This diploma thesis deals with ethnic differences in the incidence of colorectal cancer. One of the primary aims is to analyze the influence of selected socio-demographic factors, health factors and lifestyle factors on the incidence of colorectal cancer. Another main aim is to find out if there are ethnic differences in the incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States to determine the contribution of the influence of selected socio-demographic and lifestyle factors using the data from the PLCO database. PLCO is a case-control study which includes individual data collected from approximately 155,000 respondents in the United States. The main finding is a significant influence of respondents' age structure, gender, ethnicity, education, family history of colorectal cancer as well as diabetes on the incidence of colorectal cancer. It has also been suggested that alcohol consumption, smoking and obesity increase the risk of colorectal cancer. On the contrary, an increased intake of vitamin D and drugs containing acetylsalicylic acid (in this case aspirin) reduces the risk of colorectal cancer. The influence of age structure and gender on the risk of developing colorectal cancer has been determined as statistically significant in African Americans, Caucasians and others (including the remaining...

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Modeindustrin är en stor miljöbov som genererar utsläpp från fabriker, långa transporter och från en påtaglig överkonsumtion. I ett modesamhälle med trender i fokus kommer behovet av nyproducerade plagg alltid att finnas kvar. Men cirkulära affärsstrategier, såsom olika typer av delningsekonomier, kommer att spela en avgörande roll för modebranschens framtidaöverlevnad. Om ett plagg används under tre gånger så lång tid som de används idag kan det minska plaggets klimatavtryck med hela 65%, vilket påvisar vikten av cirkulära strategier, där konceptet hyrkläder är en av dessa. Denna studie syftar att kartlägga vilka sociodemografiska faktorer som påverkarkonsumenters hållbara attityd samt viljan att hyra kläder. Vidare undersöks sambandet mellankonsumenters hållbara attityd samt dennes vilja att hyra kläder och ingå i delningsekonomi. Detta för att komma närmare lösningen på problemet om vem den potentiella hyrkunden är och bana väg för företags anpassning av hyrkonceptet. För att besvara frågeställningarna har data samlats in via en kvantitativ online-enkät där en sluten grupp på Facebook fått besvarafrågor kring deras sociodemografiska status, attityd till miljö och hållbarhet samt frågor om benägenheten att hyra. Svaren har sedan sammanställts och ligger till grund förhypotesprövningar som genomförs. Resultatet av studien påvisar inga samband mellan sociodemografiska faktorer gällande varken hållbar attityd eller viljan att hyra kläder med undantag för svag korrelation mellangeografisk plats och viljan att hyra kläder. Däremot visas ett samband mellan konsumenters hållbar attityd och deras vilja att hyra. / The fashion industry has a big impact on our environment and generates emissions from transports, factories, and a significant overconsumption. Studies show that by extending the life of a garment three times longer than its average lifetime today, its climate impact can be reduced by 65%. For this reason, circular business models have grown in importance since they can have a major positive impact on our challenge to decrease our emissions. One answer to this is sharing economy and collaborative fashion consumption, which aims to lengthen the life of a product and ensure a more frequent use. Previous studies have identified both drivers and barriers for consumers to take part in collaborative fashion consumption but not yet described the customer who rents. In this study, attention is therefore paid to collaborative fashion consumption and the customer who wishes to take part. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of socio-demographic factors on the consumer's attitude to environmental sustainability and on the willingness to rent clothes. Further, the study aims to investigate whether there is a connection between an environmentally sustainable attitude and the willingness to rent clothes. Data were collected via a quantitative online survey where members in a closed group on Facebook were able to answer questions about their socio-demographic status, attitude to sustainability as well as questions about the propensity to rent. The results of the study show no correlations between socio-demographic factors regarding neither environmentally sustainable attitude nor the willingness to rent clothes. However, a connection is shown between geographic location and willingness to rent as well as between consumers' environmentally sustainable attitude and their willingness to rent. This study is written in Swedish.

