Sanctions are becoming an increasingly utilised tool for peacemaking and consequently, it is of importance to analyse its possible consequences. This paper aims to analyse the possible covariation between UN-targeted sanctions and the recruitment of children by rebel groups. The purpose is to answer the research question: How do UN-targeted sanctions impact rebel groups' recruitment of child soldiers? Based on rational choice theory and a consideration of previous literature, it is hypothesised that imposing UN-targeted sanctions against a rebel group increases the likelihood that said rebel group will increase their recruitment of child soldiers. Utilising a qualitative research method, including a structured focused comparison, the rebel groups UNITA and FARC were selected for empirical analysis based on Mill's method of difference. The empirical analysis finds some support for the proposed theoretical argument in the case of UNITA but conflicting evidence regarding FARC indicates that the proposed causal mechanism requires further research.

No description available.

This essay attempts to bring the experiences of eight soldiers to light, seven of them Swedish and one English, that took part in the fighting on the western front as volunteers in the French foreign legion during World War One. The main source material consists of letters sent between these soldiers and another Swedish ex-foreign legionnaire, Sven Blom, both during Mr. Bloms recovery from wounds which put him out of service in late 1914, and through Mr. Bloms work as first secretary of the Swedish consulate in Paris, with the last letters dating to 1918. The letters, which are part of a large archive left behind by Sven Blom, are transcribed and analyzed in this essay to answer five questions posed in order to ascertain the experiences and mindset of these soldiers. Are there any common themes in the soldiers’ letters? Are there any examples where Swedish national identity is commented on by the soldiers? What is their experience of the war, and what do they choose to tell Mr. Blom about? How do they feel they are treated by the French system and French soldiers? And, what are the soldiers’ opinion of reports from the war, like their fellow Swede Elow Nilson’s articles in the Swedish newspaper Vecko-Journalen?

The purpose of this study was to examine the beliefs and attitudes of United States Marines towards mental health services.

This study investigates the situation of Rwandan youth ex-combatants in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Specifically, the study examines how and why young people become involved in conflicts as fighters, how the conflict impacts upon them, and how the Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration programs set up by international aid agencies attempted to address the youth's special needs as they relate to reintegration in their home communities. By employing qualitative semi-structured interviews and group discussions with demobilized ex-combatant youth and other stakeholders in northern Rwanda, the study examines how the Western model and assumption of childhood and child soldiering has so far dictated the approaches of international aid agencies in response to the needs of young people in armed conflicts. The study challenges some of the assumptions and argues for a more representative and focussed approach that emphasizes on the socio-cultural context of the ex-combatants. The research shows how and why some youth voluntarily join armed groups. It also highlights the resilience of the youth in the midst of conflict and their ability to rebuild their lives. The findings of the research have some implications for the way the international aid agencies conceptualize and provide assistance to the young people affected by armed conflicts. It challenges the assumption held by the aid agencies regarding the exclusive emphases on victimization and trauma counselling, and refocuses on the need to rebuild the youth's resilience and coping strategies. / Sociology / MA (Sociology)

