaux. Les utilisateurs ont des difficultés pour filtrer tous les contenus reus, pour découvrir de nouveaux contenus au-delà de leurs réseaux personnels, et surtout pour partager les contenus intéressants avec leurs différents groupes d'intérêt. Pour aider les utilisateurs à surmonter ces difficultés, nous proposons une Approche centrée sur utilisateur et basée groupe pour filtrer et partager des données sociales. Cette nouvelle approche a un double objectif : (1) permettre aux utilisateurs d'agréger leurs données sociales en provenance de différents réseaux sociaux, d'en extraire des contenus de leur intérêt et (2) organiser et partager les contenus au sein de différents groupes. Les membres d'un groupe sont en outre en mesure de choisir quelle partie de leurs données à partager avec le groupe et définir collectivement les sujets d’intérêt de ce dernier. Pour implémenter l'approche proposée, nous spécifions une architecture de système comprenant plusieurs modules extensibles, et nous développons un prototype fonctionnel basé Web, appelé SoCoSys. Les résultats expérimentaux, obtenus des deux tests différents, valident les valeurs ajoutées de notre approche. / The social media have played an increasingly important role in many areas of our every day life. Among others, social network sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter and Google+ have recently exploded in popularity by attracting millions of users, who communicate with each other, share and publish information and contents at an unprecedented rate. Besides the recognized advantages, social network sites have also raised various issues and challenges. We are particularly interested in two of them, information overload and "walled gardens". These two problems prevent the users from fully and efficiently exploiting thewealth of information available on social network sites. The users have difficulties to filter all incoming contents, to discover additional contents from outside of their friend circles, and importantly to share interesting contents with their different groups of interest. For helping the users to overcome such difficulties, we propose a User-centered and group- based approach for social data filtering and sharing. This novel approach has a twofold purpose : (1) allow the users to aggregate their social data from different social network sites, and to extract from those data the contents of their interest, and (2) organize and share the contents within different groups. The members of a group are moreover able to choose which part of their social data to share with the group, and collectively define its topics of interest. To achieve the proposed approach, we define a modular system architecture including a number of extensible modules, and accordingly build a working Web-based prototype, called SoCoSys. The experimental results, obtained from the two different tests, confirm the added values of our approach.