<P> The automobile is truly the most dominant mode of transport in Canada; a car is used by nearly 75% of the Canadian adult population each day. Under the auspices of sustainable development and practices, the impacts of automobile driving and its associated land-uses need be investigated using a triple bottom-line approach. This necessitates an understanding of the associated economic, environmental and social costs. Whereas much research attention has been drawn to external economic and environmental costs, the quantification of social costs, especially those related to social interaction and activity participation, has been far less studied. Despite calls from sociologists warning of the role of automobility in diminishing levels of social interaction, community cohesion, and social inclusion, there has been no response from the research community in the form of empirical investigation. The three studies comprising this dissertation seek to rectify the current state of neglect and fill this gap. </p> <P> The modelling efforts in this dissertation lead to the discovery of a complex, nonlinear, and heterogeneous relationship between automobile use and social participation. For many individuals, particularly those who are not traditionally constrained by mobility and time limitations, automobile use is found to limit the likelihood of participation in a slew of social, discretionary, and outof-home activities. Moreover, non-drivers who still participate in a spatiallydispersed lifestyle designed for automobility are at risk of exclusion from various forms of activities. </p> <P> The research findings make significant contributions to the study of automobility, the measurement ofsocially sustainability transportation systems, and the role of transport in social exclusion. The findings also have broader implications for cities in terms of creating competitive social environments in a highly mobile and well-informed labour market, fostering equity between social groups, and promoting the participation in activities with positive social outcomes. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Spel om pengar och dess konsekvenser för individ och samhälle har kommit att bli ett mycket omdiskuterat samtalsämne under 2019. Den svenska spelmarknaden omreglerades 2019 med motivet att motverka spelets skadeverkningar och att skydda konsumenterna. Folkhälsoperspektivet genomsyrar utvärderingar av spelproblematik och spelmarknaden och omfattande samhällsekonomiska konsekvensanalyser saknas, delvis på grund av internationell oenighet om hur spelproblemens samhällsekonomiska kostnader ska estimeras. Den här uppsatsen syftar till att estimera de svenska samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna som uppstår till följd av spelproblem. Metoden som använts i uppsatsen består dels av en samhällsekonomisk kalkyl där kostnaderna för spelproblem i Sverige 2018 beräknats men den består också av en översikt samt diskussion av tidigare studier som genomförts på området. Metoderna är starkt kopplade till varandra där översikten och diskussionen av de tidigare studierna lagt grunden för den metod som använts vid estimeringen. I översikten av tidigare studier identifierades och diskuterades metodproblematiken främst kring intangibla kostnader och teoretisk tolkning vilket underbyggde uppsatsens metodval vid estimeringen. Den samhällsekonomiska kostnaden för spelproblem i Sverige år 2018 estimerades till att vara ca 9,5 - 20,2 miljarder kronor. För att förbättra estimeringens precision och relevans behövs ytterligare metodutveckling vilket uppsatsen ger ett antal förslag på. Förslagen baseras på den identifierade metodproblematiken och tillhörande diskussion. / Gambling and gambling related problems for individuals and society have come to be a highly debated topic in Sweden during 2019. A new regulation of the Swedish gambling market has been implemented during 2019 with the motive to counteract gambling problems and protect consumers. A public health approach has been dominating evaluations of the gambling sector and there is a lack of evaluations with a welfare economical approach. This is partly due to an international disagreement on how the welfare economical costs of problems with gambling should be estimated. This paper aims to estimate the social costs of gambling problems. The method used in this paper consists partly of the method used for estimating the social costs that arise as a result of gambling problems. However it also consists of an overview and discussion of previous studies conducted within this area. The methods are strongly connected to each other where the overview and discussion of previous studies laid the foundation for the method used in the estimation. The overview of previous studies identified and discussed methodological issues mainly regarding intangible costs and theoretical interpretation which supported the paper’s methodological considerations when performing the estimation. The social costs of gambling in Sweden 2018 was estimated to be between 9.5-20.2 billion SEK. In order to improve the accuracy and relevance of the estimation, further methodological development is needed. This paper provides a number of suggestions based on the methodological issues that have been identified.