Plusieurs recherches traitent de l’importance de la promotion de la diversité et l’équité pour les cohortes de médecine. D’autres recherches font état de la diversité des étudiants de médecine par rapport à la diversité de la population desservie. À cet intérêt, la plupart de ces études témoignent que « la profession médicale présente un problème d’iniquité » (Tricco et al., 2021, p. 664). Dans le cadre de la reddition de compte, le secteur médical, avec ses différents détenteurs d’enjeux, doit diriger ses services afin de répondre aux différents besoins locaux et régionaux de la société (Boelen et Heck, 1995). Cependant, en absence d’une diversité suffisante, le secteur médical ne peut vraisemblablement pas remplir son devoir de donner des soins optimaux à tout le monde (Cohen et al., 2002). Il faut noter qu’assurer une diversité optimale des cohortes de médecine implique de promouvoir la diversité des professionnels de santé. À cet intérêt, les facultés de médecine doivent être socialement responsables et doivent attacher une grande importance à la sélection des candidats afin de former de futurs médecins compétents, représentatifs de la société qu’ils desservent et en mesure de répondre aux besoins de celle-ci (Gough, 2004). Ainsi, les facultés de médecine sont engagées à promouvoir la diversité et l’équité parmi leurs cohortes de médecine. À cet intérêt, plusieurs recherches canadiennes ont trouvé que les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des étudiants de médecine diffèrent de celles de la population (Khan et al., 2020; Pitre et al., 2020). Au Québec, peu d’études ont exploré cette problématique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené notre recherche afin de comprendre le processus d’admission aux facultés de médecine franco-québécoises tout en tenant compte des caractéristiques sociodémographiques et de la performance des candidats et des étudiants admis en 2019. En premier lieu, nous avons brossé le profil sociodémographique des candidats et des étudiants de médecine par rapport au profil sociodémographique de la population québécoise. En second lieu, nous avons exploré le lien entre la performance des candidats et des candidats admis (pour la cote R, le Casper et les MEMFI) avec leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques. Enfin, nous avons mené des études de simulation afin d’explorer l’effet potentiel de la variation des pondérations des résultats de la cote R, du Casper et des MEMFI sur la composition démographique des cohortes de médecine. Cette recherche utilise une base de données des candidats qui sont passés par la deuxième phase d’admission de 2019 et qui ont répondu au questionnaire sur les caractéristiques sociodémographiques. À l’aide d’analyses descriptives, d’analyses de variance univariées, des tests T et de la simulation, nous avons essayé de répondre à nos intérêts de recherches déjà mentionnées. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des candidats et des candidats admis des facultés de médecine franco-québécoises, en général, diffèrent des caractéristiques sociodémographiques de la population québécoise. En effet, la majorité des étudiants sont des femmes et la grande majorité des étudiants sont favorisés ou ont tendance à la favorisation matérielle et sociale ; ayant des parents qui ont fréquenté l’université et qui ont un revenu annuel supérieur à 100 000 $. En ce qui concerne la diversité ethnoculturelle, les candidats noirs, latino-américains et autochtones sont sous-représentés dans notre bassin d’étudiants admis en 2019. D’autre part, nos analyses de simulation ont permis de reconnaitre le potentiel de chaque outil d’évaluation à promouvoir ou à limiter la diversité des cohortes simulées. En effet, dans le sous-groupe étudié, la cote R favorisera les chances d’admission des hommes et des candidats matériellement et socialement défavorisés. En contrepartie, les MEMFI favoriseront les chances des candidats matériellement et socialement favorisés et pourraient défavoriser les chances des candidats asiatiques par rapport aux autres. D’autre part, nous avons montré que la procédure d’admission de 2019 n’a pas favorisé des candidats sur la base de leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques. À travers ces résultats, nous avons constaté que notre recherche confirme les résultats d’études antérieures rapportés dans la littérature médicale. / Many research works seek to highlight the importance of promoting diversity and equity for medicine cohorts. Other works promote the diversity of medical students in relation to the diversity of the population. In this regard, most of these studies claimed that " the medical profession suffers from an inequity problem " (Tricco et al., 2021, p. 664). In terms of accountability, the medical sector, including its various stakeholders, must direct its services to meet the local and regional needs of society (Boelen et Heck, 1995). However, with lack of diversity, the medical sector is unlikely to fulfill its duty to provide optimal care for everyone (Cohen et al., 2002). Indeed, ensuring optimal diversity of medical cohorts enforces promoting the diversity of health professionals. Given the importance of health professionals, medical schools must be socially accountable and must give significant importance to the process of student selection in order to ensure diversity within doctors and health professionals (Gough, 2004). Thus, medical schools are committed to promoting diversity and equity among their medical cohorts. In this regard, several Canadian studies have found that socio-demographic characteristics