1. Contextual outline of the PhD Research Climate change is today often seen as one of the most challenging issue that our civilisation will have to face during the 21st century. This is especially so now that the most recent scientific data have led to the conclusion that the globally averaged net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming (IPCC 2007, p. 5) and that continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming (IPCC, 2007 p. 13). This unequivocal link between climate change and anthropogenic activities requires an urgent, world-wide shift towards a low carbon economy (STERN 2006 p. iv) and coordinated policies and measures to manage this transition. The climate issue is undoubtedly a typical policy question and as such, is considered amenable to economic scrutiny. Indeed, in today’s world economics is inevitable when it comes to arbitrages in the field of policy making. From the very beginning of international talks on climate change, up until the most recent discussions on a post-Kyoto international framework, economic arguments have turned out to be crucial elements of the analysis that shapes policy responses to the climate threat. This can be illustrated by the prominent role that economics has played in the different analyses produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of climate change on society. The starting point and the core idea of this PhD research is the long-held observation that the threat of climate change calls for a change of climate in economics. Borrowing from the jargon used in climate policy, adaptation measures could also usefully target the academic discipline of economics. Given that inherent characteristics of the climate problem (e.g. complexity, irreversibility, deep uncertainty, etc.) challenge core economic assumptions, mainstream economic theory does not appear as appropriately equipped to deal with this crucial issue. This makes that new assumptions and analyses are needed in economics in order to comprehend and respond to the problem of climate change. In parallel (and without environmental considerations being specifically the driving force to it), the mainstream model in economics has also long been (and still is) strongly criticised and disputed by numerous scholars - both from within and outside the field of economics. For the sake of functionality, these criticisms - whether they relate to theoretical inconsistencies or are empirically-based - can be subsumed as all challenging part of the Cartesian/Newtonian legacy of economics. This legacy can be shown to have led to a model imprinted with what could be called “mechanistic reductionism”. The mechanistic side refers to the Homo oeconomicus construct while reductionism refers to the quest for micro-foundations materialised with the representative agent hypothesis. These two hypotheses constitute, together with the conjecture of perfect markets, the building blocks of the framework of general equilibrium economics. Even though it is functional for the purpose of this work to present them separately, the flaws of economics in dealing with the specificities of the climate issue are not considered independent from the fundamental objections made to the theoretical framework of mainstream economics. The former only make the latter seem more pregnant while the current failure of traditional climate policies informed by mainstream economics render the need for complementary approaches more urgent. 2. Overview of the approach and its main insights for climate policy Starting from this observation, the main objective of this PhD is thus to assess the implications for climate policy that arise from adopting an alternative analytical economic framework. The stance is that the coupling of insights from the framework of evolutionary economics with the perspective of ecological economics provides a promising way forward both theoretically as well as on a more applied basis with respect to a better comprehension of the socioeconomic aspects related to the climate problem. As claimed in van den Bergh (2007, p. 521), ecological economics and evolutionary economics “share many characteristics and can be combined in a fruitful way" - which renders the coupling approach both legitimate and promising. The choice of an evolutionary line of thought initially stems from its core characteristic: given its focus on innovation and system change it provides a useful approach to start with for assessing and managing the needed transition towards a low carbon economy. Besides, its shift of focus towards a better understanding of economic dynamics together with its departure from the perfect rationality hypothesis renders evolutionary economics a suitable theoretical complement for designing environmental policies. The notions of path-dependence and lock-in can be seen as the core elements from this PhD research. They arise from adopting a framework which is founded on a different view of individual rationality and that allows for richer and more complex causalities to be accounted for. In a quest for surmounting the above-mentioned problem of reductionism, our framework builds on the idea of ‘multi-level selection’. This means that our analytical framework should be able to accommodate not only for upward but also for downward causation, without giving analytical priority to any level over the other. One crucial implication of such a framework is that the notion of circularity becomes the core dynamic, highlighting the importance of historicity, feedbacks and emergent properties. More precisely, the added value of the perspective adopted in this PhD research is that it highlights the role played by inertia and path-dependence. Obviously, it is essential to have a good understanding of the underlying causes of that inertia prior to devising on how to enforce a change. Providing a clear picture of the socio-economic processes at play in shaping socio-technical systems is thus a necessary first step in order to usefully complement policy-making in the field of energy and climate change. In providing an analytical basis for this important diagnosis to be performed, the use of the evolutionary framework sheds a new light on the transition towards low-carbon socio-technical systems. The objective is to suggest strategies that could prove efficient in triggering the needed transition such as it has been the case in past “lock-in” stories. Most notably, the evolutionary framework allows us to depict the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e at the levels of individuals through “habits” and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. Within the broad perspective on path dependence and lock-in, this PhD research has first sketched the implications for climate policy of applying the concept of ‘technological lock-in’ in a systemic perspective. We then investigated in more details the notion of habits. This is important as the ‘behavioural’ part of the lock-in process, although explicitly acknowledged in the pioneer work of Paul David (David, 1985, p. 336), has been neglected in most of subsequent analyses. Throughout this study, the notion of habits has been studied at both the theoretical and applied level of analysis as well as from an empirical perspective. As shown in the first chapters of the PhD, the advantage of our approach is that it can incorporate theories that so far have been presented opposite, partial and incomplete perspectives. For instance, it is shown that our evolutionary approach not only is able to provide explanation to some of the puzzling questions in economics (e.g. the problem of strong reciprocity displayed by individual in anonymous one-shot situations) but also is very helpful in bringing a complementary explanation with respect to the famous debate on the ‘no-regret’ emission reduction potential which agitates the experts of climate policy. An emission reduction potential is said to be "no regret" when the costs of implementing a measure are more than offset by the benefits it generates such as, for instance, reduced energy bills. In explaining why individuals do not spontaneously implement those highly profitable energy-efficient investments , it appears that most prior analyses have neglected the importance of non-economic obstacle. They are often referred to as “barriers” and partly relate to the ‘bounded rationality’ of economic agent. As developed in the different chapters of this PhD research, the framework of evolutionary economics is very useful in that it is able to provide a two-fold account (i.e. relying on both individual and socio-technical sources of inertia) of this limited rationality that prevent individuals to act as purely optimising agents. Bearing this context in mind, the concept of habits, as defined and developed in this study, is essential in analysing the determinants of energy consumption. Indeed, this concept sheds an insightful light on the puzzling question of why energy consumption keeps rising even though there is an evident increase of awareness and concern about energy-related environmental issues such as climate change. Indeed, if we subscribe to the idea that energy-consuming behaviours are often guided by habits and that deeply ingrained habits can become “counter-intentional”, it then follows that people may often display “locked-in” practices in their daily energy consumption behaviour. This hypothesis has been assessed in our empirical analysis whose results show how the presence of strong energy-consuming habitual practices can reduce the effectiveness of economic incentives such as energy subsidies. One additional delicate factor that appears crucial for our purpose is that habits are not fully conscious forms of behaviours. This makes that individuals do not really see habits as a problem given that it is viewed as easily changed. In sum, based on our evolutionary account of the situation, it follows that, to be more efficient, climate policies would have to both shift the incumbent carbon-based socio-technical systems (for it to shape decisions towards a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and also deconstruct habits that this same socio-technical has forged with time (as increased environmental awareness and intentions formulated accordingly are not sufficient in the presence of strong habits). Accordingly, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management, etc.) that, as explained in this research, specifically target those change-resisting factors and their key features. This is essential as these factors tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. Micro-level interventions are thus needed as much as macro-level ones. For instance, it is often the case that external improvements of energy efficiency do not lead to lower energy consumption due to the rebound effect arising from unchanged energy-consuming habits. Bearing this in mind and building on the insights from the evolutionary approach, policy-makers should go beyond the mere subsidisation of technologies. They should instead create conditions enabling the use of the multi-layered, cumulative and self-reinforcing character of economic change highlighted by evolutionary analyses. This means supporting both social and physical technologies with the aim of influencing the selection environment so that only the low-carbon technologies and practices will survive. Mentioned references: David, P. A. (1985), Clio and the economics of QWERTY, American Economic Review 75/2: 332–337. IPCC, 2007, ‘Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis’, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp. Stern, N., 2006, ‘Stern Review: The economics of Climate Change’, Report to the UK Prime Minister and Chancellor, London, 575 p. (www.sternreview.org.uk) van den Bergh, J.C.J.M., 2007, ‘Evolutionary thinking in environmental economics’, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17(5): 521-549.

This thesis focuses on pre-conditions for organisations to implement knowledge management systems (KMS). Prior research suggests knowledge management (KM) is a capability and, as such, organisations need to know if they are ready to embark on KM initiatives that develop this capability. The findings of my research contend that measuring readiness is a prerequisite for implementing KMS holistically. I argue that effective KMS integrates the creation, mobilisation and diffusion stages of the knowledge life-cycle. Therefore, a system for gauging organisational readiness for KMS necessitates understanding the organisation’s inclination to create, mobilise and diffuse knowledge. Drawing from Socio-Technical Systems (STS) Theory, this study uses three dimensions, Infrastructure, Knowledge Structure and Knowledge Culture, to gauge each stage of the knowledge life-cycle. This study develops an instrument – the Knowledge Implementation Assessment Tool (KIAT) – to assess an organisation’s readiness for KMS. An organisation’s readiness can be said to increase as the measure on each dimension increases. In addition, this study found that structurally diverse Communities For Performance are needed to leverage Communities Of Practice in delivering direct business results, and that the implementation of KMS must be governed within and by cross-functional business processes. The knowledge-based theory of the firm and the knowledge life-cycle theory provide a conceptual understanding that managing the creation, mobilisation and diffusion of knowledge can yield competitive advantage. Based on these theories, an in-depth case study was conducted in Schlumberger’s technical service delivery process. The study analysed the implementation and the use of InTouch, Schlumberger’s KMS. The case study was conducted using an Abductive research strategy. The Means-End Chain approach and its laddering technique were used to collect and analyse data to establish 35 attributes vital for the implementation of an effective KMS – one that brings beneficial results. These attributes form the basis for creating the readiness assessment instrument – KIAT. A KMS implementation affects the social and technical aspects of an organisation. This study categorised the attributes along the three STS dimensions. The basis of the categorisation was the fit between each attribute and an STS dimension. The result is an assessment instrument to measure organisational readiness. The instrument, KIAT, consists of 50 factors to measure organisational readiness along the three STS dimensions for the creation, mobilisation and diffusion of knowledge. KIAT is operationalised in three organisational cases in different industries and processes. This allowed the instrument to be refined and led to the development of procedures to apply KIAT. The cases suggest that KIAT provides useful insights to discover or confirm KMS readiness where a cross-functional business process is the unit of analysis. The research contributes to research methodology in the KM field, as it is the first to use the Means-End Chain approach into knowledge management research by representing a hierarchy of organisational goals in a knowledge management initiative. For practitioners, my research makes two contributions. One, the KIAT readiness assessment instrument to diagnose their organisational readiness and take informed decisions. Two, the understanding of Communities For Performance. This study points the way for further research. This includes directions to explore the relationship between the levels of readiness and the effectiveness of KMS implementation, the relationship between organisations’ experience and their readiness, and the relationship between the dynamics of the KIAT Factors and organisational learning.

Many sustainability concerns have led to a push for more sustainable electricity systems. Governments and utilities have responded to these pressures by making changes ranging from minor incremental adjustments to sweeping transformations. This dissertation is focused on determining how we can best understand such transitions of electricity systems and what possibilities exist for First Nations to participate in them. This dissertation involves case studies of three Canadian provinces – Nova Scotia, Ontario and Saskatchewan – based on a review of relevant documents and semi-structured interviews. The theoretical basis of this dissertation is derived from the sustainability transitions field and discourse coalition theory. The conclusion of this research is a helpful and robust integrated sustainability transition framework, which is developed by combining elements of the multi-level perspective (MLP) and technological innovation system (TIS) frameworks from the sustainability transitions field, and supplementing those elements with features from discourse coalition theory. This integrated sustainability transition framework can usefully explain the complex dynamics involved in transitions of electricity systems. The typology of transition pathways – distinguishing between the possibilities of reproduction, transformation, technological substitution, reconfiguration, and de-alignment/re-alignment – provides insights into the direction of the transition. The various TIS functions add a needed element of agency and provide insights into the rate of progress along the particular transition pathway. Discourse coalition theory adds a greater degree of agency by uncovering the political dynamics involved. By considering factors for successful First Nations participation as important TIS functions, the integrated sustainability transition framework presented in this dissertation helps explain the possibilities for First Nations participation. Successful First Nations participation is more likely to occur where governments are proudly engaging in reconciliation efforts and resurgence support and where they embrace distributed, clean energy projects and deliberately open up space for new actors to participate in the electricity sector. In order to achieve the momentum needed to take advantage of a window of opportunity to participate, First Nations need a project champion, stable governance, access to cash, partnerships with the private sector, and must ensure that the focus remains on sustainable development and delivery of benefits to the entire community.

Dans ce travail nous cherchons à comprendre comment les conditions de projet du renouvellement périurbain modifient les structures de la production de l'habitat périurbain. Le développement durable qui a progressivement gagné toutes les sphères de l'action publique s'attache plus récemment à reconsidérer les modèles de développement d'habitat du périurbain. Dans ce contexte, nous comparons deux pratiques professionnelles récentes, française et américaine, qui reconfigurent le système de production de l'habitat périurbain. Pour mettre cette reconfiguration en évidence nous déployons une réflexion en trois temps. D'abord, nous constatons que ces deux pratiques entrainent une évolution effective des formes urbaines et architecturales. Au prisme de la notion de transition, introduite par la théorie des systèmes sociotechniques, nous montrons qu'au-delà de l'évolution typomorphologique constatée, les logiques de projet de Bimby et du New Urbanism sous-tendent l'implication d'un pluralisme d’acteurs bénéfique. Ensuite, nous présentons et analysons les processus de design charrette et de micro-conception par lesquels les deux pratiques étudiées visent à répondre aux besoins d'une collectivité locale en impliquant une variété d'acteurs. Dans cette partie nous évaluons le degré d'influence des participants sur l'évolution des formes constatée plus tôt. Enfin, par la comparaison nous caractérisons des logiques de projet, des logiques de contrôle ainsi que des figures de l'appropriation par lesquelles le jeu d'acteurs que nous mettons en évidence poursuit une vision durable du périurbain. Nous précisons également les définitions de la co-conception et de la coproduction comme des approches de la médiation situées en amont et en aval des structures de production classiques. Les résultats de cette recherche contiennent plus particulièrement la modélisation des logiques de projet de Bimby et du New Urbanism, la modélisation du système de production de l'habitat périurbain durable, et la modélisation du renouvellement périurbain. / This doctoral research aims to understand how different priorities and actions in the process of suburban renewal can change the ways suburbs are built. Sustainable development, which has increasingly gained acceptance in various venues of public thought and action, has recently entailed the reconsideration of suburban models. In this context, we compare two recent professional practices from France and the United States — Bimby and New Urbanism — that reconfigure the ways suburbs are designed and built. To substantiate this premise we have organized our demonstration in three steps. First, we observe that these two professional practices lead to an effective evolution of urban and architectural forms, and through the sociotechnical lens that examines the interaction between the structures of society and the human behavior of the residents we show that beyond this evolution of urban types and patterns, Bimby and New Urbanism both require a diversity of stakeholders that is beneficial to the design and delivery of an urban project. Then, we present and analyze both processes of the design charrette and micro-conception through which New Urbanism and Bimby expect to formulate better solutions, according to the needs of public and private stakeholders and participants. This enables us to evaluate the level of influence of participants on the whole project. Finally, the comparison allows us to characterize the concepts, processes and delivery mechanisms through which the stakeholders involved can create and follow a sustainable vision of suburban developments. We explain the meanings of specialist terms such as co-conception and coproduction as ways of involving diverse groups of stakeholders and residents before, during and after the conventional systems of suburban development. Our results more specifically include the conceptual models of Bimby and the New Urbanism, as models of sustainable suburb production and of suburban renewal.

Software development has become a cognitive and collaborative knowledge-based endeavor where developers and organizations, faced with a variety of challenges and an increased demand for extensive knowledge support, push the boundaries of existing tools and work practices. Researchers and industry professionals have spent years studying collaborative work and communication media, however, the landscape of social media is rapidly changing. Thus, instead of trying to model the use of specific technologies and communication media, I seek to model the knowledge-building process itself. Doing so will not only allow us to understand specific tool and communication media use, but whole ecosystems of technologies and their impact on software development and knowledge work, revealing aspects not only unique to specific tools, but also aspects about the combination of technologies. In this dissertation, I describe the empirical studies I conducted aimed to understand social and communication media use in software development and knowledge curation within developer communities. An important part of the thesis is an additional qualitative meta-synthesis of these studies. My meta-analysis has led to a model of software development as a knowledge building process, and a theoretical framework: I describe this newly formed framework and how it is grounded in empirical work, and demonstrate how my primary studies led to its creation. My conceptualization of knowledge building withing software development and the proposed framework provide the research community with the means to pursue a deeper understanding of software development and contemporary knowledge work. I believe that this framework can serve as a basis for a theory of knowledge building in software development, shedding light on knowledge flow, knowledge productivity, and knowledge management. / Graduate

As últimas décadas foram marcadas pela consolidação em nível mundial de uma sociedade da informação, enquanto modelo societal dinâmico e flexível, amparada nas TICs (como base material). Atualmente, a internet tem importância fundamental neste contexto, haja vista que representa a constituição de um ciberespaço, isto é, de uma sociedade virtual e em rede, de um novo espaço de sociabilidades. A partir do entendimento das possibilidades sociais permitidas pela internet, órgãos governamentais e comunidades locais passaram a discutir acerca de alternativas à problemática da exclusão digital, entendida como empecilho ao ingresso de grupos sociais pobres à sociedade da informação. Em resposta a esta situação, vêm sendo criadas neste último decênio unidades de telecentros – espaços para livre acesso comunitário à informática e à internet –, sobretudo nas periferias das grandes cidades do país. Na esteira destas considerações, nossa pesquisa analisou redes de interações sociais formadas por usuários de telecentros comunitários nos e a partir de tais ambientes, ou seja, no contexto local e através do ciberespaço – ou, em outras palavras, em uma dimensão global –, a fim de verificar como elas se constituem, se transformam, se reproduzem, etc. Assim, logramos apreender, sob o prisma das redes, o contexto de interação entre os usuários de telecentros e a sociedade da informação. Para tanto, partimos de uma perspectiva teórica sociotécnica – a qual subentende que elementos humanos e não-humanos compõem a realidade, associados em redes –, ou, mais precisamente, da teoria do ator-rede (TAR), e também de um pensamento rizomático, que visa assegurar a ampla complexidade intrínseca às redes. Foram estudados dois telecentros comunitários de Porto Alegre-RS: Timbaúva e Vila Cruzeiro – localizados nas zonas norte e sul do município, respectivamente. Seguindo uma abordagem qualitativa, fizemos observações de campo durante quatro meses e realizamos trinta e duas entrevistas individuais semi-abertas, que buscavam compreender de que forma os usuários de telecentros se relacionavam com outrem (em redes), tanto nestes próprios espaços quanto por meio do ciberespaço. Na seqüência, fizemos uma análise de conteúdo das entrevistas e uma exposição etnográfica de nossas vivências nos telecentros, e pudemos desenvolver uma reconstrução de redes de interações sociais, em que traçamos associações entre elementos (coisas e pessoas) e identificamos fluxos de sociabilidades, movimentos no interior das redes. / The last decades were really marked all over the world by the consolidation of an information society, as a dynamic and flexible societal model, based materially on ICTs. Currently, the internet has a fundamental importance in this context, since it allows the constitution of a cyberspace, which is a network and virtual society, a brand new space of sociabilities. Starting from the understanding of the social possibilities granted by internet, governmental organizations and local communities started to discuss about alternatives to digital divide, understood as a hindrance to the access of the poorest social groups into the information society. To solve this situation, telecenters – places for free computer and internet access – have been created in the last decade, mainly in the outskirts of Brazil’s big cities. Considering the subject showed above, our research has analyzed the social interaction networks made by communitarian telecenter users in and from these places, or better, in the local context and through the cyberspace – or, in other words, in a global dimension – to check how they are built, transformed, and reproduced, etc. So, we learned what happens during the interaction between telecenter users and information society – under the network point of view. To get it, we started from a socio-technical analysis – which conceives that reality is composed by humans and non-humans association networks –, or, specifically, from the actor-network theory (ANT), and also from a rizomatic thought that is able to express how nets are complex. We have studied two communitarian telecenters from Porto Alegre-RS: Timbaúva and Vila Cruzeiro – placed respectively in the north and in the south of this town. Following the qualitative method, we made field observations for four months and applied thirty two individual and open (not entirely) interviews, which tried to catch how telecenter users related to each other in these spaces and through the cyberspace. Afterwards, we did a content analysis of the interviews and made an ethnographic description about our telecenter experiences, and we developed a reassembly of the social interaction networks, in which we traced associations among different elements (things and people) and identified sociability flows, movements inside the nets.

