Στην συγκεκριμένη εργασία γίνεται απόπειρα να διερευνηθούν κάποιες πτυχές των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων και της σχέσης που έχουν με την λεγόμενη σχολική αποτυχία. Έτσι, επιχειρείται μια θεωρητική προσέγγιση των συγκεκριμένων θεμάτων κάτω από το πρίσμα της δομολειτουργιστικής και της αλτουσεριανής οπτικής ενώ γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά και στη θεωρία του πολιτιστικού κεφαλαίου. Γίνεται προσπάθεια να εξεταστεί το ζήτημα της ισότητας των εκπαιδευτικών ευκαιριών και η σχέση που μπορεί να έχει με την έννοια της κοινωνικής ισότητας ενώ επιχειρείται να συνδεθεί η μορφή κοινωνικής οργάνωσης με την «ιδεολογία των χαρισμάτων». Τέλος η θεωρητική προσέγγιση που υιοθετείται συνδέεται με την σχολική πραγματικότητα μέσα από την μελέτη στοιχείων που σχετίζονται με τη Πρόσθετη Διδακτική Στήριξη Για τον σκοπό αυτό εξετάζονται στοιχεία που αντλούνται μέσα από συνεντεύξεις ωρομισθίων εκπαιδευτικών που εργάζονται σε αυτή και αφορούν την δυσκολία να ξεπεραστούν οι κοινωνικές ανισότητες μέσα από τον σχολικό θεσμό, το πώς αυτές συνδέονται και δικαιολογούνται με/από την σχολική αποτυχία, την προσπάθεια του ελληνικού κράτους να θεσπίσει θεσμούς υποστηρικτικούς των μαθητών καθώς και την άποψη και την γενικότερη στάση των καθηγητών για την λειτουργία των θεσμών αυτών, μέσα στις διαμορφωμένες κοινωνικές συνθήκες. / The present work is an attempt to be explored some aspects of the social inequality and the relationship it has with the so-called school failure. So, there is a theoretical approach to the specific issues under the light of functionalism and Althusser’s point of view and is also made an extensive reference to the theory of cultural capital. It’s an attempt to address the issue of equal educational opportunities and the relationship it may has with the notion of social equality while there is an attempt to link the form of social organization with the "ideology of gifts”. The theoretical approach that is adopted is then connected to the school reality through the study of factors associated with Additional Teaching Support and through the thoughts of some hourly-paid teachers employed there. These factors are related to the difficulty of overcoming the social inequalities within the educational institution, how these are justified from school failure, the attempt of the Greek state to establish institutions supportive of students and the view and the general attitude of teachers for the operation of these institutions, within the specific social context.

Σε αυτή την εργασία ερευνώνται οι διαφορές στις παιδαγωγικές πρακτικές που αφορούν στη διδασκαλία των μαθηματικών και επικρατούν σε νηπιαγωγεία υψηλού και χαμηλού κοινωνικού- οικονομικού επιπέδου. Επίσης ελέγχεται αν οι παιδαγωγικές πρακτικές που ακολουθούν οι εκπαιδευτικοί είναι σύμφωνες με το Διαθεματικό Ενιαίο Πλαίσιο Προγραμμάτων Σπουδών (ΔΕΠΠΣ), το οποίο δίνει έμφαση στη διαθεματικότητα. Το πρώτο μέρος αποτελεί το θεωρητικό πλαίσιο που αναφέρεται στην ταξινόμηση και περιχάραξη, καθώς επίσης στις στρατηγικές διδασκαλίας των μαθηματικών και στο διδακτικό σχήμα. Στο δεύτερο μέρος αναπτύσσεται η μεθοδολογία και στο τρίτο μέρος αναλύονται τα αποτελέσματα από την επεξεργασία των δεδομένων. Η εργασία ολοκληρώνεται με τα συμπεράσματα που αναφέρονται στο τέταρτο και τελευταίο μέρος. / -

p. 1 - 182 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-24T19:20:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 9999999999999.pdf: 739184 bytes, checksum: 0b3c23ff7525d33f1aa7882fd277800e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-24T19:20:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 9999999999999.pdf: 739184 bytes, checksum: 0b3c23ff7525d33f1aa7882fd277800e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Este estudo buscou evidenciar e analisar as premissas em que se sustentam as políticas de incentivo às microfinanças, estabelecendo a sua relação com as transformações econômicas e sociais promovidas pelo novo paradigma de desenvolvimento adotado pelos governos brasileiros a partir da década de 90. Baseado numa pesquisa exploratória, o estudo visou também interpretar os significados da implementação de tais políticas como reflexo da visão predominante da sociedade brasileira sobre as causas e meios de combater a pobreza no país. As evidências apresentadas no trabalho mostraram que as políticas de incentivo às microfinanças fazem parte de um conjunto de reformas que os governos brasileiros vêm implementando de modo a adequar o mercado nacional à crescente integração do sistema econômico mundial, com o apoio