of medical students differ from those of the general population (Khan et al., 2020; Pitre et al., 2020). In Quebec, few studies have explored this subject. In this context, we conducted our study to understand the process of admission to French medical schools in Quebec while considering the socio-demographic characteristics and performance of applicants and admitted students in 2019. First, we outlined the socio-demographic profile of applicants and medical students in relation to the socio-demographic profile of Quebec’s population. Second, we explored the link between the performance of candidates and admitted candidates (for the R score, the Casper and the MEMFI) and their socio-demographic characteristics. Finally, we performed various simulation scenarios to explore the potential effect of varying the weights of the R-score, Casper, and MEMFI scores on the demographic composition of medical cohorts. This study is based on a database of applicants who went through the second phase of admission in 2019 and answered the socio-demographic characteristics survey. Furthermore, the research interest is demonstrated using descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, Student’s T-tests and simulation. The results of this study demonstrate that, in general, the socio-demographic characteristics of candidates and students from French medical schools in Quebec differ from the socio-demographic characteristics of the Quebec population. Indeed, we found out that most of the students are women, have high socioeconomic status; have parents who attended university and have an annual parental income of more than $100,000. In terms of ethnocultural diversity, Black, Latino, and Indigenous candidates are underrepresented in our pool of admitted students in 2019. On the other hand, our simulation analyses revealed the potential for each assessment tool to promote or limit the diversity of the simulated cohorts. Indeed, the R-score would favour the chances of admission of men and materially and socially disadvantaged candidates in the studied subgroup. On the other hand, the MEMFI would favour the chances of materially and socially advantaged candidates and could disadvantage the chances of Asian candidates compared to others. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that admission procedure in 2019 did not favour candidates based on their socio-demographic characteristics. Through these results, we found that our research affirms the results of previous studies reported in the medical literature.

This study aimed at identifying the socio-demographic and service related factors influencing intra uterine contraceptive device (IUD) utilization among family planning clients in Addis Ababa. With a quantitative, cross sectional descriptive design approach, data was collected using structured questionnaires administered by healthcare supervisors. A total of 366 family planning clients and 35 family planning service providers were interviewed. The findings indicated that the level of education, occupation, parity and fertility plan have significant (p<0.05) association with utilization of IUD. Healthcare service provider’s knowledge and skills for provision of intra uterine contraceptive device services were low. Community members lack awareness and knowledge of the benefit and side effects of the device. Therefore, community members need education to promote adherence and effective use of IUD. Similarly, healthcare service providers need skill training and education to ensure quality provision of IUD service / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

3 ABSTRACT Title of project: Visitors of the Nature Park Ladronka and their interest in movement activities Aim of project: The goal of this Thesis is a socio-demographic analysis of the visitors of the Nature Park Ladronka and their motives for movement activities in this location in different season. Methods of project: All necessary data were collected by means of interviews directly in the Park Ladronka during this three weeks 25. - 31. 10. 2011 from 10:00-17:30, 23. - 29. 5. 2011 from 10:00-20:00 and 8. - 14. 8. 2011 from 10:00-20:00. The results were statistically processed using relative and absolute frequency. Results: The total number of respondents is 1,425. They are mostly - 32 % of visitors aged 20-29 - interested in the on-line skating track. The most common means of transport was for 40% of the visitors their car. The preferred sport for men (47 %) is running 42 % and gym 27 %, and for women (53 %) in-line skating 79 %. 14,5 % of visitors aged 20-29 are from housing estate. The park is visited mostly by students 32 % and people working on their computers 24 %. Key words: Natural fitness gym - sport for everyone - health grounds - outdoor activities - fitness trail - urban green - socio- demographic analysis

This study aimed at identifying the socio-demographic and service related factors influencing intra uterine contraceptive device (IUD) utilization among family planning clients in Addis Ababa. With a quantitative, cross sectional descriptive design approach, data was collected using structured questionnaires administered by healthcare supervisors. A total of 366 family planning clients and 35 family planning service providers were interviewed. The findings indicated that the level of education, occupation, parity and fertility plan have significant (p<0.05) association with utilization of IUD. Healthcare service provider’s knowledge and skills for provision of intra uterine contraceptive device services were low. Community members lack awareness and knowledge of the benefit and side effects of the device. Therefore, community members need education to promote adherence and effective use of IUD. Similarly, healthcare service providers need skill training and education to ensure quality provision of IUD service / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 janelisebpazianicosta_dissert.pdf: 2457459 bytes, checksum: 519e9ac156cca4f5016a58719a8b2cb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-15 / Introduction: The use/consumption of psychoactive substances is considered a complex phenomenon, which has biological, psychological and social origins and consequences. Objectives: Describing, analyzing and comparing socio-demographic, psychological and clinical characteristics presented by a population having a Substance Use Disorder. Casuistic and Method: A convenience sample comprising 50 adult male patients who took part in the present study were seen in a Psychosocial Attention Center Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad) based in a medium-sized city located in São Paulo State countryside. An Identification Form containing personal and socio-demographic features, as well as a Semi-directed Interview Script, were used for people with alcohol and/or drug-related problems. Data were analyzed by means of non-parametric statistic evidences and qualitative analysis of frequency and percentage of answer category having the same semantic meaning. Results: The study group mostly comprised an adult (28-37 and 48-58 years old), negroid (62%), not engaged (72%), evangelic (44%), unemployed (59,18%) population born in areas around the target city (44,68%), with 5 to 8 years of study (42%) and a monthly family income of 3-5 minimum salaries (47,73%). 68% of these patients had been under treatment for at most a month, especially the youngest interviewed ones (18-37 years old). There has been balance between the participants directed to CAPSad and the ones who have searched for help on their own. Some of the main reasons for this search were: willingness to quit consuming, psychological and emotional problems, as well as chemical addiction. 43,18% of the patient sample were abused (esp. physically) in childhood and/or adolescence, and 74% reported having family problems involving alcohol and/or others drugs. Psychoactive substances use was a contributing factor to damages in the quality of relationship with family of origin, spouse and children. Participants reported significant changes and social repertoire and part of leisure activities was associated to the very use of substances or related activities. 76,60% declared having friends who made use of alcohol and/or other drugs. Alcohol (98%), nicotine (84%), cocaine (72%) and cannabis (72%) derivates, inhalants (48%), hallucinogens (22%) and psychotropic medicine (12%) were the most commonly consumed drugs in a lifetime found among patients. Marijuana, cocaine and crack were statistically associated to research youngest population. 64% started using substances in adolescence, mainly due to friendship, party attendance and curiosity and 38% of these youngsters already made continuous use of them in this very life stage. 66% indicated &#8215;group, friendship circle, friends as usage partners, 72,92% declared uninterrupted use of drugs for some days and 86% of them reported having had periods without any drug contact. The main factors encountered to relapse were loneliness, family distance, belief of being able to drink with no negative consequences, as well as of feeling fine, use willingness and pleasure and individual psychological characteristics. The most common treatments for problems with alcohol and/or other drugs were CAPSad, Hospitalization, Emergency Room, &#8213;Alcoólicos Anônimos&#8214;, &#8213;Narcóticos Anônimos&#8214;, &#8213;Amor Exigente&#8214; and religion. Participants reported psychological (96%), physical (90%) and cognitive (71,92%) damages related to substance use. Conclusions: It has been observed that a great percentage of the total number of adult participants in the present study presented significant damages related to alcohol and other drugs abuse/dependence, compromising all individual s functioning areas. Although the results are not conclusive to predicting factors in childhood to drug use, considering sample characteristics varied from worse to better socioeconomics and life conditions. In adolescence, individuals with significant damages, changes and sufferings, in touch with user friends and presenting common features for abuse maintenance were predominant. We may conclude that efficient health promoting and prevention programs and more effective treatments and rehabilitation programs must take into consideration users population heterogeneity. / Introdução: Considera-se o uso de substâncias psicoativas um fenômeno complexo, com origens e consequências biológicas, psicológicas e sociais. Objetivos: Descrever, analisar e comparar características sociodemográficas, psicossociais e clínicas apresentadas por uma população com Transtornos por Uso de Substâncias. Casuística e Método: Participou da pesquisa uma amostra de conveniência com 50 pacientes adultos, sexo masculino, atendida no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas (CAPSad) de uma cidade de médio porte do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizados: Ficha de Identificação, contendo características pessoais e sociodemográficas e Roteiro de Entrevista Semidirigida para pessoas com problemas relacionados ao álcool e/ou outras drogas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de provas da estatística não paramétrica e por análise qualitativa a partir de frequências e porcentagens de categorias de respostas com mesma semântica de enunciados. Resultados: Pode-se destacar uma população adulta (28-37 e 48-58 anos), negróide (62%), sem companheiro(a) (72%), com 5 a 8 anos de estudos (42%), evangélica (44%), natural da região administrativa da cidade alvo do estudo (44,68%), com renda mensal familiar de 3 a 5 salários mínimos (47,73%) e desempregada (59,18%). 68% estavam em tratamento no período de &#8215;até um mês , principalmente os entrevistados mais jovens da pesquisa (18-37 anos). Houve equilíbrio entre participantes que foram encaminhados ao CAPSad e os que buscaram ajuda por conta própria, sendo os principais motivos: cessar o consumo, problemas psicológicos, emocionais e dependência química. 43,18% sofreram abusos (principalmente físicos) na infância e/ou na adolescência e 74% relataram possuir familiares com problemas de álcool e/ou outras drogas. Uso de substâncias psicoativas foi um fator contribuinte para prejuízos na qualidade dos relacionamentos com família de origem, cônjuge e filhos. Os participantes referiram significativa mudança e redução do repertório social e parte das fontes de lazer esteve relacionada ao próprio uso de substâncias ou atividades afins. 76,60% relataram possuir amigos que faziam uso de álcool e/ou outras drogas. Álcool (98%), nicotina (84%), derivados de coca (72%) e de canabinóides (72%), inalantes (48%), alucinógenos (22%), medicamentos psicotrópicos (12%) foram os tipos de drogas mais consumidas durante a vida. Maconha, cocaína e crack foram associadas estatisticamente à população mais jovem da pesquisa. 64% iniciaram o uso de substâncias na adolescência, sendo os principais motivos amizades, frequência em festas e curiosidade e 38% já faziam uso contínuo nessa mesma fase da vida. 66% relataram &#8215;turma, amigos, colegas como companheiros de uso, 72,92% uso ininterrupto de drogas por alguns dias e 86%, períodos sem o consumo. Principais fatores relacionados à recaída foram solidão, distância dos familiares, impressão de poder beber sem consequências negativas ou de estar bem, vontade e prazer no uso e características psicológicas próprias dos entrevistados. Tratamentos mais utilizados para problemas com álcool e/ou outras drogas foram CAPSad, Internação, Pronto Socorro, Alcoólicos Anônimos, Narcóticos Anônimos, Amor exigente e Religioso. 96% dos participantes relataram prejuízos psicológicos, 90% físicos, e 71,92% cognitivos, relacionados ao consumo de substâncias. Conclusões: Na vida adulta foram evidenciados, para quase a totalidade dos participantes do presente estudo, significativos prejuízos relacionados ao abuso/dependência de álcool e/ou outras drogas, em todas as áreas de funcionamento dos indivíduos. Embora os resultados não permitem evidenciar fatores considerados como preditores na infância para o início do uso de substâncias, uma vez que características da amostra foram variadas entre piores e melhores condições socioeconômicas e de vida, para a adolescência, houve predomínio de sujeitos com prejuízos relevantes, mudanças e sofrimentos, em contato com amigos usuários, demonstrando características comuns para a manutenção do abuso. Há a necessidade de programas eficazes de promoção e prevenção de saúde, tratamentos e reabilitações mais efetivos que levem em consideração a heterogeneidade da população usuária.

Le but de cette étude était de mesurer le niveau d’acceptation des rôles de l’infirmière praticienne de première ligne (IPPL) par les usagers de CLSC, selon les caractéristiques socio-démographiques de ceux-ci. La collecte de données pour cette recherche synthétique comparative s’est effectuée dans cinq CLSC de la région montréalaise par des questionnaires auto-administrés. L’échantillon accidentel est composé de 316 personnes de 18 ans et plus, se présentant au CLSC pour un problème de santé. Ces personnes étaient sollicitées par des affiches ou par des suggestions de la réceptionniste dans les salles d’attente. Les résultats révèlent que près de 40% de l’échantillon acceptent tous les rôles de l’IPPL. Des analyses de régression logistique montrent que les personnes ayant un revenu annuel élevé (supérieur à 40000$) sont plus susceptibles d’accepter tous les rôles de l’IPPL. Ces résultats vont permettre aux décideurs de prendre les mesures nécessaires pour implanter ce nouveau groupe professionnel ; ils peuvent également aider les IPPL à concevoir des stratégies pour faire une promotion efficiente de leur rôle en pratique avancée auprès de la population. / The purpose of this study was to measure the level of acceptance of the Primary Care Nurse Practitioner (PCNP) roles, by CLSC users, according to their socio-demographic characteristics. The data acquisition for this comparative synthetic research was carried out in five CLSCs in the Montreal region through a self-administered questionnaire. The accidental sample consisted of 316 people, 18 years and older, presenting to the CLSC with a medical problem. The sample group was propositioned by posters or through the suggestions of the receptionist in the waiting room. The results reveal that nearly 40% of the sample accepts every role of the PCNP. A logistic regression analysis shows that those earning a higher annual income (greater than $40,000) are more likely to accept all PCNP roles. These results will make it possible for the decision makers to take the necessary actions to establish this new occupational class; it may also help PCNPs to create strategies for efficient promotion to the general public, in regards to their advanced practice role.