The EU building sector is a main contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which need to be cut as part of the global response to anthropogenic climate change. This cut can be realised through improvements in building energy performance, such as optimisation of facade design. The early stage of the architectural process has been identified as the ideal time to implement such sustainable design choices. There is need for simple guidelines and tools to provide quantitative data to support these architectural decisions. BIM and parametric design can provide this, by facilitating model-based analysis and simulation, as part of an unbroken flow of information through the design process. This study uses Dynamo (the visual programming add-in for Autodesk Revit) together with the Honeybee and Ladybug environmental plugins, to conduct daylight, solar heat gains and thermal losses analyses and simulations. The aim was to identify limitations and opportunities in using Dynamo-Revit, to establish an optimal range for glazing-to-wall ratio (GWR) and to provide some simple room-sizing guidelines for architects in the early stage of the design process. The Dynamo-Revit workflow was found to be effective for specific projects, but difficult to perfect for multiple different projects. An optimal range for GWR was found as 30-40% for east, south and west-facing rooms and around 50% for rooms facing only north. Results were tabulated, linking room orientation and depth with estimated daylight access, solar heat gains and thermal losses. The results were reasonable, but could be improved by the use of more sophisticated analysis and simulation techniques, which should be facilitated by forthcoming development of Honeybee and Ladybug in Dynamo.

Designing architecture is related to producing vast amounts of information based on constraints, experience or common sense, and at the same time, those designs are assisted by specialized software, but, are the results of those processes giving you advantage or are they leading you in the wrong way? For example, should you include shading elements or less glazing? Should you change the shape of the building or improve envelope specifications? This research is a start to understand how to approach to design problems related to solar geometry, recognize which variables are worth modifying, reduce potential of error when iterating, and take truly advantage of the output delivered by modeling tools. / Master of Architecture

Industrin står för 32% av den globala energianvändningen och majoriteten av industrins utsläpp sker vid förbränning av fossila bränslen för värmeanvändning. Hälften av industrins värmeanvändning uppskattas vara i temperaturer upp till 400 °C vilket är lämpligt för värme från solfångare.Klädesindustrin står för 10% av de globala växthusgasutsläppen och majoriteten av de utsläppen sker vid textilproduktion och flera av textilindustrins processer är i temperaturintervall som kan använda värme från solfångare likt Absolicons T160.Data från energianvändning hos textilfabriker har samlats in och beräkningar på energianvändning och utsläpp har gjorts för erhållna data. Solfångarnas energiberäkningar har gjorts med hjälp av simuleringar från Absolicon applikation Field Simulator. En 3-stegs plan gjordes för 2 stora textilfabriker i Indien som visar hur de skulle kunna eliminera sina utsläpp från energianvändning.Kartläggningen visar att textilindustrin till stor del använder fossila bränslen och de 5 största textilfabrikerna i denna rapport visar en energifördelning mellan värme och el på 85% respektive 15%. Utsläppen per producerad massa varor i kg för de 5 fabrikerna uppskattas vara i snitt 6,1 kgCO2e vilket motsvarar en förbränning av 2,1 kg brunkol.De två stora textilfabriker i Indien samlade utsläpp från energianvändning redovisas vara 686 ktCO2e. Värmeanvändningen i fabrikerna sänks i 3-stegsplanen med 17% och fossila bränslen ersätts med värme från solfångare och biomassa. För att täcka 68% av det nya värmebehovet med värme från solfångare så behövs det solfångarfält med en termisk effekt på cirka 400 MW och en yta på cirka 1,3 km2. De resterande 32% av värmebehovet ska komma från förbränning av cirka 100 000 ton biomassa per år.Industrin har möjlighet att sänka stora delar av sina utsläpp genom att ersätta fossila bränslen i värmeanvändningen med till exempel värme från solfångare och biomassa. För att täcka stora delar av värmeanvändningen med solfångarfält behövs lediga ytor runt om och på fabrikerna. Fossila bränslen har i dagsläget ett lågt pris i förhållande till dess utsläpp och tillämpning av globala utsläppsrätter eller skatter bör appliceras för att påskynda omställningen till utsläppsfri energi och lägre utsläpp. / The industry sector accounts for 32% of the global energy usage where the majority of the energy is being used as heat. Most of the heat is generated by burning fossil fuels which leads to heat use being the largest source of emissions in the sector. About half of energy used as in the industries are in temperatures up to 400 °C which is suitable for heat provided by solar collectors.The apparel industry accounts for 10% of the global carbon emissions and multiple of the industry processes used in textile production are in temperature ranges reachable with solar collectors such as Absolicons T160.Energy data was collected from textile factories and calculations of energy usage and emissions was made. The calculations for solar collectors was made with Absolicons web application Field Simulator. A 3-step plan was created to demonstrate how two textile factories in India could reach zero CO2 emissions.The analysis shows that the textile industry’s majority of energy is