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Ce mémoire a pour but d’élucider l’analyse et l’évaluation nietzschéennes du sens et de la portée de la figure de Socrate dans les cultures antique et moderne. Pour ce faire, nous nous pencherons d’abord sur la question de l’identité de Socrate, ce qui permettra d’introduire une distinction centrale à l’analyse de Nietzsche, soit celle entre la doctrine et la personnalité du célèbre Athénien. En effet, Nietzsche isole la personnalité de Socrate, qu’il circonscrit à partir des notions d’instinct, de pulsion et d’affect, de sa doctrine, qu’il appelle le socratisme et qu’il définit à partir de l’équation socratique raison = vertu = bonheur. Ensuite, nous développerons les trois éléments sur lesquels il s’appuie pour expliquer que Socrate ait pu séduire les Grecs, soit le fait qu’il fut un grand érotique, qu’il introduisit une nouvelle forme de joute à Athènes et qu’il apparut comme étant un médecin pour ses contemporains. Cette question des raisons permettant d’expliquer que Socrate ait pu séduire les Grecs est déterminante pour Nietzsche, puisque c’est de là qu’il est amené à se demander qui est ce Socrate et quel a été son véritable impact sur la culture, soit les deux questions qui sont au cœur de ce qu’il appelle « le problème de Socrate ». Enfin, nous nous pencherons sur le diagnostic que le philosophe allemand pose sur le célèbre Athénien ainsi que sur son évaluation de l’impact du socratisme sur les cultures antique et moderne, après quoi nous présenterons l’inversion des valeurs que Nietzsche tente d’opérer dans sa propre culture. Nous verrons alors qu’il cherche entre autres par cette inversion des valeurs à nous libérer du socratisme, car il est d’avis que cette doctrine dévalorise toute forme d’agir puisant ses motifs dans ce qui relève de l’inconscient et survalorise une morale luttant contre les pulsions dominantes en nous. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate Nietzsche’s analysis and assessment of the meaning and the impact of Socrates’ character on the classical and modern culture. To that effect, I will emphasize the question of Socrates’ identity, in order to introduce the crucial issue in Nietzsche’s analysis, namely the distinction between Socrates’ doctrine and his character. Nietzsche isolated Socrates’ character – which he defined through the categories of instinct, drive, and affect – from his doctrine, which he labelled socratism and defined through the Socratic equation reason = virtue = happiness. This thesis explores the three core elements Nietzsche used to explain how Socrates was able to seduce the Greeks: not only was Socrates a very erotic figure, he also introduced a new form of debate to Athens, and was considered an eminent physician by his contemporaries. Socrates’ appeal to the Greek is of fundamental importance to Nietzsche, since it prompted him to question Socrates’ inherent character, and his true impact on Athenian culture. It thus forms the crux of what he called “the problem of Socrates.” Nietzsche’s understanding of socratism as well as its impact on classical and modern culture allows him to revaluate all values within his own culture. To that effect, I reveal Nietzsche’s critiques of socratism – in particular, his belief that society needed to be liberated from socratism, since it denies all agency to individuals. Given that it was strongly motivated by the unconscious, socratism, according to Nietzsche, overemphasizes a certain morality in the struggle against our dominant impulses.