Cette recherche s’inscrit dans le domaine de la fiabilité des systèmes sociotechniques complexes, et vise à développer une nouvelle approche des arbitrages entre performance et sécurité : l’ingénierie de la résilience. La capacité des systèmes à risques à résister aux perturbations dépend, en dernière analyse, des acteurs de ces systèmes. Ceux-ci doivent réaliser des arbitrages entre des critères qui peuvent entrer en conflit : critères économiques immédiats (assurer la performance commerciale, par exemple), critères de sécurité (renoncer à satisfaire l’objectif immédiat de production). La thèse porte sur l’activité d’opérateurs d’une compagnie aérienne, en charge de répondre en temps réel à des appels d’équipages d’avions, qui signalent une complainte technique. Celle-ci peut-elle être traitée immédiatement : est-elle bénigne ou, au contraire, doit-elle conduire à l’annulation du vol concerné ? La thèse défendue est que, dans un système ultra sûr et ultra réglé, les conflits entre performance et sécurité se produisent lorsque la « sécurité gérée » rentre en conflit avec la « sécurité réglée ». Pour défendre cette thèse, trois études empiriques ont été mises en œuvre. Ainsi, plusieurs méthodes ont été utilisées en combinaison : l’observation et l’analyse de l’activité, la simulation d’activité, les questionnaires et les autoconfrontations.Les résultats obtenus ont permis, dans un premier temps, d’objectiver les arbitrages entre performance et sécurité, puis dans un second temps, d’identifier les critères qui président à ces arbitrages et d’expliciter les processus qui les sous-tendent. Ces résultats permettent, d’une part, de proposer des solutions acceptables telles que le retour d’expérience par la confrontation des pratiques, et d’assimiler la « sécurité gérée » comme un sous-ensemble de la « sécurité réglée », et d’autre part, de dépasser notre vision négative des violations, en les assimilant à une forme d’intelligence des opérateurs dans l’action. / This research is in the field of reliability of complex socio-technical systems and aims to develop a new approach to allow trade-offs between performance and safety: engineering resilience. The ability of systems to cope with disturbances ultimately depends on the operators of these systems. They must make trade-offs between criteria that may conflict: immediate economic criteria (i.e. to ensure business performance), safety criteria (i.e. give up to meet the immediate production objective). The thesis focuses on the activity of an airline’s operators, in charge of assistance via telephone for aircrew who report a technical complaint. It can be treated immediately; is it benign, or conversely should it lead to the cancellation of the flight?The thesis assumes that in an ultra-safe and ultra rule-based system, conflicts between safety and performance occur when the "rule-based safety" conflicts with "adaptative safety". To defend this thesis, three empirical studies have been implemented. Thus, several methods were used in combination: observation and activity analysis, simulation of activities, questionnaires and auto-confrontation.The results obtained allowed at first to objectify the trade-offs between performance and safety, then in a second instance to identify the criteria governing such trade-offs and explain the processes that underlie them.These results permit, on one hand, to propose acceptable solutions such as the feedback by comparing the practices and assimilate the “adaptative safety” as a subset of “rule-based safety”, and on the other hand to overcome our negative view of violations by treating them as a form of operators’ intelligence in action.

Sistemas de saúde têm sido cada vez mais exigidos a serem mais eficientes, o que encorajou o uso de iniciativas de melhoria de processos. A partir de então, a Produção Enxuta (PE) surgiu como uma abordagem amplamente utilizada. Alguns resultados insatisfatórios da PE podem ser, parcialmente, explicados pela falta de considerar a complexidade dos serviços de saúde. Os sistemas de saúde são classificados como sistemas sócio-técnicos complexos (SSTC) devido à incerteza, diversidade e interações não-lineares. De acordo com a literatura, as implementações de Lean em serviços de saúde geralmente envolvem Kaizen, que tende a produzir ganhos significativos de eficiência e segurança através de mudanças relativamente pequenas e localizadas. Contudo, as melhorias locais podem implicar resultados globais indesejados, uma vez que as interações entre os elementos de sistemas complexos podem não ser lineares. Para isso, este trabalho desenvolve e aplica uma framework que visa avaliar projetos de melhoria em SSTC. O estudo foi realizado em uma unidade de internação de um hospital escola. As interações entre os projetos foram modeladas através do desenvolvimento de um diagrama de loop causal, o qual representou variáveis relacionadas a cinco projetos de melhoria analisados e um modelo FRAM. Os projetos também foram avaliados quanto ao seu impacto no sistema e sua adesão a boas práticas em Kaizen, identificadas na literatura. A framework demonstrou-se eficaz em elencar as variáveis para que possam influenciar positivamente os resultados dos projetos e embasar recomendações para a condução de novos projetos de melhoria por meio de uma visão sistêmica. / Healthcare systems have been increasingly demanded to be more efficient, which has encouraged the use of process improvement initiatives. From these, lean production has emerged as a widely used approach. Some disappointing results of lean production can be partially due to the lack of consideration of the complexity of healthcare. Health systems are classified as Complex socio-technical systems (CSTS) due to the uncertainty, diversity, and non-linear interactions. According to the literature, the implementation of Lean in healthcare usually involves Kaizen, which tends to produce significant gains in efficiency and safety through relatively small and localized changes. However, local improvements may imply unwanted overall results, since interactions between elements of complex systems may not be linear. For this, this work develops and applies a framework that aims to evaluate improvement projects in CSTC. The study was performed in an in-patient surgical ward of a teaching hospital. The interactions between the projects were modelled through the development of a causal-loop diagram, which accounted for variables related to all five projects, and a FRAM model. The projects were also evaluated as to their impact on the system and their adherence to good Kaizen practices identified in the literature. The framework proved to be effective in highlighting the variables so that they can positively influence the projects results and support recommendations for conducting new improvement projects through a systemic view.

Medidas para gerenciamento de saúde e segurança em laboratórios são de extrema importância em laboratórios químicos. As pessoas que realizam qualquer atividade em um ambiente de laboratório estão expostas a diversos perigos e, consequentemente, existe o risco de ocorrência de eventos adversos para a saúde e segurança. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em um laboratório químico de uma universidade federal tem como principal objetivo o aperfeiçoamento de uma framework que permite a realização de uma análise sistemática qualitativa e quantitativa das folgas presentes em um sistema sócio-técnico complexo. Ferramentas da Engenharia de Resiliência foram utilizadas para estudar o laboratório, o qual foi considerado como um sistema sócio-técnico complexo. Uma das características de um sistema resiliente é a capacidade de lidar com a variabilidade, o que pode ser obtido por meio de recursos de folgas (slack) no sistema. O uso da framework permitiu obter dados importantes para a análise do sistema e sugestões de melhorias. Os aperfeiçoamentos propostos na framework mostraram-se eficazes, principalmente na quantificação das folgas e variabilidades, em função da utilização do método AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) para a análise de dados. O método AHP tornou possível substituir o uso de questionários para toda a equipe por uma avaliação direcionada a especialistas. Ao utilizar o AHP, os dados podem ser adquiridos com maior rapidez. Outro ganho obtido com o uso do método AHP foi a possibilidade de redução de uma etapa da framework, tornando-a mais concisa. / Measures for health and safety management are of paramount importance in chemical laboratories. People who perform any activity in a laboratory environment are exposed to a variety of hazards and consequently there is a risk of adverse health and safety events. This work was developed in a chemical laboratory of a federal university, and has as main objective the improvement of a framework that allows the accomplishment of a systematic qualitative and quantitative analysis of the slack present in a complex socio-technical system. Tools of Resilience Engineering were used for studying a chemical laboratory, which was considered as a complex socio-technical system. One of the characteristics of a resilient system is the ability to deal with variability, which can be obtained through slack resources in the system. This work was developed in a chemical laboratory of a federal university and consists in the improvement of a framework that allows the accomplishment of a systematic qualitative and quantitative analysis of the slack present in the system. The use of the framework allowed to obtain data important for the analysis of the system and suggestions for improvements. The improvements proposed in the framework proved to be effective, especially in the quantification of slack and variability, as a function of the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method for data collection. The AHP method made it possible to replace the use of questionnaires for the entire team by an expert team assessment. By using AHP, data can be acquired more quickly. Another gain obtained with the use of the AHP method was the possibility of reducing one stage of the framework, making it more concise.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os dispositivos que permitem instituir a "violência" na contemporaneidade como uma questão constituinte e mobilizadora de coletivos (para o seu estudo, o seu combate, a sua divulgação, proteção frente à mesma, atendimento às suas vítimas e atendimento ou punição a seus agentes), na cidade de Chapecó. Para esta finalidade, foram utilizados princípios, regras e propriedades metodológicas da Teoria do Ator-Rede, concebida por Bruno Latour, John Law e Michel Callon, que guiaram a etnografia realizada; a Teoria da Sociedade Global de Riscos, proposta por Ulrich Beck, que permitiu compreender configurações contemporâneas; e noções de Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze e Felix Guattari que possibilitaram focar processos vinculados às gestões das violências, como a mídia e as tecnologias de vigilância e controle. A violência foi constituída como um artefato da pesquisa e conduziu ao conhecimento dos vários sentidos tomados no espaço de sua circulação. No lugar de tomar uma definição a priori para relacioná-la ao empírico, o estudo optou por uma forma de compreendê-la, com base nos referenciais escolhidos: não como causa, mas como efeito, configurando redes sociotécnicas que articulam diferentes elementos; não um reservatório que forneceria automaticamente uma explicação, mas o resultado final de um processo, que envolve mediadores em sua fabricação. A pesquisa foi realizada em Chapecó, cidade de porte médio, localizada no Oeste de Santa Catarina, diferenciando-se dos grandes centros urbanos, nos quais as violências vêm sendo predominantemente estudadas. O trabalho de campo englobou diferentes momentos (2004, 2005 e 2006) e trilhou diferentes caminhos para a coleta de indicadores. O primeiro investigando histórias da cidade e região com ênfase nos estudos referentes a situações que ficaram marcadas como violentas. O segundo observando a cidade como um todo, tendo em vista eventos, atores e coletivos que se constituíram vinculados à categoria violência. O terceiro focando e descrevendo cinco eventos contemporâneos específicos vinculados às práticas violentas, à gestão das violências, à produção de segurança e à mídia escrita de Chapecó. A amplitude e a diversidade, abrangidas pela etnografia, evidenciaram que as configurações das práticas violentas se constituem conectadas aos processos de inscrição dessas práticas, aos processos de tradução das categorias que as definem e as estratégias de gestão das violências, que implicam em tecnologias de vigilância e controle. As múltiplas entradas para abordar o tema fizeram ressoar as misturas que envolvem a sua discussão, a infinitude de variáveis em jogo e a multiplicidade que compõe as violências. Os eventos estudados tornaram perceptível a trama de redes que constituem a violência no município, redes que disputam e fazem alianças, conectando uma diversidade de actantes que as fabricam cotidianamente. Dessa forma, a violência não deve ser delegada a alguns atores apenas, mas pode ser compreendida como efeito de redes sociotécnicas extensas que articulam diferentes actantes, a partir dos vínculos que os ligam, da tradução dos interesses que os unem e dos traços que inscrevem os seus deslocamentos. / This researchs main objective was to investigate the means by which violence can be instituted in contemporaneity as a question constituent and mobilizer of collectives (for its study, combat, divulgation, protection against it, support to the victims and attention and punishment to its agents) in the city of Chapecó. For this finality were utilized principles, rules and methodological properties of the Actor-Network Theory conceived by Bruno Latour, John Law e Michael Callon, who guided the accomplished ethnography; the Global Society of Risks Theory proposed by Ulrich Beck, which allowed one to comprehend contemporaneous configurations; and notions of Michael Foucault, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, which made possible to focus processes entailed to violence management, like the media and the vigilance and control technologies. The violence was constituted as an artifact of research and conducted to the knowledge of several meanings taken in the space of its circulation. Instead of using a definition a priori to relate it to the empirical, this study opted for a way to comprehend it based on the chosen referential: not as a cause but as an effect, configurating socio-technical networks that articulate different elements; not a reservoir which would automatically provide an explanation but the final result of a process that involves mediators in its fabrication. This research was conducted in Chapecó, a medium size city, located in the west of Santa Catarina State, differentiating from other urban centers where violence has been predominantly studied. The fieldwork involved different moments (2004, 2005 and 2006) and explored different means to collect the indicators. The first one was to investigate histories of the city and region, emphasizing studies related to situations marked as violent. The second was to observe a city as a whole, focusing events, actors and collectives that were constituted entailed to the category violence. The third one was to focus and describe five specific contemporaneous events entailed to violent practices, violence management, production of security and the written media of Chapecó. The amplitude and diversity enclosed by ethnography evidenced that the configurations of violent practices are constituted connected to the inscription processes of such practices, to the translation processes of the categories that define it and the violence management strategies which imply control and vigilance technologies. The multiple ways to approach the issue enlightened the mixes that involve its discussion, the infinitude of variables that are in steak and the multiplicity that compose the violence. The events studied made perceptible the networks that constitute the violence in this city, networks that dispute and make alliances, connecting a diversity of actors that fabricate it every day. Thus, the violence should not be delegated to a few actors only, but can be understood as an effect of wide socio-technical networks that articulate different actors, from the bonds that connect them, the translation of interests that unite them and the features that inscribe its dislocations.