Comparativamente à abertura de valas, os métodos não-destrutivos de instalação, manutenção e substituição de infra-estruturas urbanas subterrâneas apresentam menor duração, necessitam de mínima ou nenhuma escavação na superfície e causam mínima interferência no tráfego, no comércio e em outras atividades locais. Avalia-se, neste trabalho, o potencial dos métodos não-destrutivos para reduzir, significativamente, os custos sociais e, conseqüentemente, o custo total pago pela sociedade, associado, por exemplo, à deterioração precoce dos pavimentos e a problemas ambientais. Os custos sociais, na maioria das vezes, são negligenciados ou até mesmo ignorados, sendo a escolha do método construtivo baseada apenas nos custos diretos. São fatores que contribuem para esse cenário a inexistência de um protocolo padrão para classificar e quantificar tais custos e o desconhecimento das tecnologias não-destrutivas por parte de engenheiros e profissionais responsáveis. Este trabalho apresenta, inicialmente, uma síntese dos principais componentes dos custos sociais e um breve resumo dos métodos não-destrutivos mais utilizados. Com um simulador de tráfego computacional foi realizada análise comparativa entre os métodos construtivos convencional (abertura de valas) e alternativo (não-destrutivo), quanto aos custos sociais referentes à interrupção do tráfego veicular e impactos ambientais. Os resultados mostraram que os custos sociais são consideravelmente menores com o emprego de métodos não-destrutivos, particularmente quanto aos custos com combustível e atrasos decorrente da interrupção ao tráfego veicular. / Compare to trench opening, the trenchless methods for installation, maintenance and substitution of buried urban infrastructure expend less time, need minimum or no excavation and cause minimum disruption of and interference to traffic, business and other local activities. In this work it is evaluated its potential to significantly reduce the social costs and consequently the total cost paid by the society, i.e., early pavement deterioration and environmental problems. The social costs, most of the time, are neglected or even ignored, being the selection of the construction method based on just on direct costs. This scenario is also due to the inexistence of a protocol to classify and quantify those costs and to the unknowing of trenchless technologies by engineers and other responsible professionals. This work presents, initially, a synthesis of the main components of social costs and a brief summary of the most used trenchless methods. With a computer traffic simulator it was performed a comparative analysis of conventional (trench opening) and alternative (trenchless) construction methods in terms of social costs associated to traffic disruption and environmental impacts. The results showed that social costs are much smaller when trenchless technologies are used, mainly due to the reduction of fuel costs and traffic delays.

Esta pesquisa teve como proposta discutir a respeito dos custos sociais nos empreendimentos hidrelétricos, com base em uma análise teórica a respeito do tratamento concedido às populações afetadas por Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHEs), quando se abordam questões como indenização e compensação financeira dos meios de sobrevivência. No primeiro momento, fez-se um breve levantamento bibliográfico sobre o conceito de custos sociais e a política energética da dam industry. Posteriormente, realizou-se um Estudo de Caso da UHE de Irapé (MG), com um breve relato sobre o processo ambiental para a obtenção da Licença Prévia (LP), Licença de Instalação (LI) e Licença de Operação (LO), assim como o desenvolvimento do Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC) depois denominado de Termo de Acordo (TA). Na prática, tentou-se perceber como foi o acordado entre a CEMIG e a população e o realizado pela população, perante dados obtidos por meio de pesquisa de campo. Por meio desses dados, buscou-se uma contraposição entre o discurso técnico e o saber local para a formação do custo social nos empreendimentos hidrelétricos. É importante ressaltar que na presente pesquisa foi realizada uma análise de documentos. Isso equivale a dizer que não se pretende generalizar o caso apresentado, apenas apontar especificidades, a fim de se questionar as totalidades. / The purpose of this research was to apresented what are the social costs in hydroelectric plants, from a theoretical analysis of how populations are affected by Power Plants (HPPs) are treated when, we talk about compensation and compensating financial means of survival, according to the Brazilian constitution are social rights of any Brazilian access to education, health, work, housing, leisure. The data acquired from the Energy Company of Minas Gerais (Cemig), allow questions about the relationship between entrepreneurial and involuntarily displaced population. First, it made a brief literature review on the concept of \"social costs\" and energy policy of \"dam industry. It was later made a case study of UHE Plant, MG, with a brief account of the environmental process for obtaining the Preliminary License (LP), Installation License (LI) and Operation License (LO) and the development of the Term of Conduct Adjustment (TAC) after called the Settlement Agreement (TA). We tried to realize in practice, as was planned by Cemig and lived by the population today before data obtained from field research. In addition, research also shows some testimonials of people who live in the region that were affected as well as the technicians of the Federation State of the Environment (FEAM) who participated in the development and monitoring of the Settlement Agreement and the representatives of the entrepreneur. Using these data, we sought a contrast between the technical discourse and local knowledge for the formation of social cost in hydroelectric projects. Importantly, this research is an analysis of documents. That is to say that it is not intended to generalize the presented case, only specific point in order to question the totalities.