A investigação das condições para aquisição do conhecimento pela rememoração, sobretudo quando a mesma é resultado da aprendizagem graças à interação de um indivíduo com um mestre, constitui-se no objeto desta tese que parte da demonstração do aprendizado alcançado por um escravo que, não obstante sem formação intelectual formal própria às crianças e jovens na Grécia clássica, interrogado por Sócrates conforme exposição dramatizada apresentada por Platão na parte central do diálogo Mênon, resolve um problema, cuja solução exigiria o conhecimento do teorema de Pitágoras. Diferencia-se esta abordagem das estritamente filosóficas pelo enfoque dado à língua grega, desvelando elementos semânticos para uma compreensão mais ampla da consagrada expressão inatista Aprender é recordar, construída em delicado olhar de resgate de metáforas, vocábulos e expressões intencional e magistralmente escritas por Platão, cujo entendimento só se tornou possível pela leitura e análise do texto original do citado diálogo e cotejo com traduções modernas. A estruturação do Mênon, as relações entre anamnese e ensino-aprendizagem, os fundamentos mito-poético-religiosos da reminiscência e o choque entre a paidéia sustentada pela dialética socrático-platônica e a paidéia sofística assumida por Mênon, personagem-título do diálogo, bem como a análise quanto a sustentabilidade da hipótese de existência de um magistério socrático, seus fundamentos epistemológicos, sua didática processual metaforicamente expressa por Platão no Mênon como caminhada e a analogia entre anamnese e maiuêtica. / The investigation conditions concerning knowledge acquisition by recollection, above all, when learning resulted by the interaction with a master, it is constituted in this thesis object that departures from the demonstration of a learning reached by a slave without formal intellectual formation inherent to the children and young in classic Greece, interrogated by Socrates as a dramatized exhibition presented by Plato in the main part of the dialogue Meno, solving a problem whose solution would demand Pitagoras theorem awareness. This approach differentiates from strictly philosophical focused on Greek language, discovering semantic elements in a wider understanding of the consecrated expression inatist \"Learning is to remember\", constructed in delicate look at metaphors rescue, glosses and intentional expressions masterfully written by Plato, whose understanding only became possible by the reading and analysis of the original text of the mentioned dialogue and its comparison with modern translations. Meno structuring relationships among anamneses and teaching-learning, myth-poetic-religious foundations of the reminiscence and the shock among the paideia sustained by the Socratic-platonic dialectical and the sophistic paideia supported by Meno the dialogue main character, well as its analysis as the existence hypothesis sustainability Socratic teaching, its epistemological foundations, its procedural didacticism metaphorically expressed by Plato in Meno as walk and analogy between anamneses and maiuetic.

Ce mémoire a pour but d’élucider l’analyse et l’évaluation nietzschéennes du sens et de la portée de la figure de Socrate dans les cultures antique et moderne. Pour ce faire, nous nous pencherons d’abord sur la question de l’identité de Socrate, ce qui permettra d’introduire une distinction centrale à l’analyse de Nietzsche, soit celle entre la doctrine et la personnalité du célèbre Athénien. En effet, Nietzsche isole la personnalité de Socrate, qu’il circonscrit à partir des notions d’instinct, de pulsion et d’affect, de sa doctrine, qu’il appelle le socratisme et qu’il définit à partir de l’équation socratique raison = vertu = bonheur. Ensuite, nous développerons les trois éléments sur lesquels il s’appuie pour expliquer que Socrate ait pu séduire les Grecs, soit le fait qu’il fut un grand érotique, qu’il introduisit une nouvelle forme de joute à Athènes et qu’il apparut comme étant un médecin pour ses contemporains. Cette question des raisons permettant d’expliquer que Socrate ait pu séduire les Grecs est déterminante pour Nietzsche, puisque c’est de là qu’il est amené à se demander qui est ce Socrate et quel a été son véritable impact sur la culture, soit les deux questions qui sont au cœur de ce qu’il appelle « le problème de Socrate ». Enfin, nous nous pencherons sur le diagnostic que le philosophe allemand pose sur le célèbre Athénien ainsi que sur son évaluation de l’impact du socratisme sur les cultures antique et moderne, après quoi nous présenterons l’inversion des valeurs que Nietzsche tente d’opérer dans sa propre culture. Nous verrons alors qu’il cherche entre autres par cette inversion des valeurs à nous libérer du socratisme, car il est d’avis que cette doctrine dévalorise toute forme d’agir puisant ses motifs dans ce qui relève de l’inconscient et survalorise une morale luttant contre les pulsions dominantes en nous. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate Nietzsche’s analysis and assessment of the meaning and the impact of Socrates’ character on the classical and modern culture. To that effect, I will emphasize the question of Socrates’ identity, in order to introduce the crucial issue in Nietzsche’s analysis, namely the distinction between Socrates’ doctrine and his character. Nietzsche isolated Socrates’ character – which he defined through the categories of instinct, drive, and affect – from his doctrine, which he labelled socratism and defined through the Socratic equation reason = virtue = happiness. This thesis explores the three core elements Nietzsche used to explain how Socrates was able to seduce the Greeks: not only was Socrates a very erotic figure, he also introduced a new form of debate to Athens, and was considered an eminent physician by his contemporaries. Socrates’ appeal to the Greek is of fundamental importance to Nietzsche, since it prompted him to question Socrates’ inherent character, and his true impact on Athenian culture. It thus forms the crux of what he called “the problem of Socrates.” Nietzsche’s understanding of socratism as well as its impact on classical and modern culture allows him to revaluate all values within his own culture. To that effect, I reveal Nietzsche’s critiques of socratism – in particular, his belief that society needed to be liberated from socratism, since it denies all agency to individuals. Given that it was strongly motivated by the unconscious, socratism, according to Nietzsche, overemphasizes a certain morality in the struggle against our dominant impulses.