This study investigates the situation of Rwandan youth ex-combatants in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Specifically, the study examines how and why young people become involved in conflicts as fighters, how the conflict impacts upon them, and how the Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration programs set up by international aid agencies attempted to address the youth's special needs as they relate to reintegration in their home communities. By employing qualitative semi-structured interviews and group discussions with demobilized ex-combatant youth and other stakeholders in northern Rwanda, the study examines how the Western model and assumption of childhood and child soldiering has so far dictated the approaches of international aid agencies in response to the needs of young people in armed conflicts. The study challenges some of the assumptions and argues for a more representative and focussed approach that emphasizes on the socio-cultural context of the ex-combatants. The research shows how and why some youth voluntarily join armed groups. It also highlights the resilience of the youth in the midst of conflict and their ability to rebuild their lives. The findings of the research have some implications for the way the international aid agencies conceptualize and provide assistance to the young people affected by armed conflicts. It challenges the assumption held by the aid agencies regarding the exclusive emphases on victimization and trauma counselling, and refocuses on the need to rebuild the youth's resilience and coping strategies. / Sociology / MA (Sociology)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The integration of the three former defence forces, four homeland forces and the one self-defence unit into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) drastically changed the race composition of the Department of Defence (DoD). The integration of these forces with their guerilla type warfare into a conventional force together with the changed race composition, is having an influence on the organisational culture of the DoD. The aim of this study is to investigate the organisational culture of the DoD with the primary focus on values to determine a group identity and the required behaviour. This investigation is conducted by researching the prescriptive legislation and policy applicable to the DoD, values from the traditionally western and Ubuntu culture, the vision of the Africa-Renaissance, tendencies in modern warfare and functions of modern armies. A proposed value system for the DoD is then developed. The way in which members of the DoD associate with this value system is tested by means of a sample and deviations are identified. Lastly, corrective options are proposed for these deviations. The developed value system consists of key values such as military professionalism, community/ethical orientation and military orientation. The collected data is interpreted by means of factors such as values characteristic of authority, military professionalism, military customs and human rights that concur with the key values. Against all odds it was found that members of the DoD associate badly with values traditionally associated with a defence force which is fully prepared. The following was found: • Members of the DoD do not identify with values such as commitment to comrades, non-discrimination, no bad excuses, fair practices, no misuse of rank, or pride and loyalty. Arms of service, rank groups, gender, population group and former force, identify in an average way with values characteristic with authority, high with professionalism, low with military customs and low with human rights. • The lower rank groups identify the worst with values, and warrant officers the highest. The senior officers identify the worst with human rights. • No distinction was found between the gender groups in respect of identification with values. • As far as population groups are concerned, differences occurred between whites and Africans in respect of their attitudes towards authority, professionalism, military custom and human rights. • As far as former force members are concerned, differences occurred between South African Defence Force (SADF), Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) and the African People's Liberation Army (APLA) regarding their attitudes towards authority, professionalism and military customs. In so far as human rights are concerned, differences occurred between the SANDF and Transkei, Boputhatswana, Venda and Ciskei (TBVC). The study showed definite problem areas and remedial actions need to be concentrated on this. It is clear that the different race groups and members of former forces have different orientations towards the value system. This marginalisation of groups into sub-cultures cannot be tolerated. A group identity with which every member of the DoD can identify, needs to be established urgently. As remedial options a process of socialisation can firstly be used to instill a group identity and the desired behaviour in members of the DoD. Those who do not fit the group identity and required behaviour must be discharged. A value system must secondly be lived and the generals and officers of the DoD must be role models as far as the living of the value system is concerned. Thirdly, posters on notice boards are of little use if the values do not become visible in the behaviour of every member of the SANDF. There is no place for buzz words without any meaning. Fourthly, values must be validated by means of norms. These norms must be made known to all members of the DoD to ensure that the desired organisational culture and value system is instilled. In this regard the publication The Service Guide for Newcomers should be rewritten and given to every member of the DoD. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die integrasie van die drie verdedigingsmagte, vier tuislandmagte en een selfverdedigings-eenheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (SANW) het 'n drastiese verandering in die bevolkingsamestelling van die Departement van Verdediging (DvV) teweeggebring. Die integrasie van die bevrydingsmagte, met hul guerrilla-tipe van oorlogvoering, in 'n konvensionele mag is besig om tesame met die veranderde bevolkingsamestelling 'n invloed op die heersende organisasie-kultuur van die DvV uit te oefen. Die doeI van hierdie studie is om die organisasie-kultuur van die DvV te ondersoek met die primere fokus op waardes ten einde 'n groepsidentiteit en die verlangde gedrag vir die DvV te bepaal. Die ondersoek geskied aan die hand van die voorskrifte van toepassing op die DvV, waardes vanuit die tradisionele Westerse en Ubuntukulture, die Afrika-Renaissance-visie, tendense in moderne oorlogvoering en funksies van hedendaagse weermagte. 'n Waardestelsel wat die organisasie-kultuur van die DvV weerspieel, word vanuit voorafgaande bronne ontwikkel. Die wyse waarop die lede van die DvV met die waardestelsel vereenselwig word deur middel van 'n steekproef getoets en afwykings word geidentifiseer. Ten slotte word remedierende opsies vir hierdie afwykings voorgestel. Die ontwikkelde waardestelsel bestaan uit kernwaardes, soos militere professionalisme, militere orientering en gemeenskaps-/etiese orientering. Die ingesamelde data word aan die hand van faktore soos waardes kenmerkend van gesag, militere professionalisme, militere gebruike en menseregte wat met die kernwaardes ooreenstem, vertolk. Teen alle verwagtinge in is daar bevind dat lede van die DvV hulself swak vereenselwig met waardes wat tradisioneel as baie belangrik vir 'n parate weermag geag word. Die volgende is bevind: Daar word nie met waardes soos toewyding aan makkers, geen diskriminasie nie, geen swak verskonings nie, regverdige gebruike, geen rangmisbruik nie, trots en lojaliteit geidentifiseer nie. • Weermagsdele, ranggroepe, geslag, bevolkingsgroep en voormalige weermagte identifiseer middelmatig met waardes kenmerkend van gesagsvertolking, hoog met professionalisme, laag met militere gebruike en swak met menseregte. • In terme van ranggroepe toon die laer range die laagste en die ranggroep adjudant-offisiere die hoogste metings betreffende die identifisering met waardes. Die ranggroep senior offisiere identifiseer die minste van al die ranggroepe met menseregte. • Geen onderskeid tussen geslagte bestaan met betrekking tot die identifisering van waardes nie. • Ten opsigte van bevolkingsgroepe is beduidende verskille tussen wit en Afrikaan se houding teenoor gesag, professionalisme, militere gebruike en menseregte gevind. • Daar is ten opsigte van voormalige weermagte gevind dat beduidende verskille tussen die houding van die Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag (SAW) en Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) en die African People's Liberation Army (APLA) teenoor gesagsvertolking, professionalisme en militere gebruike bestaan. 