e influência das organizações da cooperação internacional. Após o primeiro ciclo de medidas de caráter macroeconômico, o foco das políticas públicas foi direcionado para as variáveis microeconômicas, entre elas a ampliação do mercado de crédito, que está na origem do apoio às microfinanças. O estudo concluiu que o discurso e as práticas sobre o segmento de microfinanças são baseados na tese liberal de que a redução das desigualdades sociais pode ser atingida por políticas de criação de oportunidades para que os pobres possam desenvolver atividades produtivas gerando trabalho e renda. Há evidências de que o acesso aos serviços financeiros pela população pobre produz benefícios como a possibilidade de um melhor planejamento dos gastos das famílias e a viabilização de negócios para os micro-empresários e empreendedores de pequeno porte. Contudo, constatou-se que a manutenção do elevado patamar de pobreza no Brasil tem várias causas, o que permite afirmar que as microfinanças, pelo seu limitado alcance, pouco podem contribuir para a diminuição desse problema, cuja natureza é estrutural. Por fim, este estudo concluiu que uma possível explicação para o crescente apoio da sociedade brasileira a esse tipo de política pública reside na busca por soluções para a pobreza que eludem os conflitos de interesse que são, porém, essenciais ao entendimento do problema. / Salvador

O tema central desta dissertação é a discussão sobre a origem social dos usuários de crack, a quem chamaremos aqui de abandonados. Defendemos a tese do abandono social como proposta alternativa na compreensão do consumo de crack nas metrópoles periféricas. Conduzimos um estudo qualitativo na cidade de Porto Alegre/Brasil, utilizando o método da análise de narrativas e reconstrução das histórias de vida (ROSENTHAL, 1993). Entrevistamos homens e mulheres em situação de desfavorecimento social e histórico de consumo de substâncias. Os dados analisados consistiram em textos transcritos de uma série de entrevistas narrativas biográficas, bem como entrevistas com agentes institucionais ligados aos abandonados. Partimos das recentes discussões no âmbito da sociologia sobre trabalho e desigualdades sociais (CASTEL, 1998, 2000), classes sociais no Brasil e teorias da modernização (SOUZA, 2000, 2009), bem como os debates da filosofia política sobre a teoria do reconhecimento (FRASER; HONNETH, 2003). Evidenciamos através da pesquisa empírica que o consumo de crack está intimamente relacionado a condições sociais de produção e reprodução de papeis sociais, distribuídos diferencialmente entre classes, sendo a “questão do crack”, como posta no desenvolvimento atual, essencialmente uma questão social. Discutimos o conceito de milieux sociais como ferramenta analítica para compreensão de uma variedade de performances de classe no uso de crack por grupos diversos. Sobre a diferença da experiência entre homens e mulheres, discutimos sobre os padrões impeditivos no acesso a bens culturais e a potencialidade para os movimentos sociais articularem uma gramática para a superação do abandono nas lutas político identitárias de gênero. / This thesis focuses on the discussions of the social origins of crack-cocaine users, whom we call abandoned. We defend the social abandonment thesis as an alternative proposal to understand the recent phenomenon of widespread crack-cocaine consumption in Brazilian cities. We conducted a qualitative study in Porto Alegre / Brazil, using narrative analysis method and reconstruction of life stories (Rosenthal, 1993). Men and women in situations of social disadvantage and history of substance abuse were interviewed. The data analyzed consisted of transcribed texts of a series of biographical narrative interviews as well as interviews with institutional agents linked to the abandoned. Our theoretical framework was the recent sociology of work and social inequalities discussions (CASTEL, 1998, 2000), social classes in Brazil and modernization theories (SOUZA, 2000, 2009), as well as discussions of political philosophy focusing the recognition theory (FRASER; HONNETH, 2003). We demonstrated through empirical research data that crack-cocaine consumption is closely related to social conditions of production and reproduction of social roles, differentially distributed between classes, and the "crack issue" is essentially a social issue as put in the current development. We brought into discussion the milieux concept as analytical tool to understand a variety of class performances and different uses of crack-cocaine between various groups. Regarding the difference of experience between men and women, we reflect upon impeditive standards on access to cultural goods and the potential for social movements to articulate a grammar to overcome the abandonment through political identity struggles of gender.