This thesis examines the private and external costs of electricity generated in Ontario by natural gas, wind, refurbished nuclear and new nuclear power. The purpose of the assessment is to determine a capacity expansion plan that meets the forecasted electricity supply gap in Ontario at the lowest social costs (i. e. the lowest aggregated private and external costs). A levelized unit electricity cost (LUEC) analysis is employed to evaluate private costs under both public and merchant perspectives. Computable external costs are monetized by adapting estimates from the literature that were previously developed using a primarily bottom-up damage cost method. <br /><br /> The findings reveal that social cost estimates for nuclear refurbishment are the lowest of the generation alternatives studied regardless of the evaluation perspective. Therefore, if the capacity expansion decision were based solely on these estimates, nuclear refurbishment should be utilized until its capacity constraints are reached. The generation alternative with the second lowest social costs depends on the perspective from which private costs are evaluated: from a public perspective, the remainder of the supply gap should be filled by new nuclear generation and from a merchant perspective, which is assumed to be more reflective of the current Ontario electricity market, natural gas-fired generation should be used. <br /><br /> Due to inherent uncertainty and limitations associated with the estimation of social costs, the estimates obtained in this thesis are considered to be context and data specific. A sensitivity analysis, which is employed to attempt to mitigate some of the uncertainty, shows that changes to key variables alter the capacity expansion plan. This reinforces the observation that methods and assumptions significantly affect social cost estimates. <br /><br /> Despite the limitations of this kind of evaluation, it is argued that a social cost assessment that is consistent, transparent and comprehensive can be a useful tool to assess the trade-offs of electricity generation alternatives if used along with existing evaluation criteria. Such an assessment can increase the likelihood that actual social costs are minimized, which can steer electricity generation in Ontario towards a system that is more efficient and sustainable.

This thesis examines the private and external costs of electricity generated in Ontario by natural gas, wind, refurbished nuclear and new nuclear power. The purpose of the assessment is to determine a capacity expansion plan that meets the forecasted electricity supply gap in Ontario at the lowest social costs (i. e. the lowest aggregated private and external costs). A levelized unit electricity cost (LUEC) analysis is employed to evaluate private costs under both public and merchant perspectives. Computable external costs are monetized by adapting estimates from the literature that were previously developed using a primarily bottom-up damage cost method. <br /><br /> The findings reveal that social cost estimates for nuclear refurbishment are the lowest of the generation alternatives studied regardless of the evaluation perspective. Therefore, if the capacity expansion decision were based solely on these estimates, nuclear refurbishment should be utilized until its capacity constraints are reached. The generation alternative with the second lowest social costs depends on the perspective from which private costs are evaluated: from a public perspective, the remainder of the supply gap should be filled by new nuclear generation and from a merchant perspective, which is assumed to be more reflective of the current Ontario electricity market, natural gas-fired generation should be used. <br /><br /> Due to inherent uncertainty and limitations associated with the estimation of social costs, the estimates obtained in this thesis are considered to be context and data specific. A sensitivity analysis, which is employed to attempt to mitigate some of the uncertainty, shows that changes to key variables alter the capacity expansion plan. This reinforces the observation that methods and assumptions significantly affect social cost estimates. <br /><br /> Despite the limitations of this kind of evaluation, it is argued that a social cost assessment that is consistent, transparent and comprehensive can be a useful tool to assess the trade-offs of electricity generation alternatives if used along with existing evaluation criteria. Such an assessment can increase the likelihood that actual social costs are minimized, which can steer electricity generation in Ontario towards a system that is more efficient and sustainable.

The idea of harmonizing economic growth with the laws of development of society and the environment is expressed in the concept of sustainable development. In the frame of sustainable development an exceptional importance is attached to studying material flows, therefore management of waste flows must not contradict the principles of sustainable development. In agreement with M. Jacobs, it is possible to affirm that waste management in the context of sustainable development means using materials in closed cycles. Investigating socio-economic efficiency of municipal waste management means studying the organizational waste management process and factors disclosing characteristic features of this process, making deep comparative socio-economic analysis of waste management options and studying waste managements acts both on national and local level in order to reveal the ways of increasing socio-economic efficiency in municipal waste management. This study is induced by the necessity of changing the traditional waste management of depositing it in landfills, by recycling using not only national and international funds, but by mobilizing resources of local waste management systems as well. It is natural, that the policy of waste management, in which neither the scale of economic damage nor future waste management expenditure were evaluated, was orientated towards disposal of waste in refuse dumps. This means transferring problems to future generations, and this cardinally... [to full text] / Dėsninga, jog atliekų tvarkymo politika, kurioje nebuvo įvertinas ekonominės žalos aplinkai ir visuomenei dydis bei būsimos atliekų tvarkymo sąnaudos, buvo orientuota į atliekų deponavimą sąvartynuose. Tokia praktika įvardijama kaip problemų (pavojaus) aplinkai perkėlimas ateities kartoms, o tai kardinaliai prieštarauja darnios plėtros koncepcijai. Todėl keliamas klausimas, kokios atliekų tvarkymo sistemos laikytinos efektyviomis socialiniu-ekonominiu požiūriu. Tyrimai, atlikti Europos Sąjungos šalyse, rodo, jog tai sistemos, kurių ištekliai nukreipti antrinėms žaliavoms tvarkyti ir nuolatinei šio tvarkymo plėtrai organizuoti. Diegiant regionines atliekų tvarkymo sistemas, antrinių žaliavų surinkimo, rūšiavimo ir parengimo perdirbti išlaidoms padengti numatyti du šaltiniai – bendrasis tarifas (ar vietinė rinkliava) ir „Gaminių ar pakuotės atliekų tvarkymo programos“ lėšos. Bendrojo tarifo didinimas atsižvelgiant į atskirų atliekų srautų tvarkymo išlaidas arba tarifo neišrūšiuotai ir rūšiuotai atliekų daliai diferencijavimas priskiriamas prie neatidėliotinų priemonių, tačiau pirmiausia būtina identifikuoti lokalinių komunalinių atliekų tvarkymo sistemų vidinius rezervus, kurių dėka galima padidinti socialinį-ekonominį atliekų tvarkymo rezultatyvumą, kartu praktiškai realizuojant darnios plėtros principus.

This thesis is a historical, sociological case-study of the movement for public control and land-use planning prior to WWII. The impetus for this movement came from a radicalized faction of the forestry profession. Radicalism in forestry centered around a group of professional foresters who were followers of Gifford Pinchot, the nation's Chief Forester from 1898-1910. Pinchot commenced the movement for public control over cutting on private forestlands in in the nineteen-teens. The emphasis in this case-study is on identifying social factors responsible for giving impetus to a movement for collective environmental planning, and the social and environmental possibilities of this subject. Three specific areas are studied: first radicalism in the forestry profession; second the vision of sustainability that emerged from radical forestry; and finally the relationship between the radical foresters and organized currents of the political Left. Findings: The understanding of the scientific conservation and land-use planning movement that has developed in scholarly literature does not provide an accurate characterization of this movement. The neglected vision of sustainability through public ownership and planning associated with radical forestry might be reconsidered in light of the present environmental problems. Despite the fact there was a radical presence in the forestry profession, norms of professional behavior are significant obstacles to radicalization, hence why Pinchotist conservation is anomalous in environmental history. Even though leading personalities in forestry took up the cause of public control, the institutional environmental movement remained aloof, giving indication that there are barriers to the development of an organized movement for environmental planning. Various radical political currents, however, demonstrated signs of receptivity to the scientific conservation movement.

Esta pesquisa teve como proposta discutir a respeito dos custos sociais nos empreendimentos hidrelétricos, com base em uma análise teórica a respeito do tratamento concedido às populações afetadas por Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHEs), quando se abordam questões como indenização e compensação financeira dos meios de sobrevivência. No primeiro momento, fez-se um breve levantamento bibliográfico sobre o conceito de custos sociais e a política energética da dam industry. Posteriormente, realizou-se um Estudo de Caso da UHE de Irapé (MG), com um breve relato sobre o processo ambiental para a obtenção da Licença Prévia (LP), Licença de Instalação (LI) e Licença de Operação (LO), assim como o desenvolvimento do Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC) depois denominado de Termo de Acordo (TA). Na prática, tentou-se perceber como foi o acordado entre a CEMIG e a população e o realizado pela população, perante dados obtidos por meio de pesquisa de campo. Por meio desses dados, buscou-se uma contraposição entre o discurso técnico e o saber local para a formação do custo social nos empreendimentos hidrelétricos. É importante ressaltar que na presente pesquisa foi realizada uma análise de documentos. Isso equivale a dizer que não se pretende generalizar o caso apresentado, apenas apontar especificidades, a fim de se questionar as totalidades. / The purpose of this research was to apresented what are the social costs in hydroelectric plants, from a theoretical analysis of how populations are affected by Power Plants (HPPs) are treated when, we talk about compensation and compensating financial means of survival, according to the Brazilian constitution are social rights of any Brazilian access to education, health, work, housing, leisure. The data acquired from the Energy Company of Minas Gerais (Cemig), allow questions about the relationship between entrepreneurial and involuntarily displaced population. First, it made a brief literature review on the concept of \"social costs\" and energy policy of \"dam industry. It was later made a case study of UHE Plant, MG, with a brief account of the environmental process for obtaining the Preliminary License (LP), Installation License (LI) and Operation License (LO) and the development of the Term of Conduct Adjustment (TAC) after called the Settlement Agreement (TA). We tried to realize in practice, as was planned by Cemig and lived by the population today before data obtained from field research. In addition, research also shows some testimonials of people who live in the region that were affected as well as the technicians of the Federation State of the Environment (FEAM) who participated in the development and monitoring of the Settlement Agreement and the representatives of the entrepreneur. Using these data, we sought a contrast between the technical discourse and local knowledge for the formation of social cost in hydroelectric projects. Importantly, this research is an analysis of documents. That is to say that it is not intended to generalize the presented case, only specific point in order to question the totalities.

Comparativamente à abertura de valas, os métodos não-destrutivos de instalação, manutenção e substituição de infra-estruturas urbanas subterrâneas apresentam menor duração, necessitam de mínima ou nenhuma escavação na superfície e causam mínima interferência no tráfego, no comércio e em outras atividades locais. Avalia-se, neste trabalho, o potencial dos métodos não-destrutivos para reduzir, significativamente, os custos sociais e, conseqüentemente, o custo total pago pela sociedade, associado, por exemplo, à deterioração precoce dos pavimentos e a problemas ambientais. Os custos sociais, na maioria das vezes, são negligenciados ou até mesmo ignorados, sendo a escolha do método construtivo baseada apenas nos custos diretos. São fatores que contribuem para esse cenário a inexistência de um protocolo padrão para classificar e quantificar tais custos e o desconhecimento das tecnologias não-destrutivas por parte de engenheiros e profissionais responsáveis. Este trabalho apresenta, inicialmente, uma síntese dos principais componentes dos custos sociais e um breve resumo dos métodos não-destrutivos mais utilizados. Com um simulador de tráfego computacional foi realizada análise comparativa entre os métodos construtivos convencional (abertura de valas) e alternativo (não-destrutivo), quanto aos custos sociais referentes à interrupção do tráfego veicular e impactos ambientais. Os resultados mostraram que os custos sociais são consideravelmente menores com o emprego de métodos não-destrutivos, particularmente quanto aos custos com combustível e atrasos decorrente da interrupção ao tráfego veicular. / Compare to trench opening, the trenchless methods for installation, maintenance and substitution of buried urban infrastructure expend less time, need minimum or no excavation and cause minimum disruption of and interference to traffic, business and other local activities. In this work it is evaluated its potential to significantly reduce the social costs and consequently the total cost paid by the society, i.e., early pavement deterioration and environmental problems. The social costs, most of the time, are neglected or even ignored, being the selection of the construction method based on just on direct costs. This scenario is also due to the inexistence of a protocol to classify and quantify those costs and to the unknowing of trenchless technologies by engineers and other responsible professionals. This work presents, initially, a synthesis of the main components of social costs and a brief summary of the most used trenchless methods. With a computer traffic simulator it was performed a comparative analysis of conventional (trench opening) and alternative (trenchless) construction methods in terms of social costs associated to traffic disruption and environmental impacts. The results showed that social costs are much smaller when trenchless technologies are used, mainly due to the reduction of fuel costs and traffic delays.