A investigação das condições para aquisição do conhecimento pela rememoração, sobretudo quando a mesma é resultado da aprendizagem graças à interação de um indivíduo com um mestre, constitui-se no objeto desta tese que parte da demonstração do aprendizado alcançado por um escravo que, não obstante sem formação intelectual formal própria às crianças e jovens na Grécia clássica, interrogado por Sócrates conforme exposição dramatizada apresentada por Platão na parte central do diálogo Mênon, resolve um problema, cuja solução exigiria o conhecimento do teorema de Pitágoras. Diferencia-se esta abordagem das estritamente filosóficas pelo enfoque dado à língua grega, desvelando elementos semânticos para uma compreensão mais ampla da consagrada expressão inatista Aprender é recordar, construída em delicado olhar de resgate de metáforas, vocábulos e expressões intencional e magistralmente escritas por Platão, cujo entendimento só se tornou possível pela leitura e análise do texto original do citado diálogo e cotejo com traduções modernas. A estruturação do Mênon, as relações entre anamnese e ensino-aprendizagem, os fundamentos mito-poético-religiosos da reminiscência e o choque entre a paidéia sustentada pela dialética socrático-platônica e a paidéia sofística assumida por Mênon, personagem-título do diálogo, bem como a análise quanto a sustentabilidade da hipótese de existência de um magistério socrático, seus fundamentos epistemológicos, sua didática processual metaforicamente expressa por Platão no Mênon como caminhada e a analogia entre anamnese e maiuêtica. / The investigation conditions concerning knowledge acquisition by recollection, above all, when learning resulted by the interaction with a master, it is constituted in this thesis object that departures from the demonstration of a learning reached by a slave without formal intellectual formation inherent to the children and young in classic Greece, interrogated by Socrates as a dramatized exhibition presented by Plato in the main part of the dialogue Meno, solving a problem whose solution would demand Pitagoras theorem awareness. This approach differentiates from strictly philosophical focused on Greek language, discovering semantic elements in a wider understanding of the consecrated expression inatist \"Learning is to remember\", constructed in delicate look at metaphors rescue, glosses and intentional expressions masterfully written by Plato, whose understanding only became possible by the reading and analysis of the original text of the mentioned dialogue and its comparison with modern translations. Meno structuring relationships among anamneses and teaching-learning, myth-poetic-religious foundations of the reminiscence and the shock among the paideia sustained by the Socratic-platonic dialectical and the sophistic paideia supported by Meno the dialogue main character, well as its analysis as the existence hypothesis sustainability Socratic teaching, its epistemological foundations, its procedural didacticism metaphorically expressed by Plato in Meno as walk and analogy between anamneses and maiuetic.