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa realizada no IFSERTÃO - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano a respeito das desigualdades sociais nas concepções dos professores e estudantes do PROEJA. Teve como objetivo analisar e compreender os sentidos produzidos pelos sujeitos da pesquisa sobre as desigualdades sociais e suas perspectivas de superação, considerando seu histórico e seus aspectos atuais. Foi organizado epistemologicamente numa abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa a partir do ponto de vista metodológico do estudo de caso do tipo descritivo e analítico com entrevistas e análise do documento Base do Programa institucionalizado pelo MEC, buscando identificar as aproximações ou distanciamentos entre as concepções dos entrevistados com a proposta do material institucional no que diz respeito às perspectivas de superação das desigualdades no contexto da EJA. O problema da pesquisa foi formulado mediante o seguinte questionamento: Como as desigualdades sociais se apresentam nas concepções dos professores e estudantes do programa e quais suas perspectivas de superação? Para estudo do problema, procedeu-se à imersão no campo empírico da pesquisa com abordagens e utilização de um roteiro de entrevistas previamente formulado, incluiu-se a leitura flutuante do material coletado e as vozes dos entrevistados foram gravadas, transcritas, lidas e analisadas, buscando a captação do sentido atribuído pelos sujeitos a respeito das desigualdades sociais. Mediante essa trajetória, identificou-se, nas concepções dos sujeitos da pesquisa, que o trabalho se apresenta como centralidade no que se refere às manifestações das desigualdades sociais no contexto da EJA/PROEJA, bem como suas diferentes feições na lógica do sistema capitalista no que se refere a educar para a empregabilidade atendendo às exigências do capital. Assim, considerando que, historicamente, a EJA é uma modalidade de ensino que vem sendo ofertada para sujeitos que tiveram seus percursos escolares interrompidos pela condição de trabalhadores, esse tema se configura como estudo de grande relevância no contexto das políticas de Educação de Jovens e Adultos trabalhadores. / This work submit for consideration results from a research carried through IFSERTÃO-PERNAMBUCO to find out the social inequalities within the conception of the PROEJA Steachers and students. It had in view to analyze and catch the senses brought about by the subjects of the research focused on social inequalities and how to overcome the perspectives taking into consideration their history and aspects immediate interest. It was accomplished within a epistemological approach to a qualitative research that had its origin in methodological case study, that is, the descriptive and analytic one with interviews and analyze of the document called Program Base established by MEC, searching to identify approaches or dismissals between the interviewers conceptions and the institutional material concerning the perspectives to surpass the social inequalities in the EJA's context. The problem of the research was conceived through the following question: How do the social inequalities come to mind of teachers and students of the program and what are the perspectives to overcome them? For studying the question, they immerged into the empiric field of the research using approaches and an interview guide-book previously formulated,including the floating reading of the collected material and the interviewers voices were recorded, transcribed, read and analyzed, searching, this way, to catch the meaning realized by the subjects concerning the social inequalities. Through this itinerary, they could identify in the conceptions of the research subjects that the work shows up like the centralness of the manifestations of the social inequalities within the context of EJA/PROEJA, as well as their different features according to the capitalist system logic to educate in order to attend employment and demands of capital. Thus, we can say that EJA is historically a way of teaching offered to subjects that had their school trajectory discontinued by their condition of workers. So, we can jump to conclusions and say that this theme shows up like an outstanding study in the context of the policies of Young and Adult Workers Education.

