Medidas para gerenciamento de saúde e segurança em laboratórios são de extrema importância em laboratórios químicos. As pessoas que realizam qualquer atividade em um ambiente de laboratório estão expostas a diversos perigos e, consequentemente, existe o risco de ocorrência de eventos adversos para a saúde e segurança. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em um laboratório químico de uma universidade federal tem como principal objetivo o aperfeiçoamento de uma framework que permite a realização de uma análise sistemática qualitativa e quantitativa das folgas presentes em um sistema sócio-técnico complexo. Ferramentas da Engenharia de Resiliência foram utilizadas para estudar o laboratório, o qual foi considerado como um sistema sócio-técnico complexo. Uma das características de um sistema resiliente é a capacidade de lidar com a variabilidade, o que pode ser obtido por meio de recursos de folgas (slack) no sistema. O uso da framework permitiu obter dados importantes para a análise do sistema e sugestões de melhorias. Os aperfeiçoamentos propostos na framework mostraram-se eficazes, principalmente na quantificação das folgas e variabilidades, em função da utilização do método AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) para a análise de dados. O método AHP tornou possível substituir o uso de questionários para toda a equipe por uma avaliação direcionada a especialistas. Ao utilizar o AHP, os dados podem ser adquiridos com maior rapidez. Outro ganho obtido com o uso do método AHP foi a possibilidade de redução de uma etapa da framework, tornando-a mais concisa. / Measures for health and safety management are of paramount importance in chemical laboratories. People who perform any activity in a laboratory environment are exposed to a variety of hazards and consequently there is a risk of adverse health and safety events. This work was developed in a chemical laboratory of a federal university, and has as main objective the improvement of a framework that allows the accomplishment of a systematic qualitative and quantitative analysis of the slack present in a complex socio-technical system. Tools of Resilience Engineering were used for studying a chemical laboratory, which was considered as a complex socio-technical system. One of the characteristics of a resilient system is the ability to deal with variability, which can be obtained through slack resources in the system. This work was developed in a chemical laboratory of a federal university and consists in the improvement of a framework that allows the accomplishment of a systematic qualitative and quantitative analysis of the slack present in the system. The use of the framework allowed to obtain data important for the analysis of the system and suggestions for improvements. The improvements proposed in the framework proved to be effective, especially in the quantification of slack and variability, as a function of the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method for data collection. The AHP method made it possible to replace the use of questionnaires for the entire team by an expert team assessment. By using AHP, data can be acquired more quickly. Another gain obtained with the use of the AHP method was the possibility of reducing one stage of the framework, making it more concise.

付記する学位プログラム名: デザイン学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22772号 / 工博第4771号 / 新制||工||1746(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 椹木 哲夫, 教授 松原 厚, 教授 小森 雅晴 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Disruptions severely undermine the reliability of railway systems. Consequently, a lot of investments are made to improve disruption management. Much has already been written about disruption management, often with the purpose of supporting operators in their decision making. However, to the best of our knowledge, this literature doesn't consider the structural differences of disruption management in different countries. An overview of the various ways in which disruptions are solved and conditions under which that happens could help rail infrastructure managers and train operating companies to reconsider the ways in which they operate. This paper takes stock of the similarities and differences in how disruptions are managed in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. Of importance is not only how these systems work on paper, but above all what happens in practice, i.e. the habits and routines that operators have developed for solving disruptions.

Some fashion companies have started to use recycled fibers to improve their sustainability practices, as it is a way to implement circularity into their business. By combining the theoretical frameworks of stakeholder theory, socio-technical (ST) systems and sustainable business models (SBM), this study discusses how the current business models of fashion companies relate to the concept of circular economy and what fashion companies’ future perspectives are. Based on a case study approach, empirical data was collected on six Nordic fashion companies: Acne Studios, Filippa K, Ganni, House of Dagmar, Gina Tricot and Pure Waste. Both fastfashion and high-fashion companies are reviewed, as their approach to business and sustainability differ. Drivers, challenges, partnerships, future perspectives to recycled fibers are discussed for each company and put in relation with the concept of circular economy. Additional circular initiatives from the companies are considered. The key findings indicate that fashion companies are motivated to use recycled fibers because of their sense of responsibility and wish to continue doing their business. Their future goals, collaborations and additional circular initiatives depicts a forward-looking attitude hopeful about the potential of sustainability. This study contributes to the understanding of implementation of circularity elements from a corporate perspective in the fashion sector, and what is needed to further implement and develop the use recycled fibers.