尼采認為藝術的來源是自然中的兩種藝術衝動：戴奧尼索斯式的與阿波羅式的衝動。戴奧尼索斯式藝術是在生命原始的衝動所造成的「過度」中，沈浸在迷醉與狂喜的出神忘我狀態，是充滿力量的宇宙生機的流現。阿波羅式的藝術則提供一種夢幻似的美麗外觀，以幻象的形式遮掩生命本質的恐怖。而希臘悲劇可以作為藝術精神的最完美呈現的理由，就在於它結合了這兩種衝動。悲劇結合了藝術衝動的兩種積極力量，也就是變形(transfiguration)和超越(overcoming)；而悲劇的作用則在於提供尼采所謂的「形而上的安慰」。藝術不只是以美的形象掩蓋住生命令人畏懼的真實面貌，它更透過變形的作用來超越現實的恐怖，以美的形式展現自然豐沛的力量。因此，藝術指出了一種積極的面向：生命中的美學創造力使得人的生存儘管是充滿悲苦，但卻不是沒有價值而必須被否定的。生命的價值由藝術來支持，藝術的優劣也由它表現的生命力來評斷了。尼采在《悲劇的誕生》中呈出的藝術觀具有以下幾個特點： 　　(1)尼采放棄以主／客觀作為評判藝術品好壞的標準。他重新定義主觀是一種主體自我與自然融合的表現，這種主體才能分受自然源源不絕的創造生機，因而能表現出普遍性。 　　(2)藝術與生命的緊密連結使尼采反對以認知的態度看待藝術。蘇格拉底式的認知態度即是因為對生命的無知而產生不恰當的了解，也僵化藝術的創作力。 　　(3)自然孕育了創造與破壞兩種力量，為了吸納創造力，藝術同時也把醜放入它的表現內容裡，豐富了藝術的內涵。尼采並不像當時大部分美學家，把對藝術的討論局限在對美感的分析，但他也並未因此就認為藝術缺少美的形式還可以是藝術。 　　(4)以美的態度面對人生，說明生存的價值。這種態度不是把生命當成一種對象來欣賞，而是投注其中的創造精神；這是以創作者為中心的美學態度。生命價值就是建基在人對生存的苦痛不斷的超越，藝術一方面作為生命合理化的理由，同時自然的豐富創造力也使得藝術更形深刻。

La première partie présente un Bernard de Clairvaux Philosophe. Fleuron du socratisme Chrétien il lui donne une inflexion marquant le primat de l’humilité (Ch. I), le détour nécessaire par la charité (Ch. II) avant de parvenir à la contemplation (Ch. IV). Entre ces deux points d’inflexion, un chapitre développe le rôle central pour lui du libre arbitre et celui de la conscience (Ch. III). La deuxième partie recherche la présence ou non de ces caractéristiques chez trois cisterciens parmi les plus proches de Bernard : Aelred de Rievaulx, Guerric d’Igny, Geoffroy d’Auxerre (Ch. I). Puis (Ch. II) elle examine trois auteurs cisterciens parmi les plus philosophes du XIIe siècle : Isaac de l’Étoile, Garnier de Rochefort et Hélinand de Froidmont. Enfin, elle en vient à trois auteurs qualifiés de "satellites" : Guillaume de Saint-Thierry, Alain de Lille et Joachim de Flore. / In the first part, Bernard of Clairvaux is considered as a philosopher. Jewel of Christian socratism, he gives it a new orientation, first insisting on humility (Ch. I), then on the necessary bend of charity (Ch. II), before reaching contemplation (Ch. IV). In the midst Ch. III develops the central part played by freewill in his system and that of conscience. The second part checks the presence or not of these philosophic views, first in the works of three Cistercians among the closest to Bernard: Aelred of Rievaulx, Guerric of Igny, and Geoffroy of Auxerre (Ch. I). Then Ch. II’s focus is on three among the most philosophic authors of the Order: Isaac of Stella, Garnier of Rochefort, and Hélinand of Froidmont. Finally, it comes to three "satellites»: Guillaume of Saint-Thierry, Alain of Lille, Joachim of Fiore.

The main purpose of the doctoral thesis is to show "platonic motive" in Patočka's philosophy as unitary movement of thought, which exists in Patočka's thought since the thiertes to the sixties of the twentieth century. The aim is motivated by general question of relationship between modern thinking and European philosophical tradition. The thesis pursues to display, that Patočka's thinking makes possible to see and overcome an alienation contemporary European man from European philosophicaly tradition. The doctoral thesis has five chapters. First four chapters interpret socratic and platonic motives in Patočka's philosophy in chronological order (Patočka's philosophy in the thierties; philosophy of the Eternity and historicity; negative platonism; care of the soul and Europe). Chapter five contains intepretation of main question of doctoral thesis, it is question of unity of "platonic motive" in Patočka's philosophy. This question proceeds in three interpretative steps. In the first interpretative step are Patočka's all socratic and platonic motives reduced to three leading thoughts, that represent "platonic motive" as such: thoughts chōrismos, transendence and care of the soul. In second interpretative step the opposition "givenness- freedom" is established as a common core of the three thoughts. The...