O tema central desta dissertação é a discussão sobre a origem social dos usuários de crack, a quem chamaremos aqui de abandonados. Defendemos a tese do abandono social como proposta alternativa na compreensão do consumo de crack nas metrópoles periféricas. Conduzimos um estudo qualitativo na cidade de Porto Alegre/Brasil, utilizando o método da análise de narrativas e reconstrução das histórias de vida (ROSENTHAL, 1993). Entrevistamos homens e mulheres em situação de desfavorecimento social e histórico de consumo de substâncias. Os dados analisados consistiram em textos transcritos de uma série de entrevistas narrativas biográficas, bem como entrevistas com agentes institucionais ligados aos abandonados. Partimos das recentes discussões no âmbito da sociologia sobre trabalho e desigualdades sociais (CASTEL, 1998, 2000), classes sociais no Brasil e teorias da modernização (SOUZA, 2000, 2009), bem como os debates da filosofia política sobre a teoria do reconhecimento (FRASER; HONNETH, 2003). Evidenciamos através da pesquisa empírica que o consumo de crack está intimamente relacionado a condições sociais de produção e reprodução de papeis sociais, distribuídos diferencialmente entre classes, sendo a “questão do crack”, como posta no desenvolvimento atual, essencialmente uma questão social. Discutimos o conceito de milieux sociais como ferramenta analítica para compreensão de uma variedade de performances de classe no uso de crack por grupos diversos. Sobre a diferença da experiência entre homens e mulheres, discutimos sobre os padrões impeditivos no acesso a bens culturais e a potencialidade para os movimentos sociais articularem uma gramática para a superação do abandono nas lutas político identitárias de gênero. / This thesis focuses on the discussions of the social origins of crack-cocaine users, whom we call abandoned. We defend the social abandonment thesis as an alternative proposal to understand the recent phenomenon of widespread crack-cocaine consumption in Brazilian cities. We conducted a qualitative study in Porto Alegre / Brazil, using narrative analysis method and reconstruction of life stories (Rosenthal, 1993). Men and women in situations of social disadvantage and history of substance abuse were interviewed. The data analyzed consisted of transcribed texts of a series of biographical narrative interviews as well as interviews with institutional agents linked to the abandoned. Our theoretical framework was the recent sociology of work and social inequalities discussions (CASTEL, 1998, 2000), social classes in Brazil and modernization theories (SOUZA, 2000, 2009), as well as discussions of political philosophy focusing the recognition theory (FRASER; HONNETH, 2003). We demonstrated through empirical research data that crack-cocaine consumption is closely related to social conditions of production and reproduction of social roles, differentially distributed between classes, and the "crack issue" is essentially a social issue as put in the current development. We brought into discussion the milieux concept as analytical tool to understand a variety of class performances and different uses of crack-cocaine between various groups. Regarding the difference of experience between men and women, we reflect upon impeditive standards on access to cultural goods and the potential for social movements to articulate a grammar to overcome the abandonment through political identity struggles of gender.

