L’idéal de société inclusive se fonde sur des principes de justice et de cohésion sociale. Il se traduit par une volonté d’inclure les personnes en danger de pauvreté et d’exclusion, de réduire les inégalités sociales et de favoriser la participation à la vie de la société. Confrontées à des inégalités sociales, des politiques spécifiques sont mises en œuvre en faveur des personnes présentant un handicap. Elles se traduisent par un principe d’accessibilité généralisée à l’emploi, l’éducation, le bâti, les transports, les loisirs, la culture, les technologies numériques, etc. Dans notre société où les usages des technologies numériques apparaissent comme le remède à tous les problèmes sociaux (Proulx, 1990), quels bénéfices peuvent tirer les personnes présentant un handicap des usages de ces technologies ? Pour répondre à cette question, je suis allée enquêter des personnes accueillies dans des établissements médico-sociaux en région Bretagne. J’ai accompagné leurs usages des technologies numériques et dans une approche ethno méthodologique (Lapassade, 2000) et écologique de l’activité (Denis, 2009), j’ai analysé ces usages comme un construit social (Jouët, 2000). Dans cette recherche nous verrons en quoi l’appropriation des technologies numériques par les personnes présentant une déficience intellectuelle ou des troubles psychiques transforme les représentations négatives qu’elles ont d’elles-mêmes et fait émerger un pouvoir d’agir avec les technologies numériques qui participent à leur émancipation. / The ideal of inclusive society is based on principles of justice and social cohesion. It translates into a desire to include people at risk of poverty and exclusion, to reduce social inequalities and to encourage participation in the life of society. Faced with social inequalities, specific policies are implemented for people with disabilities. They translate into a principle of widespread accessibility to employment, education, built, transport, leisure, culture, digital technologies, etc. In our society where the uses of digital technologies appear to be the cure for all social problems (Proulx, 1990), what benefits can people with disabilities derive from the uses of these technologies? To answer this question, I went to investigate people welcomed in medico-social institutions in Brittany. I accompanied their use of digital technologies and in an ethno-methodological approach (Lapassade, 2000) and ecological of activity (Denis, 2009), I analyzed these uses as a social construct (Jouët, 2000). In this research we will see how the appropriation of digital technologies by people with intellectual disabilities or mental disorders transforms the negative representations they have of themselves and brings out a power to act with digital technologies that participate in their emancipation.

Die Ergebnisse des Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (KiGGS) enthüllen Unterschiede im Gesundheitsstatus und Gesundheitsverhalten in Deutschland je nach Einkommen, Bildungsstand und Berufswahl der Kinder und Jugendlichen selbst bzw. von deren Eltern. Besonders stark ausgeprägt sind die sozialen Unterschiede im Hinblick auf den allgemeinen Gesundheitszustand, psychische und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten sowie Übergewicht. Auch in allen anderen europäischen Staaten kumulieren Mortalität, Morbidität und verhaltensbedingte Risikofaktoren in den unteren sozioökonomischen Statusgruppen. In Europa differiert die Lebenserwartung bei Männern in höheren und niedrigeren sozialen Positionen durchschnittlich um fünf Jahre. Die Entwicklung von Strategien zur Bekämpfung sozialer Ungleichheiten in der Gesundheit ist eine der größten Herausforderungen unserer heutigen Gesellschaft. / The national representative survey on the health of children and adolescents in Germany (KiGGS) revealed social inequalities in health and health behaviour in Germany according to income, education and occupation of both the children and adolescents themselves and their parents. Social inequalities in general health status, psychological or behavioural disorders, and overweight seem to be most alarming. Mortality, morbidity and detrimental health behaviour accumulate in the subpopulation with a low socioeconomic position (SEP) across Europe. The average difference in life expectancy in European men with a high and low SEP is 5 years. The development of policies and strategies to tackle this important public health issue is a major present and future challenge.

Beschäftigt sich die Erziehungswissenschaft mit dem Thema Ungleichheiten, stehen meist die ungleich verteilten Bildungschancen von Schülern im Mittelpunkt. Seit dem Erscheinen der ersten PISA-Studie [1] geht es hierbei wieder verstärkt um den Zusammenhang zwischen sozialer Herkunft und den in der Schule erworbenen Kompetenzen und Abschlüssen. Diesem Diskurs haftet jedoch ein Bild vom Schüler an, das ausschließlich auf die fachlichen Kompetenzen ausgerichtet ist. Ausgehend von einem breiteren Verständnis der Schülerpersönlichkeit richtet dieser Beitrag den Blick auch auf die sozialen und die Selbstkompetenzen der Schüler. Wie kommen Jugendliche in der Schule mit sich selbst, ihrem Körper und mit ihren Mitschülern zurecht? Lassen sich jenseits der fachlichen Kompetenzen soziale Ungleichheiten auch in diesen Kompetenzbereichen verzeichnen? / Researchers in educational science focus on social inequalities predominantly in connection with pupils’ academic achievement. Since the publication of the PISA study [1], there has been intensified discussion of the correlations between socioeconomic status and educational participation. This scientific discourse, however, views the pupils solely in the context of their knowledge expertise. In this paper, we take a broader view on the pupils’ personality and include social and self-competencies. How do adolescents in schools get on with themselves and with their classmates, and how do they come to terms with their changing body? Are there social inequalities in these spheres of competence beyond bare knowledge?