'n Beduidende verskil kom voor in die houding van die SANW en Transkei, Boputhatswana, Venda en Ciskei (TBVC) teenoor menseregte. Die studie Iê duidelike probleemareas bloot en alle regstellings behoort hierop te fokus. Dit is duidelik dat die verskillende bevolkingsgroepe en lede van die voormalige weermagte totaal uiteenlopende orienterings ten opsigte van die waardestelsel het. Hierdie marginalisering van groepe in subkulture kan nie geduld word nie. 'n Groepsidentiteit waarmee alle lede van die DvV hulself kan vereenselwig, moet sonder versuim geskep word. As remedierende opsies word daar eerstens 'n sosialiseringsproses voorgestel ten einde 'n groepsidentiteit en die verlangde gedrag by lede van die DvV te kweek. Lede wat nie by die groepsidentiteit en die verlangde gedrag inskakel nie, moet eenvoudig ontslaan word. Tweedens moet die waardestelsels geleef word en die generale stat en offisiere behoort hier die rolmodelle te wees. Derdens moet die waardes op die glansbiljette wat op kennisgewingborde verskyn aan elke individu bekend wees en duidelik in die gedrag van alle lede van die DvV sigbaar te word. Daar is geen ruimte vir niksseggende gonswoorde nie. Vierdens moet waardes in terme van norme gekwantifiseer en aan alle lede van die DvV bekend gemaak word ten einde te verseker dat die verlangde organisasie-kultuur en waardestelsel inslag sal vind. Hiervoor moet die publikasie The Service Guide for Newcomers herskryf word en aan alle individue beskikbaar gestel word.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Transformation is an inevitable consequence of human resource practices and includes the political imperatives, behavioural transformation and the turnaround change. Gender equality is a critical component of the United Nations Resolution on Human Rights (Resolution 1325). Women are subjected to a variety of barriers that determine their organisational experiences, and therefore the achievement of gender equity requires the elimination of patriarchal practices, stereotypes and attitudes that perpetuate their marginalisation. Striving for gender equity within the armed forces should not reduce women to being passive victims of the transformation agenda as they operate both during conflict and peace-time. The representation and empowerment of women into decision-making structures and the protection of their rights can be spearheaded through the gender mainstreaming strategies. In the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) transformation placed greater emphasis on racial representivity to the neglect of gender equity. This situation has effectively contributed to the gender dialogue which aimed to assess the implementation of gender equity objectives. Furthermore, it is the guiding principle on the participation of women in the military to enhance gender representation and the attainment of self-actualisation and excelling in their areas of responsibilities. The purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which the SANDF supports gender transformation imperatives to ensure gender equity and it further investigated gender integration within the SANDF as a supportive theoretical analysis. The conceptual framework of gender transformation and gender mainstreaming in the military, and in particular within the SANDF, in the context of Employment Equity was conducted. To make an objective and informed assessment, the attitudes and perceptions of middle management and lower management of both the SANDF were measured. Data were collected from respondents through three sessions of facilitated focus group interviews and a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. The sample was drawn from the Pretoria region. The findings of the study indicated that the DOD top leadership is supportive of gender transformation by the effective promulgation of transformation policies and the improvement in the representation of women in decision-making structures. The military environment is trying to create a conducive environment for women by providing resources, the essential training for women to maximise their potential, and furthermore by allowing their inclusion in all areas including deployment areas. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Transformasie is ‘n onvermydelike gevolg van personeelbestuurspraktyk en sluit in die politieke imperatiewe, gedragstransformasie en omkeerverandering. Geslagsgelykgeregtigheid is ‘n kritieke komponent van die Verenigde Volke se Resolusie aangaande Menseregte (Resolusie 1325). Vroue word onderwerp aan ‘n verskeidenheid hindernisse wat hul organisasie ervarings bepaal en daarom vereis die bereiking van geslagsgelykgeregtigheid die uitwissing van patriargale praktyke, stereotipes en houdings wat marginalisering bevorder. Die strewe na geslagsgelykgeregtigheid binne Weermagte behoort vroue nie te degradeer tot passiewe slagoffers van die transformasie agenda nie aangesien hulle aangewend word tydens beide konflik- en vredestye. Die verteenwoordiging en bemagtiging van vroue in besluitmakende strukture en die beskerming van hulle regte kan gerig word deur geslagshoofstroming strategieë. In die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (SANW) plaas transformasie groter klem op rasse verteenwoordiging as op die nalating van geslagsgelykgeregtigheid. Die situasie het effektief bygedra tot die geslagsdialoog wat beoog om die implementering van geslagsgelykgeregtigheid doelwitte te evalueer. Dit is ook verder die leidinggewende beginsel rakende die deelname van vroue in die militêr om geslagsverteenwoordiging te bevorder, die bereiking van selfaktualisering en uitblinking in hulle verantwoordelikeidsomgewings. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal tot welke mate die SANW geslagstransformasie imperatiewe ondersteun ten einde geslagsgelykgeregtigheid te verseker en het ook ondersoek ingestel na geslagsintegrasie binne die SANW as ‘n ondersteunende teoretiese anal ise. Die konseptuele raamwerk is geskep rakende geslagstransformasie en geslagshoofstroming in die militêr, en in besonder aangaande die SANW binne die konteks van Werkverskaffingsgelykheid. Ten einde ‘n objektiewe en ingeligte evaluering uit te voer, is die houdings en persepsies van Departement van Verdediging (DvV) militêre en siviele middelbestuurders en lae vlak bestuurders gemeet. Data is versamel van respondente tydens drie geleenthede van gefasiliteerde fokusgroep onderhoude en ‘n semi -geadministreerde vraelys. Die steekproef is geneem vanuit die Pretoria omgewing. Die bevindinge van die studie dui daarop dat die (DvV) se top-leierskap ondersteunend is aangaande geslagstransformasie deur die effektiewe uitvaardiging van transformasie beleide en die verbetering van verteenwordiging van vroue in besluitmakende strukture. Die militêre omgewing poog om ‘n omgewing te skep wat toeganklik is vir vroue deur die voorsiening van middele wat noodsaaklik is vir opleiding van vroue ten einde hul potensiaal te optimaliseer en hulle verder toegang te verleen tot alle gebiede insluitend gevegsgebiede.