O tema central desta dissertação é a discussão sobre a origem social dos usuários de crack, a quem chamaremos aqui de abandonados. Defendemos a tese do abandono social como proposta alternativa na compreensão do consumo de crack nas metrópoles periféricas. Conduzimos um estudo qualitativo na cidade de Porto Alegre/Brasil, utilizando o método da análise de narrativas e reconstrução das histórias de vida (ROSENTHAL, 1993). Entrevistamos homens e mulheres em situação de desfavorecimento social e histórico de consumo de substâncias. Os dados analisados consistiram em textos transcritos de uma série de entrevistas narrativas biográficas, bem como entrevistas com agentes institucionais ligados aos abandonados. Partimos das recentes discussões no âmbito da sociologia sobre trabalho e desigualdades sociais (CASTEL, 1998, 2000), classes sociais no Brasil e teorias da modernização (SOUZA, 2000, 2009), bem como os debates da filosofia política sobre a teoria do reconhecimento (FRASER; HONNETH, 2003). Evidenciamos através da pesquisa empírica que o consumo de crack está intimamente relacionado a condições sociais de produção e reprodução de papeis sociais, distribuídos diferencialmente entre classes, sendo a “questão do crack”, como posta no desenvolvimento atual, essencialmente uma questão social. Discutimos o conceito de milieux sociais como ferramenta analítica para compreensão de uma variedade de performances de classe no uso de crack por grupos diversos. Sobre a diferença da experiência entre homens e mulheres, discutimos sobre os padrões impeditivos no acesso a bens culturais e a potencialidade para os movimentos sociais articularem uma gramática para a superação do abandono nas lutas político identitárias de gênero. / This thesis focuses on the discussions of the social origins of crack-cocaine users, whom we call abandoned. We defend the social abandonment thesis as an alternative proposal to understand the recent phenomenon of widespread crack-cocaine consumption in Brazilian cities. We conducted a qualitative study in Porto Alegre / Brazil, using narrative analysis method and reconstruction of life stories (Rosenthal, 1993). Men and women in situations of social disadvantage and history of substance abuse were interviewed. The data analyzed consisted of transcribed texts of a series of biographical narrative interviews as well as interviews with institutional agents linked to the abandoned. Our theoretical framework was the recent sociology of work and social inequalities discussions (CASTEL, 1998, 2000), social classes in Brazil and modernization theories (SOUZA, 2000, 2009), as well as discussions of political philosophy focusing the recognition theory (FRASER; HONNETH, 2003). We demonstrated through empirical research data that crack-cocaine consumption is closely related to social conditions of production and reproduction of social roles, differentially distributed between classes, and the "crack issue" is essentially a social issue as put in the current development. We brought into discussion the milieux concept as analytical tool to understand a variety of class performances and different uses of crack-cocaine between various groups. Regarding the difference of experience between men and women, we reflect upon impeditive standards on access to cultural goods and the potential for social movements to articulate a grammar to overcome the abandonment through political identity struggles of gender.

Cette thèse décrit et analyse les liens entre les inégalités sociales de compétences à 15 ans et l’organisation du système éducatif. C’est en en investiguant les données de PISA 2000 à 2009 d’une vingtaine de pays européens que j’étudie la manière dont les caractéristiques institutionnelles des systèmes d’enseignement affectent l’ampleur et la structure des inégalités sociales de compétences en fin de scolarité obligatoire. La variété des configurations institutionnelles en Europe et une importante réforme du système éducatif polonais au début des années 2000 permettent d’analyser comment l’organisation du système éducatif module les effets de l’origine sociale de l’élève et de la composition sociale de l’établissement sur les compétences de l’élève. Mes analyses multiniveaux tendent à montrer que les politiques éducatives favorisant la différenciation du système éducatif et de son réseau d’établissements sont associées à de plus fortes inégalités sociales de compétences, essentiellement dues à l’amplification de l’effet de la composition sociale de l’établissement. La hausse des inégalités de compétences qui s’observe en France au cours de la décennie 2000 est analysée à l’aune des changements dans la composition des cohortes d’élèves et dans leurs conditions de scolarisation. Les analyses de décomposition quantile suggèrent que l’augmentation de la part d’élèves en difficulté découle moins de modifications dans la population d’élèves que d’une détérioration du fonctionnement du système éducatif et de l’engagement des élèves dans les apprentissages. / This research describes and analyses the links between social inequalities in skills and the organization of the education system. Investigating data from PISA 2000 to 2009 of more than twenty European countries, I study how institutional characteristics of education systems affect the magnitude and the structure of social inequalities at the end of compulsory schooling. The variety of institutional configurations in Europe as well as an important reform of the Polish education system allows to analyse how the organization of the educational system shapes the effects of student’s social origin and school social composition on student’s skills. Multilevel analyses tend to show that educational policies that foster school differentiation are associated with higher social inequalities in skills, mainly because of a greater school composition effect. The rise in skills inequalities across the 2000 decade in France is analyzed with regards to changes in the composition of the student population and in their schooling conditions. Results of the quantile decomposition suggest that the increasing share of low-achieving students stems less from changes in the student intake than to an impaired functioning of the education system and a lower learning engagement among students.