This thesis explores how children perceive extreme manifestations of social inequalities - poverty and wealth, and what role do media and media representations play in this process. Based on the literature, it is focusing on media construction of reality, media representations, and social inequalities in general, at the same time it deals with poverty and wealth in the context of perception and media representations, and it also explores the relationship between children and media. Furthermore, by analyzing the results of interviews with children the thesis directly examines how they perceive poverty and wealth and what role do media play in this process. The main finding concerning the social inequalities is that most children perceive them as legitimate and to justify them they use the method of naturalization or/and romanticization of poverty. The main finding concerning the media influence is that media affect children subconsciously and that their thoughts and attitudes to poverty and wealth correspond with media representations of the same in the media production for children.

Les émissions de polluants atmosphériques ont tendance à diminuer dans l'ensemble des industrialisés. Néanmoins, l'exposition actuelle à la pollution atmosphérique engendre encore des effets néfastes sur la santé. Dans ce contexte, l'impact de la pollution environnementale sur la santé est priorité croissante de santé publique. Mon projet de thèse consiste donc à étudier les impacts sanitaires liés à la dégradation de l’environnement et d'analyser leurs conséquences macroéconomiques. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de rassembler deux pans de la littérature en se focalisant sur les liens existant entre pollution et risques sanitaires et SI inégalités sociales d'exposition aux risques environnementaux. Par le biais d'études économétriques, étudions d'une part les taux de mortalité associés à la pollution atmosphérique selon le statut socioéconomique de la population des départements français et, d'autre part, les liens entre poil atmosphérique et santé des enfants à la naissance au sein des communes françaises en utilisant l’expérience naturelle. Par ailleurs, la dernière partie de cette thèse s'attache à mettre en regard la méthode des prix hédoniques, évaluation des références reposant sur une perception subjective des effets 1 pollution, avec la fonction de dommage, méthode de valorisation objective des coûts de la santé. / Many pollutants are declining throughout the industrialized world. However, exposure to air pollution, even at the levels commonly achieved nowadays in European countries, still leads to adverse health effects. In this context, there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts attributed to environmental pollution. The thesis aims to examine health impacts linked to environmental pollution by sheding light on their macroeconomic consequences. The first objective of the thesis is to explore empirically the relations between socio-economic status, environmental exposures and health outcomes. Through econometric analysis, we study the total mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic status and air pollution for the French department, and the effect of energy production on new born health using a recent strike that affected oil refineries in France as a natural experiment. Finally, the last part of the thesis tries to draw inferences about individuals' valuations of risk by combining estimates of the effect of air pollution on bath property values and hospital respiratory admissions for respiratory causes.

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Despite growing school lunch availability in Germany, its utilization is still low, and students resort to unhealthy alternatives. We investigated predictors of school lunch participation and reasons for nonparticipation in 1215 schoolchildren. Children reported meal habits, parents provided family-related information (like socioeconomic status), and anthropometry was conducted on-site in schools. Associations between school lunch participation and family-related predictors were estimated using logistic regression controlling for age and gender if necessary. School was added as a random effect. School lunch participation was primarily associated with family factors. While having breakfast on schooldays was positively associated with school lunch participation (ORadj = 2.20, p = 0.002), lower secondary schools (ORadj = 0.52, p < 0.001) and low SES (ORadj = 0.25, p < 0.001) were negatively associated. The main reasons for nonparticipation were school- and lunch-related factors (taste, time constraints, pricing). Parents reported pricing as crucial a reason as an unpleasant taste for nonparticipation. Nonparticipants bought sandwiches and energy drinks significantly more often on school days, whereas participants were less often affected by overweight (OR = 0.66, p = 0.043). Our data stress school- and lunch-related factors as an important opportunity to foster school lunch utilization.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nathalie Jacinta Rodrigues de Oliveira Py.pdf: 1071074 bytes, checksum: 13862fca79bbb6cfa67df01abeb5b819 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-02 / Goals: The goal of the study is an analyze of the implantation of health care public polities for mammography access in the Oiapoque river frontier between France and Brazil where there is several social inequalities in health care. Justifications: The interest to this subject has two influences: The work realized at the coordination of the Regional Cancer Network of French Guiana in collaboration with health care professionals, a social worker and a psychologist in the support to patients and their dose relatives. The knowledge of the frontier zone with the richness of the population and the challenges they take up in the everyday life by living far away from the main cities. Hypotheses: Two questions will be analyzed to answer the main problematic: Are the social determinants on health care for the frontier population regarded for the implantation of polities for breast cancer detection access? Which are the strategies of the public powers, institutional actors and the professionals to facilitate the access to mammography for the frontier population? Teorico-metodological aspects: The analyze of the social inequalities on health care influence will be based on the economist Amartya Sen theory on the link between social inequalities and individual freedom. A documental research and interviews of professionals working on the frontier had been realized to understand the specific context of the region, the brazilian and french health care system, the organization of the breast cancer detection for the frontier population. Results: We can conclude that the territorial inequalities has most impact on the access of mammographyfor the women living on frontier. The inequalities needs a coordination of the public action to realized the structural modifications, and also local actions promoting more interaction between professionals and population / Objetivos: Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a implementação das políticas publicas de saúde para o acesso à mamografia na região da fronteira fluvial do rio Oiapoque entre a França e o Brasil que apresenta varias situações de desigualdades sociais de saúde. Justificativa: O interesse por essa problemática teve duas influências: O trabalho realizado na coordenação da Rede regional do câncer da Guiana Francesa, em colaboração com os profissionais de saúde, uma assistente social e uma psicóloga no atendimento aos pacientes e familiares. O conhecimento de uma região de fronteira rica pela diversidade de sua população e dos desafios que enfrentam no seu quotidiano pelo distanciamento com as cidades principais. Duas questões foram contempladas para responder à problemática principal: Os determinantes sociais de saúde da população da região fronteiriça estão sendo contemplados na implementação das políticas de acesso à detecção do câncer de mama? Quais são as estratégias propostas pelos poderes públicos, os atores institucionais, os profissionais para facilitar o acesso à mamografia para a população da fronteira? Aspectos teórico-metodológicos: A análise da influência das desigualdades sociais de saúde no acesso a mamografia foi realizada com base na teoria do economista Amartya Sen sobre a relação entre as desigualdades sociais e a liberdade dos indivíduos. Uma pesquisa documental e entrevistas com profissionais da fronteira foram realizadas para entender o contexto específico da região, os sistemas de saúde brasileiros e francês e a organização da detecção do câncer de mama para a população fronteiriça. Resultados obtidos: Pudemos concluir que as desigualdades territoriais são maior impacto na falta de participação ao exame de as que tem detecção do câncer de mama das mulheres de vivem na fronteira. Essas desigualdades requerem uma ação pública coordenada para realizar mudanças estruturais "e de organização dos serviços públicos, mais também ações localizadas, promovendo maior interação entre os profissionais e a população

In this thesis, socio-spatial processes regarding the distribution of transport infrastructures are investigated and the ways in which inequalities occur as a result of these processes are discussed. The transport system of Istanbul and particularly, the Istanbul Metro, the first modern subway of the city, has been the focus of this research. In order to understand inequalities in transport, social and spatial justice theories have been employed. Discussions have been extended in order to include different approaches to the issues of transport inequality from various disciplines such as geography, sociology and urban planning. In this sense, this study is multi-disciplinary. Debates on land rent theory, space and power, gendered mobilities, social exclusion and the right to the city are among the many concerns that formed the main arguments of this research. In this thesis, transport is taken as a fixed, an immobile commodity that produces mobile and dynamic commodities such as mobilities and flows. Through such interaction socio-spatial processes are produced which may or may not consist of inequalities. Issues related to inequalities are deconstructed in the literature review in order to help reconstruct a theory of uneven socio-spatial development as a result of the distribution of transport infrastructure investments. Discussions on theory are further examined through four empirical chapters each of which investigates different issues related to transport inequalities. A mixed-method approach has been used in order to fully explore the complexity of the subject and integrate different epistemological positions. Through four empirical chapters, socio-spatial inequalities are discussed with regard to daily mobility levels of different socio-economic groups in Istanbul and the Istanbul Metro as well as in-direct economic impacts of the Metro and the socio-political processes it generates. The findings support some of the previous research on social inequalities based on transport, especially on how gender, education and employment become important determinants of travel time, trip frequency, trip purposes and the use of different transport modes. Yet, the thesis presents unexpected results on the impacts of the Istanbul Metro. On the one hand, the Istanbul Metro can be regarded as a just infrastructure as it accommodates users from every socio-economic background. On the other hand, it can be inequitable as it is likely to facilitate the accumulation of capital in certain areas, and circulation of producers and consumers of this capital within the same spatial unit, the Metro itself. This thesis proposes that horizontal and vertical socio-spatial inequalities exist both individually and together in various contexts in Istanbul. These inequalities are based on the spatial distribution of transport infrastructure investments, power relationships between different socio-economic groups, the dominance of politically powerful groups and the historical development of the urban space. Together this thesis is in an attempt to establish a comprehensive narrative of the discourses of inequalities in transport planning and policy and makes suggestions on the ways to reduce such inequalities. Moreover, this thesis is an original contribution to the literature as it links hitherto unconnected strands of theory in transport geography and social and spatial justice literatures.