Thesis (MScMedSc (Rehabilitation))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Many South African National Defence Force (SANDF) soldiers have suffered spinal cord injury either in the line of duty or otherwise. This injury affects all spheres of life (physical, emotional, social and psychological). Servicemen are often considered heroes of their country and are often the ones who need to set aside their emotions in order to fulfil their roles as soldiers. However, it is anticipated that a permanent impairment/disability e.g. SCI will have an impact on their quality of life (QOL) and satisfaction with living (SWL). This study aims to explore whether emotional support offered to soldiers with spinal cord injury (SCI) during rehabilitation improve their long-term QOL and SWL. Thirteen soldiers who have been re-employed post injury were asked to complete a selfcompiled, self-administered questionnaire regarding the emotional support offered during rehabilitation and the impact thereof on long-term QOL and SWL. The questionnaire focused on their ratings of the QOL and SWL in different areas of their lives and circumstances and asked what they would advise newly injured individuals regarding SCI and rehabilitation. Data was analysed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Pearson’s chi-square test and the M-L chi-square tests were used to analyse the data with the Statistica programme. A p-value of < 0.05 were calculated as statistically significant. Emotional support during rehabilitation showed a significant impact on QOL (p=0.0497). Ninety-two percent (n=12) of participants rated their QOL as good or excellent while 77% (n=10) rated their SWL as good. Participants who were older than 26 reported a significantly higher rate of SWL than younger ones (p=0.0292). Furthermore, results showed that the family was the most constant source of support during rehabilitation (54%, n=7). Despite that, 77% (n=10) of participants felt that they received excellent emotional support from the rehabilitation team. The study results are intended to facilitate growth and development in the rehabilitation process and guide professionals in the offering of emotional support.

Most people’s perceptions of the Second World War leave little room for static, attritional fighting; instead, free-flowing manoeuvre warfare, such as Blitzkrieg, is seen as the norm. In reality, however, much of the terrain fought over in 1939-45 was unsuitable for such a war and, as a result, bloody attritional battles and trench fighting were common. Thus ordinary infantrymen spent the majority of their time at the front burrowing underground for protection. Although these trenches were never as fixed or elaborate as those on the Western Front a generation earlier, the men who served in Italy, Normandy, Holland and Germany, nonetheless shared an experience remarkably similar to that of their predecessors in Flanders, Picardy, Champagne and Artois. This is an area which has been largely neglected by scholars. While the first war produced a mountain of books on the experience of trench warfare, the same cannot be said of the second war. This thesis will attempt to fill that gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of static warfare in the Second World War from the point of view of British infantry morale. It draws widely on contemporary letters and diaries, psychiatric and medical reports and official documentation – not to mention personal narratives and accounts published after the war – and will attempt to interpret these sources in light of modern research and organise them into a logical framework. Ultimately it is hoped that this will provide fresh insight into a relatively under-researched area of twentieth century history.