being used from fossil fuels to generate heat where the 5 largest factories in this report average energy is 85% as heat and 15% as electricity. The emissions per produced mass of goods in kg is an average of 6,1 kgCO2e at these 5 factories which is comparable to burning 2,1 kg of black coal.The two large textile factories combined emissions from energy usage is reported to be 686 ktCO2e. In the 3-step plan the heat usage is reduced by 17% and heat from fossil fuels are replaced by heat from solar collectors and biomass. To cover 68% of the new energy demand it would require solar fields with a total thermal capacity of about 400 MW and an area of 1,3 km2. The remaining 32% of heat demand would be covered by burning 100 000 tonne of biomass per year.The conclusion is that he industry sector has a huge potential of reducing their emissions by replacing fossil fuels for generating thermal energy by thermal energy from e.g. solar collectors or biomass. It will require available spaces close to or on top of the factories to be able cover large portions of the heat demand with solar collectors. The current prices of energy from fossil fuels is low compared to their emissions and a global carbon market or taxes should be applied to accelerate the change to clean energy and lower emissions.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-08-09T18:20:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Abrah¿o dos Santos.pdf: 1810524 bytes, checksum: 2eaefbccae262fa0bc6061286f82adc0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T18:20:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Abrah¿o dos Santos.pdf: 1810524 bytes, checksum: 2eaefbccae262fa0bc6061286f82adc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The theme of this work is the worker's collective health, exposed to risks arising from climate change, for work in the open. The study has the purpose of showing the environmental impacts of climate affect the public health worker, often subject to open in the external environment, with solar power. Regarding the questioning, this occurs in relation to a worker who works in the open and in construction, performing their work subjected to solar charge without receiving the interest of the employer to minimize or neutralize the effects of heat and ultraviolet radiation in these lives. Moreover, the questioning is more reluctant when it prevails the pollution in the environment labor law by failing to apply the principles of environmental law, nor the necessary health protection instruments in the work space, when the failure of employers to international standards and national Related to the theme on screen. As a result of the inscribed problem, clarify are the possible diseases that come from the solar charge exposure as well as recognition of the Nexus Technical Epidemiological Pension (NTEP) in the case of skin cancer and worker exposure to ultraviolet radiation, when active in construction civil. Already as a possible solution, the three-dimensionality of the protection of occupational health in the open and in construction is shown; namely: management, technical and legal. The management solution is elucidated by means of the management systems of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO); the technical solution is illustrated from the Program of Environmental Risk Prevention Program (PPRA) and the Conditions and Environment Programme of Work in the Construction Industry; while the legal solution is by Collective Bargaining Convention, as well as legislative changes that protect occupational health. Finally, the methodology used is the historical normative construction of national and international binding and non-binding documents. / O tema desta dissertação é a saúde coletiva do trabalhador, exposto a riscos decorrentes das alterações climáticas, por trabalho a céu aberto. O estudo possui como objetivo demonstrar que os impactos ambientais do clima atingem a saúde coletiva do trabalhador, não raro sujeito a céu aberto, em ambiente externo, com carga solar. No tocante à problematização, esta se dá em relação ao trabalhador que atua a céu aberto e na construção civil, desempenhando o seu labor submetido a carga solar, sem receber o interesse do empregador em minimizar ou neutralizar os efeitos do calor e da radiação ultravioleta nessas vidas. Mais ainda: a problematização é mais relutante quando se prepondera a poluição no direito ambiental do trabalho, ao não se aplicarem os princípios do direito ambiental, tampouco os instrumentos necessários de tutela à saúde no espaço laboral, quando do descumprimento dos empregadores às normativas internacionais e nacionais relacionadas ao tema em tela. Como consequência do problema inscrito, elucidam-se as possíveis doenças advindas da exposição à carga solar, bem como o reconhecimento do Nexo Técnico Epidemiológico Previdenciário (NTEP), no caso de câncer de pele e exposição do trabalhador à radiação ultravioleta, quando atuante na construção civil. Já como possível solução, é apresentada a tridimensionalidade da tutela da saúde ocupacional a céu aberto e na construção civil; a saber: gestão, técnica e legal. A solução de gestão é elucidada por meio dos sistemas de gestão da Organização Internacional para Padronização (ISO); a solução técnica é ilustrada a partir do Programa de Prevenção de Riscos Ambientais (PPRA) e do Programa de Condições e Meio Ambiente do Trabalho na Indústria da Construção Civil; enquanto a solução legal ocorre por Convenções Coletivas de Trabalho, bem como alterações legislativas que tutelem a saúde ocupacional. Enfim, a metodologia utilizada é a construção histórica normativa dos documentos e internacionais e nacionais vinculantes e não vinculantes.

Samtidigt som debatten kring jordens klimatförändring är i full gång har intresset för att miljöcertifiera byggnader vuxit oerhört. För fastighetsägare är det en möjlighet att bevisa för sina hyresgäster och köpare att byggnaden är hållbar. Är en byggnad miljöcertifierad har en oberoende part intygat att den uppfyller en nivå av hållbarhet som bestäms utifrån standardiserade kriterier. Fastighetsägaren kan alltså använda certifikatet i marknadsföringssyfte. Den här studien undersökte om en byggnad som är byggnadsminnesförklarad kan miljöcertifieras med Miljöbyggnad. Målet var att hitta kostnadseffektiva lösningar för att uppfylla de miljöcertifieringskriterier som eventuellt inte uppfylls idag. Miljöbyggnad har i dagsläget inga specifika kriterier för kulturhistoriskt värdefulla byggnader, så bedömningen har skett mot de allmänna kriterierna. Vid certifiering med Miljöbyggnad sker en granskning utifrån energi-, inomhusmiljö- och materialrelaterade kriterier. Verktyget mäter alltså inte bara byggnadens hållbarhet i fråga om växthusgasutsläpp utan även i hänseende till hälsan och välbefinnandet hos personerna som vistas i byggnaden. Byggnaden som har utvärderats är Kungliga Tekniska Högskolans studenters kårhus. Den byggnadsminnesförklarades 2012 på grund av sin utpräglade och välbevarade funktionalistiska utformning. Byggd 1930 uppfördes den mitt under en brytningstid när funktionalismen var på intåg i Sverige. I studien har alla kriterier som krävs för en miljöcertifiering gåtts igenom och stämts av mot hur byggnaden ligger till idag. Särskild fokus har lagts på Miljöbyggnads energirelaterade kriterier. För att minska energianvändningen har energieffektiviseringsåtgärder tagits fram som ger en besparing på hundratusentals kronor per år. Energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna består av bättre drift av ventilationen samt byte till effektivare belysning. Energiberäkningsprogrammet DesignBuilder har använts för att utvärdera energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna samt för att simulera termisk komfort och dagsljusinsläpp. Energikällornas hållbarhet vid olika miljöval på elhandelsavtalet och om det finns möjlighet att installera solskydd för fönstren har också undersökts. Hindret för en certifiering är att byggnaden åtminstone behöver uppfylla myndighetskrav på tillgång till dagsljus. Det finns också osäkerheter som har att göra med om energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna minskar energianvändningen så mycket som krävs för en certifiering. För övrigt finns goda förutsättningar för en miljöcertifiering. / Climate change is widely discussed these days, and the interest in environmental assessment for buildings has increased enormously. For landlords and house-owners, it brings the possibility to prove to their tenants and customers that their buildings are sustainable. A building with an environmental assessment certificate is assured by an independent inspector to fulfill a certain level of sustainability that is specified by standardized criteria. The landlords can subsequently use the certificate for advertising. This study investigated if a listed historic building can be certified according to the Swedish environmental assessment method Miljöbyggnad. The objective was to find cost effective ways to meet those criteria for environmental assessment that are not fulfilled today. Miljöbyggnad has no specific set of criteria for historical buildings today, so the investigation has been performed using the general criteria. For a certification with Miljöbyggnad, an audit from energy, indoor environment and material point of view is performed. Thus, the assessment method does not only measure sustainability regarding greenhouse gas emissions, but also concerning well-being of the occupants of the building. The examined building is the student union house of the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. The building was listed in 2012 due to its pronounced and well preserved functionalistic design. Built 1930, it was raised during the time when the functionalism was introduced in Sweden. In the study, all criteria for the environmental assessment have been evaluated for the current situation of the building. The energy related criteria has been emphasized. In order to decrease the energy use, measures for improving the energy efficiency has been found, that will save several hundred thousand SEK per year. The measures consist of improved operation of the ventilation system and retrofitted lighting for better efficacy. The energy calculation program DesignBuilder has been used to evaluate the energy efficiency measures and to simulate thermal comfort and daylighting. The sustainability of the energy sources for different environmental options for the electricity contract and the possibility of installing shadings for the windows have been investigated as well. The main difficulty for a certification is that the building has to fulfill building codes for daylighting. There are also uncertainties regarding the energy efficiency measures being able to decrease the energy use sufficiently for a certification. Other than that, the prospects are good for a certification.