Orientador : Oswaldo Giacoia Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T06:20:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula_MarcioGimenesde_D.pdf: 686730 bytes, checksum: 2ad1ca2ae3bb70d249830b23d3371324 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a questão do indivíduo e da comunidade no interior da crítica de Kierkegaard (1813-1855) à cristandade. Tal polêmica revela uma face religiosa ou teológica, mas antes reflete uma crítica filosófica, que pode ser melhor observada pela perspectiva da filosofia da religião. O autor dinamarquês caracteriza-se por ser essencialmente um pós-hegeliano, tanto em sua cronologia quanto em sua temática. Dessa forma, pretende-se abordá-lo aqui enquanto tal, ainda que guardando delimitações específicas. As considerações introdutórias fornecem, notadamente a partir da interpretação de Karl Löwith, o ambiente filosófico e histórico dos pós-hegelianos críticos da cristandade (e do cristianismo). Dentre esses pensadores, destaca-se a figura de Kierkegaard. O primeiro capítulo tem por meta analisar o problema da verdade objetiva no cristianismo. Para tanto, será especialmente analisada a primeira parte da obra kierkegaardiana Post-Scriptum às Migalhas Filosóficas, uma vez que nela tal problema é proposto. O segundo capítulo analisará a questão do indivíduo e do universal dentro da obra kierkegaardiana. A obra selecionada como principal foco de tal análise é o Livro sobre Adler. Como encadeamento orgânico dessa temática, o terceiro capítulo coloca, a propósito da dialética entre o indivíduo e o comunitário na obra de Kierkegaard, questões centrais do cristianismo como: martírio, apostolado, genialidade e heroísmo. Tais questões serão analisadas especialmente através de uma leitura e interpretação dos Dois pequenos tratados ético-religiosos e do discurso As preocupações dos pagãos. O quarto capítulo pretende avaliar a polêmica kierkegaardiana contra a cristandade propriamente dita. Aborda-se aqui especialmente os artigos de A Pátria, O Instante e o discurso A imutabilidade de Deus. O intuito é demonstrar o quanto a polêmica kierkegaardiana contra a cristandade foi preparada no decorrer de toda a obra e dotada de uma teleologia própria e específica. Por fim, as relações dialéticas entre a comunidade e o indivíduo na obra kierkegaardiana são retomadas nas considerações finais, que pretendem ser uma análise organizada das idéias de Kierkegaard, notadamente em matéria de crítica da cristandade e em filosofia da religião / Abstract: The purpose of this research is to study the question concerning the individual and the community in Kierkegaard¿s works (1813-1855), specially in his criticism of Christendom. There is in this polemic a religiosous and theological face, but there is a philosophical criticism too, that can be better analysed second the perspective of philosophy of religion. The danish author is a post hegelian in his cronology and thematic. In this way, his interpretion is researched here, with these previous delimitations. The introduction give, second Karl Löwith¿s interpretation, the philosophical and historical context of the post hegelianism and his criticism on the question of Christendom (and Christianity). Kierkegaard is one of these thinkers. The first chapter analyses the problem concerning objective true in Christianity. This question is researched in the first part of Concluding Unscientific Post-Scriptum to Philosophical Fragments, where it is firstly proposed. The second chapter studies the question concerning the individual and the universal in Kierkegaard¿s works. The work analyses specially for this question is The Book on Adler. In the same way and thematic, the third chapter studies, in this discussion between individual and comunity in Kierkegaard¿s works, central questions of the Christianity: questions like martyr, apostle, genius and heroi. These problems will be analyses specially in Two Minor Ethico-religious essays and in the discurse The worries of the heathen. The fourth chapter analyses the polemic against the Christendom. The works specially researched here are the articles of The Fatherland, The Moment and the discourse The changelessness of God. The aim is to prove that the kierkegaardian polemic with the Christendom was a specially objective. This research is concluded, with the analyses of the dialetical relations between community and individual in Kierkegaard¿s works. Many Kierkegaard¿s works was used here. Otherwise, the aim of this research is to study in an organizated form, the Kierkegaard¿s conceptions, specially about his Christendom cristicism and his philosophy of religion / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia