This study examined the association between different socio-demographic factors and food insecurity in the Central Florida Communities of Maitland, Winter Park, and Eatonville. Data from the Institute for Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Central Florida were utilized to analyze 3 main questions: In which community is food insecurity more prevalent? To what extent are food consumption, transportation, poverty, and unemployment associated with food insecurity? Does the association between food consumption, transportation, poverty, unemployment, and food insecurity remain when controlling for self-reported overall health, education, marital status, and race. The results revealed differences in predictors of food insecurities. Particularly, there was a positive relationship between food consumption and the knowledge of recommended number of servings of fruits and vegetables suggesting that those who have nutritional knowledge practice healthy dietary behaviors. Furthermore, structural dysfunctions and affordability pose food consumption limitations on the communities studied (mainly Eatonville).

To date, the greatest success in predicting recreational travel patterns has been made by the Systems Theory Model. However, discrepancies still occur primarily due to the lack of accurate and extensive information on the socio-demographic variables that influence recreational travel. The research verified the assumption that socio-demographic variables warrant consideration in a recreational model. The analysis indicates specifically the types of socio-demographic variables that influence the various types of recreational travel. Due to a small sample size the results are not directly applicable to the model, however, they establish the types of socio-demographic variables that warrant consideration in a large sample survey. / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

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The present study examined the relationships of depression, social support, and socio-demographic factors on health behaviors of mothers with preterm infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In addition, the study also assessed the moderation effect of social support on the relationship between depression and health behaviors. Eighty-nine mothers with hospitalized infants in the central Richmond area participated in the study. Analyses found that mother’s education level and her marital status to be significantly associated with her health behaviors. Mothers with a higher level of education and those who were married, were less likely to smoke and more likely to incorporate high fiber foods in their diet. In addition, the more support a mother perceived from family and friends, the less likely she was to smoke cigarettes. Neither depression nor social support from the father was significantly related to health behaviors. This study did not find social support to be a moderator between depression and health behaviors. However, the study found direct effects of socio-demographic factors and certain types of support on health behaviors. Assessing a mother’s personal and interpersonal factors will inform clinicians of possible areas of interventions for mothers during the postpartum period.

Especially for last three decades many of the scholars have tried to provide general terrorist profile, which is commonly usable for all terrorists. They were seeking to identify the process of becoming terrorist (Sageman, 2004; Russel&Miller, 1977; Strentz, 1988; Hassan, 2001). The main problem on those studies is that, without looking at degree of involvement of terrorist they just focus on “who becomes a terrorist and why” and they prefer to ignore different type of characteristics about terrorist. Yilmaz (2009) tried to underline and answer this subject by studying on arrest results about DHKP/C and Hizbullah terrorist organizations in Turkey. This study aims to analyze socio-demographic and motivational differences of PKK terrorist organization members who are belong to different involvement degrees (active participant and supporter).

Este estudo avaliou a prevalência de colonização e infecção bucal por Candida, bem como a de cárie não-tratada em crianças com aids atendidas no ambulatório de Infectologia, Instituto da Criança do HC-FMUSP. Foram examinados 117 pacientes em idade de 3-15 anos (média 9,4 anos) para o estudo da prevalência de Candida, e 125 na mesma faixa de idade para a avaliação da necessidade de tratamento de restauração dentária. Condições clínicas gerais, medicação em uso e dados laboratoriais foram obtidos do prontuário médico referente a cada paciente. O exame bucal seguiu as normas da OMS (1996); questionário sócio-demográfico foi respondido pelos cuidadores. A prevalência de cárie foi avaliada em relação às condições socioeconômicas, comportamentais e clínicas dos pacientes. Para o estudo de associação entre as variáveis foi utilizada a análise de regressão de Poisson com ajuste por idade. Os resultados indicaram 62% de prevalência de colonização bucal por Candida (54%-72%, intervalo de confiança 95%). A manifestação clínica da candidose bucal foi baixa entre os pacientes avaliados (7%), considerando que a maioria das crianças apresentava baixa contagem CD4, alta carga viral e colonização por Candida. Foi identificada associação entre cultura positiva com uso freqüente de antibióticos (razão de prevalência RP = 1,44), sulfa (RP = 1,23), alteração de mucosa bucal (RP = 1,55) e prevalência de cárie nãotratada (RP = 1,93); associação negativa ocorreu quando em uso de medicamentos anti-retrovirais (RP = 0,65). Candida albicans foi a espécie mais isolada (80%); espécies não-albicans corresponderam a 18%. Nenhum caso de colonização por C. dubliniensis foi identificado através de testes fenotípicos. A freqüência de cárie nãotratada em ao menos um dente decíduo ou permanente foi de 58% dentre os pacientes, porcentagem mais elevada que a verificada entre crianças sem aids de mesma idade no Estado de São Paulo. Cuidador familiar com ensino secundário completo representou fator de redução da prevalência de cárie, (RP = 0,51), enquanto aglomeração domiciliar (RP = 1,53) e freqüência diária de ingestão de açúcar (RP = 1,44) associaram com prevalência mais elevada. Carga viral maior que 100.000 cóp/ml (RP = 1,41) e manifestação de sintomas severos da aids (RP = 1,39) também associaram com pior condição dentária. O presente estudo mostra baixa prevalência de lesão bucal, indicativo de que as terapias anti-retrovirais para a doença aids produz resultados clínicos bem satisfatórios, e que crianças com aids têm maior necessidade de tratamento dentário do que crianças HIV negativas. A elevada prevalência de colonização por Candida e de cárie não-tratada em crianças com aids reforça a necessidade e importância da integração do dentista na equipe multiprofissional que atende a esses pacientes. / This study assessed the prevalence of oral colonization and infection caused by Candida, as well of untreated caries in pediatric patients with aids attended at the Clinic for Infection Diseases, Child Institute, Clinic Hospital of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. The prevalence of colonization and infection by Candida was evaluated among hundred seventeen, 3 to 15-years-old (mean age of 9.4 years) children, and the requirement for dental treatment among 125 children of the same age group. General clinical condition, medications in use and laboratories findings were obtained from the medical chart of each patient. Dental examination followed WHO guidelines for oral health surveys; data on demographic conditions were extracted from questionnaires filled in by familial caregivers. Prevalence of untreated caries were evaluated in relation to socioeconomic, behavioral and clinical conditions. Poisson regression analysis adjusted by age assessed covariates for the prevalence of untreated dental caries and Candida colonization. Results indicated 62% of prevalence of oral colonization by Candida (54%-72%, confidence interval 95%). Clinical manifestation of oral candidosis was low (7%) despite of low CD4, and both high viral load and Candida colonization detected among most children. Positive result for Candida colonization associates with frequent use of antibiotics (prevalence ratio PR = 1.44), sulfa drugs (PR = 1.23), alteration on the oral mucosa (PR = 1.55), and untreated dental caries (PR = 1.93); negative association occurred with the use of antiretroviral therapies (PR = 0.65). Candida albicans was the most frequent species (80%); non-albicans species 18%. Phenotipic testes did not allowed to detect any colonization by C. dubliniensis. Prevalence of untreated dental caries either on one deciduous or one permanent tooth affected 58% of the patients, a rate higher than that registered among the same group age, non-HIV-children in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Being attended by high school graduated caregivers represented a reduction factor of prevalence of caries (PR = 0.51), while household crowding (PR = 1.53) and daily sugar intake (PR = 1.44) was associated with a higher prevalence of caries. Viral load higher than 100,000 copies/ml (PR = 1.41) and severe symptom of aids manifestations (PR = 1.39) also associated with poorer dental status. The present study revealed low prevalence of oral lesions, an indicative that antiretroviral therapies results satisfactory for aids treatment and HIV+/aids-children, and that aids-affected children have higher prevalence of untreated caries than in non-affected children in the same group age. The high prevalence of both Candida colonization and untreated caries in HIV+/aids-children reinforces the importance of a health-care professional to the interdisciplinary team that assists those patients.

Literature on transportation planning and modeling is replete with the concept of a travel time budget. According to this concept, average daily travel times tend to be relatively constant. However, evidence from the 1983 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey and the 2001 National Household Travel Survey suggest that the average daily travel time has increased by 1.9 minutes per year. Understanding travel time expenditures is important for forecasting travel demand, especially future vehicle miles of travel. Historically, travel demand models considered vehicle availability and income as limiting factors for travel, but going forward time may be the constraint. As individuals spend more time devoted to travel, less time will be available for other activities. Therefore, future travel demand is dependent on people's willingness to spend time traveling. Growth of travel demand has been per capita based not just population based. This has been enabled by several cultural trends, including fewer children to care for; specialization of activities; multitasking during travel, for example, cell phone use can add value to travel time; seeking socialization away from home; and increases in real income enabling more activity participation. This study will report the increase in average daily travel time expenditures and analyze the increase by various demographic segments of the population. Travel time expenditures are also related to activity participation, the characteristics of the area, and many other interrelated factors at the person level. Aggregate values will be used to investigate the general relationships between daily travel time expenditures and socio-demographic characteristics. Careful consideration of the implications of the increase in travel time, as well as the changes in society that have contributed to these changes will be explored. The increase in travel time expenditures is likely to play a significant role in future travel demand growth in the United States and will impact the performance of the transportation system going forward. If travel time expenditures continue to grow, the hope for slowing VMT growth may not materialize. Understanding the mechanics of why people are traveling more will aid planners and modelers in estimating future travel demand.

An in-depth-analysis was carried out on short, medium and long commuters using the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) of 2001 and American Community Survey (ACS) of 2000 to determine the role of individual,household, trip and area related characteristics on commute length. The individuals with commute time less than or equal to 15 min were considered as short commuters and individuals with commute time greater than 15 min but less than 60 min were considered as medium commuters and the individuals with commute time 60 min or more were considered as long commuters. The commute time is considered as a link joining the residence and workplace locations. The availability of the desired mode used is considered as flexibility in moving the location of these points in the area. As the jobs get dispersed the lower income people face more and more transportation problems in linking the residence and workplace. There is a potential threat in their social, physical and economic isolation in the society. The individual, household, and area related characteristics are assumed to influence both the commute time and location of these points. The descriptive analysis using NHTS 2001 and ACS 2000 revealed that the characteristics of short and long commuters are different in nature. A commuter type choice model and commute length measurement models were used to estimate the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on the residential and workplace separation. Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) methodology was adopted to develop the commuter type choice model and Structural Equations Model methodology (SEM) was adopted with commute time and commute distance as endogenous variables to estimate the commute length on a continuous scale. The models confirmed the importance of demographic variables in explaining commuter length.

Traffic fatalities accounted for 1.24 million lives lost in 2013 worldwide, and almost 33 thousand of those fatalities were in the U.S. in 2013. The southeastern region of the nation stands out for continuously having higher fatality rates per mile driven than the national average. If one can establish compelling relationships between various factors and fatality rates, then policies and investments can be targeted to increase the safety on the network by focusing on policies that mitigate those factors. In this research effort risk-taking characteristics are explored. These factors have not been as comprehensively reviewed as conventional factors such as vehicle and facility conditions associated with safety. The hypothesis assumes if a person exhibits risk-taking behavior, that risk-taking behavior is not limited to only one aspect of risk, but is likely to occur in multiple facets of the person's life. Some of the risk-taking characteristics explored include credit score, safety belt use, smoking and tobacco use, drug use, mental health, educational attainment, obesity, and overall general health characteristics. All risk-taking characteristics with the exception of mental health were found to have statistically significant correlations with fatality rates alone. However, when a regression model was formed to estimate fatality rates by risk-taking characteristics, only four risk-taking characteristics - credit score, educational attainment, overall poor health, and seat belt use were found to be statistically significant at an integrated level with other demographic characteristics such as unemployment levels and population born is state of residency. By identifying at-risk population segments, education, counseling, enforcement, or other strategies may be deployed to help improve travel safety.

<p>This study employs the Human Capital Theory (HCT), which postulates that the education of women is positively related to the likelihood of their labour force participation, in order to investigate quarterly dynamics in the labour force. This approach is an advancement of knowledge gained from previous studies such as Serumanga-Zake and Kotze (2004) and Ntuli (2004) who investigated the annual dynamics in FLFP. Investigating quarterly dynamics in FLFP is prudent as the market economy is very dynamic particularly at a point when the world economy is experiencing recession. Data for the study are extracted from the 2008 Quarterly Labour Force Survey conducted by Statistics South Africa. Logistic regression analysis modeling was employed with the dependent variable, FLFP, as a binary outcome. Other variables controlled in the analysis are gender, population group, age, marital status, education status, sector, main industry, main occupation and province. The results show that there is association between education status and FLFP status. Findings from this research are expected to contribute to the knowledge about trends in FLFP in South Africa and aid in planning of interventions aimed at improving the status of women as one of the critical steps in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.</p>