This case study investigates perspectives and changes in gender roles in household activities from a gender (in)equality context in Tarime, northern Tanzania. The participants in this study part-took in a previous project called the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem Project (SEMA) which aimed to integrate gender perspectives and sustainable livelihoods in rural parts of Tarime. Women in these areas often bear the primary responsibilities of caring for the household. The area is also controlled by male authority, and women are daily exposed to oppression and physical violence. Statistically, girls in the study area often miss the chance to higher education since boys are prioritized. Instead, girls risk the chances of early marriage and are exposed to female genital multination. So far, there has been little research on gender roles in household activities in these areas. Therefore, this case study strived to provide such material for future project operations. The main goal of this study was to investigate gender equality in households, focusing on how women and men describe norms linked to equality and gender roles in households, if norms and roles have changed after the project and if so, which circumstances have led to such a change. Both men and women were interviewed through semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and informal interviews. The empirical data was later analyzed through the lens of the social role theory. Research findings showed that women are still living subordinate to men and unequal distribution of household duties still exists. However, education on equal rights and women empowerment from the SEMA project has changed people's perspectives on the matter, inspiring both women and men to fight for a sustainable change. The study explores root causes that hinder the implementation of equal rights. This study can contribute to more understanding of cultural traditions and finding new ways to sustain the implantation of equal rights. / Nyckelord: Fallstudie, könsroller, Tarime, norra Tanzania, ojämlikhet mellan könen, genusperspektiv, Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem Project (SEMA), hållbar försörjning, förtryck, fysiskt våld, kvinnlig könsstympning, hushållsaktiviteter, utbildning, jämställdhetDenna fallstudie undersöker perspektiv och förändringar i könsroller i hushållsaktiviteter i Tarime, norra Tanzania. Deltagarna i denna studie deltog i ett tidigare projekt kallat Serengati-Mara Ecosystem Project (SEMA) som syftade till att integrera genusperspektiv och hållbar försörjning på landsbygden i Tarime. Kvinnor i dessa områden bär ofta det primära ansvaret att ta hand om hushållet. Studieområdet kontrolleras också av manlig auktoritet och kvinnor utsätts dagligen för förtryck och fysiskt våld. Statistiskt sett saknar många flickor högre utbildning eftersom pojkarna är de främsta prioriterade. I stället ligger fokus på att flickor ska bli bortgifta och undergå kvinnlig könsstympning. Hittills har det gjorts lite forskning om könsroller i hushållsaktiviteter inom dessa områden. Därför strävade denna fallstudie efter att tillhandahålla sådant material för framtida projektverksamhet. Huvudmålet med denna studie var att undersöka jämställdhet i hushållen, med fokus på hur kvinnor och män beskriver normer kopplade till jämställdhet och könsroller i hushållen, om normer och roller har förändrats efter projektet och vilka omständigheter som i så fall har lett till sådan förändring. Både män och kvinnor intervjuades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och fokusgruppsintervjuer. Den empiriska datan analyserades senare genom teorin om sociala roller. Forskningsresultat visade att kvinnor fortfarande lever under manligt styrande och att det fortfarande finns en ojämn fördelning av hushållsuppgifter. Utbildning om lika rättigheter och kvinnors egenmakt från SEMA-projektet har dock förändrat människors perspektiv på frågan, och inspirerat både kvinnor och män att kämpa för en hållbar förändring. Studien utforskar grundorsaker som hindrar genomförandet av lika rättigheter. Denna studie kan bidra till mer förståelse för kulturella traditioner och hitta nya sätt att upprätthålla införandet av lika rättigheter.

I sought to find out whether this was a tension between artistic and commercial in the career of visual artists, and if so, how this tension was managed. In attempting to uncover information which could address the research question I undertook in-depth career history interviews with artists which covered their time at art school through to their current practice. The career history method was deliberately chosen in order to address the research question at a tangent as both the literature, and my own personal experience of the field of contemporary visual art, had suggested that the topic of artistic and commercial was a sensitive one. By framing the interviews around the experiences the artists had through the time period of their training and career, I was able to approach the research questions indirectly from the perspective of the artists. Through analysis of the interview transcripts the framework of Bourdieu's capitals arose as one that would capably explain the activities which the artists were undertaken and I used this as a framing device for the empirical chapters in the thesis. In exploring ideas of cultural, social and economic capitals in relation to how artists describe the activities they undertake during their career it became apparent that the broad structures of cultural capital needed further refinement in their application to the careers of visual artists. In the thesis I chose to elaborate further on the concept of artistic capital which has, until now, been unexplored by scholars. I have developed an understanding of artistic capital as a subcategory of cultural capital with particular application to the field of contemporary visual art – with the potential for wider application beyond the thesis. The three capitals of artistic, social and economic proved a capable structure for understanding whether there was a tension between artistic and commercial and how artists managed this. Through this research I have found that artists come to believe, during their early career and training through art school, that there is a tension between artistic and commercial as this is perpetuated by institutions and art world participants through their exclusion or dismissal of commercial aspects of the visual art field. Through their careers they come to realise that this tension is less prevalent than they thought and that they are able to manage these two aspects of artistic and commercial more effectively. However, artists continue to be faced with instances where this tension is imposed upon them by other art world players who perpetuate the belief that there is an inherent, unresolvable tension between artistic and commercial. These individuals attempt to shield artists from this perceived tension later in their careers when artists are already adept at managing the competing priorities of artistic and commercial without the two creating tension.

The aim of the study has been to highlight men's experiences of their violence against their former partners. The questions that answered the purpose of the study have focused on the reasons why men tend to use violence against their partners and whether they subsequently take responsibility for their violence and if so, how this is the case. The study is of a qualitative approach and is based on five interviews with men who have been treated for their violent behavior. The theories that the study leans towards are the social psychological and sociological perspectives with a focus on social heritage and the social learning theory. The study's empirical data and the causes of the violence is also linked to the external factors of the ecological perspective, such as drugs, alcohol, economic vulnerability and crime. Other theoretical perspectives and explanatory models that are used to explain men's acts of violence against their former partner are the disfavor perspective in the individual psychological perspective, the gender power perspective and system theory explanatory models. The result of the study indicate that the causes of men's violence against women are often explained as the woman's own fault when the man often believes that the woman has provoked him to take violence. Many times, however, there are several different reasons for men's violence against women who are interwoven in several different theoretical explanatory models. Many of the men in the study still do not take responsibility for their acts of violence and do not want to identify themselves as a women abusers, even though they have been treated and in therapy for the violence against their former partner. However, some of the men in the study also found that the treatment helped them understand the causes of the violence and that they also have a responsibility as it comes to the violence they subjected their former partners to. / Studiens syfte har varit att belysa mäns erfarenheter av sitt våld mot sina tidigare partners. Frågeställningarna som besvarat studiens syfte har fokuserat på orsakerna kring varför män brukar våld mot sina partners och huruvida de i efterhand tar ansvar för sitt våld och hur i så fall detta ter sig. Studien är av kvalitativ ansats och grundar sig på fem intervjuer med män som har gått i behandling för sitt våldsamma beteende. De teorier som studien lutar sig mot är de socialpsykologiska och sociologiska perspektiven med fokus på det sociala arvet samt den sociala inlärningsteorin. Studiens empiri och orsakerna till våldet kopplas även samman med det ekologiska perspektivet och då med fokus på de yttre faktorerna så som droger, alkohol, ekonomisk utsatthet och kriminalitet. Andra teoretiska perspektiv och förklaringsmodeller som används för att förklara männens våldshandlingar gentemot sin före detta partner är vanmaktsperspektivet, det individualpsykologiska perspektivet och könsmaktsperspektivet. Studiens resultat pekar på att orsakerna till mäns våld mot kvinnor ofta förklaras som kvinnans eget fel då mannen många gånger anser att kvinnan har provocerat honom till att ta till våld. Många gånger kan det dock finnas flera olika orsaker till mäns våld mot kvinnor som är sammanvävda i flera olika teoretiska förklaringsmodeller. Flera av männen i studien tar fortfarande inte ansvar för sina våldshandlingar och vill inte identifiera sig som kvinnomisshandlare, trots att de gått i behandling och i terapi för våldet mot sin tidigare partner. Vissa av männen i studien tyckte dock att behandlingen hjälpte dem till att förstå orsakerna till våldet och att de även har ett ansvar då det kommer till våldet som de utsatt sina tidigare partners för.