In recent years, several nations have adopted institutional framework laws, so-called Climate Change Acts (CCAs), as means to enforce Paris-compliant mitigation pathways. A key institutional feature to ensure policy stability and compliance with CCAs has been the establishment of independent advisory bodies, tasked with advising on mitigation targets and policy instruments, as well as the, monitoring and evaluation of target attainment. These advisory bodies are endowed with a crucial role in the long-term evaluation and planning process: examining how the low-carbon transition pathways might be achieved. Calling attention to the question of how transition pathways should be conceived and approached, whether it is in 'bio-physical' (climate science), 'techno- economic' (technology assessment/economics) or 'socio-technical' (socio-technical transition field) terms. Recent studies have indicated that a socio-technical transitions is increasingly framed as a question of removing carbon energy from various practices and infrastructures, challenging the dominant techno-economic approach of emissions reductions using carbon-pricing instruments. This thesis explores this challenge, drawing upon a case study of the establishment of the Swedish Climate Policy Council, by means of analyzing the process of institutionalization and how transition pathways are (re)produced discursively through the practices of climate policy evaluation and planning. The main findings of this thesis is that a cross-party consensus behind the Swedish CCA was formed around institutionalizing a 'bio-physical’ mitigation pathway, monitored and safeguarded by the Council which could assign 'political embarrassment' to governments failing to comply with the interim and long-term GHG mitigation targets. Beyond this consensus, the institutional design of the Council is the result of discursive struggles between actor-coalitions supporting techno-economic versus socio-technical transition pathways. However, the recently formed Council has come to challenge previously dominant techno-economic practices of forecasting cost-efficient emissions reductions. This has been accomplished by introducing a novel socio-technical approach to climate policy evaluation: the backcasting of interrelated technological and institutional shifts believed to be necessary in bringing about a low-carbon transition or transformation. Nevertheless, as this socio-technical practice primarily backcasts upon a number of key technological innovations, with limited changes to current industrial patterns of production and consumption, doubts are raised if this approach is to be considered as constitutive of transformative transition pathways.

The level of autonomation and the number situations which an autonomous vehicle can handle continuously increases. However, even fully autonomous vehicles will need human support, especially when system failures occur. Remote operations enables vehicles to operate autonomously when possible and keeps the human in the loop to assist when needed by allocating them to a remote operating center (ROC). It is a new field within autonomous trucks and little research has thus been conducted on the topic. By taking an approach from the fields of aviation and maritime, where remote operations has been researched for longer, the study aims to transfer knowledge to road freight and to enable remote operations at a management mode. The focus of the study is thus to investigate which information is important for the remote operator (RO) when manual procedures are automated, and to define recommendations for how a ROC could be designed from a human-automation teamwork and situational awareness perspective. The results of the conducted interviews find that the RO first and foremost needs information regarding failures of the automation, including how the failures could be solved. However, it also confirms previous research emphasizing interactive interfaces to avoid passive monitoring, as that is likely to cause an out-of-the-loop problem. Furthermore, recommendations which could be defined regarding the design of a ROC include incorporating both verbal and digital communicational abilities, and the possibility to collaborate, both internally and externally. Lastly, the results show an importance to differentiate between different modes of remote operations in the ROC to remain clear of the responsible actor and avoiding automation surprise.

Two of the global megatrends today are the green and digital transition. Climate change, loss of biodiversity, and an increasing scarcity of resources coincide with rapid technological development which is fundamentally altering societies. Acknowledging the importance of this topic, the purpose of this study was to investigate how six large companies in Sweden perceive the potential of the new EU twin strategy which seeks to converge the green and digital transition. Through six semi-structured in depth-interviews, the study investigates how prepared these companies are for the twin transition, what challenges and opportunities they perceive with the EU twin strategy, and how their perceptions could be put in a broader context. The result shows that the companies perceived the twin strategy in a positive light, although only 1 out of 6 companies were aware of the twin strategy before the interviews. The potential of the twin strategy was often expressed in terms of creating new business opportunities while reducing environmental impact. The results indicate that the companies are more prepared for the twin transition in some areas and less in others, where the main identified challenges relate to implementation of technology and regulations, management of supply chains, digital maturity, balancing goals and values, and ensuring return from green and digital investments. / Två av de globala megatrenderna idag är den gröna och digitala omställningen. Klimatförändringar, förlust av biologisk mångfald och en ökande knapphet på resurser sammanfaller med den snabba tekniska utvecklingen som håller på att förändra samhällen i grunden. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur sex stora företag i Sverige uppfattar potentialen i EU:s nya tvillingstrategi som syftar till att förena den gröna och digitala omställningen, med tanke på vikten av detta ämne. Genom sex semistrukturerade djupintervjuer undersöker studien hur förberedda dessa företag är för tvillingövergången, vilka utmaningar och möjligheter de ser med EU:s tvillingstrategi och hur deras uppfattningar skulle kunna sättas in i ett bredare sammanhang. Resultatet visar att företagen uppfattar tvillingstrategin i ett positivt ljus, även om endast 1 av 6 företag kände till tvillingstrategin innan intervjuerna. Potentialen i tvillingstrategin uttrycktes ofta i termer av att skapa nya affärsmöjligheter och samtidigt minska miljöpåverkan. Resultaten tyder på att företagen är mer förberedda för tvillingövergången inom vissa områden och mindre inom andra, där de främsta identifierade utmaningarna handlar om implementering av teknik och regelverk, hantering av försörjningskedjor, digital mognad, balansering av mål och värderingar samt säkerställande av avkastning från gröna och digitala investeringar.

This bachelor thesis aims to investigate household electricity supply and demand during a crisis. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of crisis preparedness and household electricity demand are considered. In this thesis, the subject is studied by conducting simulations of electricity consumption as well as retrieving theoretical framework and concepts from literature and interviews. Emphasis will be on how the cost of a lithium-ion battery storage, that supplies households with electricity during power outages, is affected by households’ behavioural patterns regarding electricity use. To estimate household electricity demand, data are utilized from a stochastic model which simulates household members electricity usage patterns. Three different scenarios are modelled, representing varying household electricity reliance, across different lengths of power outages. The first scenario illustrates households’ normal electricity demand. The second scenario represents a changed behaviour pattern leading to a reduced electricity demand. The third and last scenario concerns a case where households with adequate crisis preparedness are taken into account, resulting in a linearly scaled down electricity demand. Gaps in the distribution of responsibility between municipalities and households concerning crisis preparedness are brought up and discussed. The thesis highlights households with unique needs that risk not getting the support needed from the municipality in case of a crisis. The result shows that meeting the electricity demand for Knivsta urban area during a power outage by utilizing a battery storage would be very costly for the municipality. Despite the cost reduction from decreased electricity consumption, large investments are still required. A battery storage system on that scale might not be the only nor most optimal solution for crisis preparedness. Instead, opportunities are found by challenging prevailing norms of constant electricity supply and increased resilience among households. Lastly, possible solutions less costly for the municipality are presented.

[pt] Com uma crescente preocupação mundial com as emissões de gases de efeito estufa ( e seus impactos na saúde humana e no meio ambiente, o transporte passa a ser um tema central sendo responsável por 14 porcento das emissões humanas de GEE. A fim de construir resistência às mudanças climáticas os serviços de transporte devem não só se adaptar ao cenário atual, mas também agir rapidamente para evitar mudanças futuras. Mudanças profundamente enraizadas nos sistemas socio técnicos serão necessárias para alcançar uma redução significativa de CO 2 e garantir o bem estar das gerações futuras. Os objetivos deste estudo são ( alcançar uma visão abrangente do estado atual da mitigação de carbono no setor de transporte e ( contribuir para o cenário de sustentabilidade atual, aumentando a conscientização entre acadêmicos e profissionais. Isso é feito através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, com base nas teorias de transições socio técnicas e contingência, e por meio do desenvolvimento de uma calculadora de CO 2 Vinte e um artigos de revisão são selecionados para leitura de texto completo na área de emissões de carbono em transporte. Habilitadores, barreiras, benefícios, desvantagens e métricas sobre o tópico são identificados e um framework é construído Os resultados fornecem uma visão do cenário atual de sustentabilidade em transportes e permitem um melhor entendimento dos fatores que influenciam a redução de emissões de carbono retratados na literatura existente. Um aplicativo móvel iOS é desenvolvido para estimar as emissões de CO2. O aplicativo está disponível para download na App Store com o nome de Calculadora de Emissões de Carbono. Uma simulação de planejamento de cenário é oferecida, mostrando os usos potenciais do produto tecnológico. O software também será submetido a registro no instituto brasileiro do INPI. / [en] With a worldwide growing concern for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their impact on human health and the environment, transportation becomes a central theme in mitigation, being responsible for 14 percent of human GHG emissions. In order to build endurance to climate change, transportation services must not only adapt to the current scenario, but also act quickly to avert future changes. Deeply rooted changes in socio-technical systems will be necessary to achieve significant CO2 reduction and secure the wellbeing of future generations. The objectives of this study are to (1) achieve a comprehensive view of the current state of carbon mitigation in the transportation sector and (2) contribute to the current sustainability scenario by raising awareness among scholars and practitioners. This is done thorough a systematic literature review, engrained in the socio-technical transition theory and in the structural theory of contingency, and through the development of a CO2 calculator. Twenty-one review papers are selected for full-text examination in the area of carbon emissions in transportation. Enablers, barriers, benefits, disadvantages and metrics in carbon emissions reduction are identified and a comprehensive framework is built. Results provide a view of the current scenario of sustainability in transportation and allow a better understanding of the factors influencing carbon emission initiatives in transportation, as well as its outcomes. A mobile iOS app is developed to estimate CO2 emissions. The app is available for download at the App Store under the name of LogCO2: Carbon Emissions Calculator. A scenario planning simulation is offered, showing potential uses of the technological product. The software will also be submitted for registration at the Brazilian INPI institute.

In an interdisciplinary project, creative concepts for care robotics were developed. To explore the design space that these open up, we discussed them along the common differentiation of physical (effective) and social-emotional assistance. Trying to rate concepts on these dimensions frequently raised questions regarding the relation between the social-emotional and the physical, and highlighted gaps and a lack of conceptual clarity. We here present our design concepts, report on our discussion, and summarize our insights; in particular we suggest that the social and the physical dimension of care technologies should always be thought of and designed as interrelated.