Orientadores: Tirza Aidar, Emerson Soares dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:09:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alencar_LeilaAuxiliadoradeArruda_D.pdf: 4236140 bytes, checksum: 3af39c092380f145f777f7e09be929ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as desigualdades socioespaciais refletidas na saúde da população idosa residente na cidade de Cuiabá. Trata-se de estudo ecológico descritivo com um componente temporal e outro espacial que analisou dados sobre população e da mortalidade aos 60 anos e mais de idade de residentes em Cuiabá. Informações sobre população e variáveis ambientais e econômicas foram obtidas dos censos demográficos de 2000 e 2010 do IBGE. Informações sobre óbitos foram extraídas da base municipal do Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Cuiabá, georefenciados segundo bairros de residência no município. Procedeu-se a análise fatorial que possibilitou formar grupos de bairros homogêneos (clusters) segundo características ambientais e socioeconômicas. A distribuição geográfica das taxas de mortalidade pelas principais causas nos agrupamentos de bairros de Cuiabá mostrou que clusters mais ricos e desenvolvidos socioeconomicamente apresentaram menores taxas de mortalidade por doenças circulatórias e respiratórias e maiores taxas de mortalidade por neoplasias. Idosos de 60 a 69 anos são os mais vulneráveis às piores condições de vida do cluster, quando comparados aos mais idosos. Ou seja, os riscos para esse grupo etário residente nos clusters com piores indicadores sobre condição de vida foram maiores quando comparados aos demais. As mulheres sofrem mais ação das condições sociais dos clusters que os homens. Ficou evidenciada a importância das condições socioeconômicas e a heterogeneidade como estas mortes acontecem nos diferentes espaços físicos e sociais da cidade / Abstract: This study aims at identifying the socio spatial inequalities reflected in the health of the elderly population that lives in the city of Cuiabá. It is a descriptive ecological study with a temporal and spatial component which analyzed data about the population and mortality of people living in Cuiabá aged 60 and over. Data on the population and environmental and economic variables were obtained from the demographic censuses of 2000 and 2010 of the IBGE. Data on deaths were drawn from the municipal base of the Mortality Information System of the Municipal Health Office of Cuiabá, according to the neighborhoods of the municipality. Factorial analysis was done in order to form groups of homogeneous neighborhood (clusters) according to environmental and socioeconomic characteristics. The geographic distribution of mortality rates due to the main causes in the neighborhood clusters of Cuiabá showed that richer and socioeconomically developed clusters presented lower mortality rates due to circulatory and respiratory diseases and higher mortality rates due to neoplasias. Elderly aged 60 to 69 are the most vulnerable to the worst cluster living conditions than those above that age. That is, the risks for this age group that lives in the clusters with the worst indicators on life condition were higher when compared to the others. Women suffer more actions from the social conditions of the clusters than men. The study revealed the importance of the socio economic conditions and heterogeneity as these deaths occur in the different physical and social spaces of the city / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutora em Demografia

L’analyse des disparités géographiques de mortalité en population générale est essentielle pour la planification sanitaire. Elle a pour objectif d’identifier les facteurs impliqués dans la genèse de ces différences. Ceci contribue à orienter les décisions portant sur les populations à cibler et l’allocation de ressources. L'objectif de ce travail est de participer à expliquer les variations géographiques de la mortalité par cause de décès en population générale.En première partie, une estimation des disparités géographiques de mortalité par cause calculée depuis la base nationale exhaustive des causes médicales de décès a été réalisée à l'aide d'une mesure synthétique. Sur la base de ces constatations, une analyse écologique de l’évolution de la distribution géographique de la mortalité a été proposée. Faisant l’hypothèse que les changements démographiques sont un marqueur des changements socio-sanitaires, une typologie des changements démographiques ainsi qu’un modèle de Poisson ont aidé à investiguer cette association avec l'évolution de la mortalité. De manière générale les disparités géographiques de mortalité ont augmenté sensiblement à partir de 1990. La contribution de l’échelle régionale aux disparités spatiales qui était très élevée en 1975, va évoluer de manière différenciée selon le sexe et la cause de décès. L'évolution de la mortalité était par ailleurs associée négativement à l'accroissement de la population. Modulé par le désavantage social et le degré d’urbanisation, ce lien était plus fort pour les maladies alcolo-tabagiques et les morts violentes.La deuxième partie était consacrée à l’investigation des facteurs de risques individuels et contextuels à l’aide d’un modèle multiniveaux. Dans un premier temps, la problématique d’une telle analyse a été élargie à la fiabilité de l’analyse multiniveaux des évènements rares de santé. Evaluée à l’aide de simulations, les recommandations sur la faisabilité d’une analyse en population générale ont été appliquées dans un second temps sur l’Echantillon Démographique Permanent (EDP). Nous avons ainsi tenté d'expliquer les disparités géographiques de mortalité par la composition socio-démographique, l’environnement physique étant caractérisé par l’accessibilité géographique aux soins et l’environnement social étant mesuré par un score de désavantage social. L'étude de faisabilité de l'analyse multiniveaux a mis en évidence la très forte sensibilité de la fiabilité des estimations au choix de l'échelle géographique et à l'incidence de l'évènement de santé étudié. Il existe une association contextuelle en population générale avec le désavantage social du lieu de résidence. Cette association est systématique et régulière pour toutes les causes de décès investiguées. Seules les disparités géographiques de mortalité par maladies circulatoires étaient en grande partie expliquées par les facteurs individuels et contextuels. L'accessibilité géographique aux soins n’était pas retrouvée associée à la mortalité.Ce travail met l'accent sur la multitude des facteurs en jeu et la nécessaire complémentarité des approches pour appréhender les disparités géographiques de mortalité. La rareté de l’évènement étudié dans l'EDP et l’absence d’information socio-économique individuelle fiable dans la base exhaustive des causes de décès sont deux contraintes majeures de ce type d'analyse qui nécessitent le déploiement de méthodologies appropriées. Néanmoins, les perspectives d’enrichissement des données par des bases administratives et médico-administratives laissent présager des retombées importantes. Malgré l'incertitude résiduelle non négligeable sur certain résultats, l'étude met en évidence avec des éléments plus précis l'importance simultanée de facteurs individuels et contextuels en population générale. / The analysis of geographical disparities in mortality in the general population is essential for health planning. The aim is to identify the factors involved in the genesis of these differences. This helps to guide decisions about the populations to be targeted and the allocation of resources. The objective of this work was to help explain geographic variations in mortality by cause of death in the general population.In the first part, an estimate is made of the geographical disparities in mortality by cause calculated from the comprehensive national database of medical causes of death using a synthetic measure. On the basis of these findings, an ecological analysis of the evolution of the geographical distribution of mortality is proposed. Assuming that demographic changes are a marker of health changes in society, a typology of demographic changes and a Poisson model were used to investigate this association with mortality trends.In general, geographical disparities in mortality have increased markedly since 1990. The contribution of the regional scale to spatial disparities, which was very high in 1975, has evolved differently according to sex and cause of death. The evolution of mortality is also negatively associated with the increase in population. Depending on the degree of social disadvantage and degree of urbanization, this link is stronger for alcohol-tobacco and violent deaths.The second part is devoted to investigating individual and contextual risk factors using a multilevel model. Initially, the problem of such an analysis was extended to the reliability of multilevel analysis of rare health events. Evaluated by using simulations, the recommendations on the feasibility of a general population analysis were then applied to the Permanent Demographic Sample (PDS). We thus attempted to explain geographical disparities in mortality by socio-demographic composition, the physical environment being characterized by geographical accessibility to care and the social environment being measured by a social disadvantage score.The multilevel feasibility analysis revealed the very high sensitivity of the reliability of the estimates to the geographical scale and the impact of health events studied. In the general population, there was a contextual association with the social disadvantage of the place of residence. This association was systematic and regular for all causes of death investigated. Only geographical disparities in mortality from circulatory diseases were largely explained by individual and contextual factors. Geographic access to care was not found to be associated with mortality.This work emphasizes the multitude of factors involved and the need to combine approaches when dealing with geographical disparities in mortality. The scarcity of events studied in the PDS and the lack of reliable individual socio-economic information in the exhaustive database of causes of death are two major constraints of this type of analysis, in which the appropriate methodologies should be used. Nevertheless, the prospect of obtaining richer data thanks to the use of administrative and medico-administrative bases suggests that significant benefits may be obtained from this approach. Despite the considerable residual uncertainty on certain results, the study clearly highlights the simultaneous importance of individual and contextual factors in the general population.