Este trabalho objetiva o estudo específico, teórico e numérico, da determinação dos diferentes modos de colapso, elásticos e elastoplásticos, de uma estrutura tubular sujeita a esforços: pressão externa, flexão e flexo-pressurização. Entre os mais importantes elementos estruturais básicos, analisaremos inicialmente o modelo de um anel comprimido por uma carga radial. Isso significa determinar as pressões de instabilidade, elástica e elastoplástica, e de colapso, com os correspondentes modos, para anéis com diferentes relações diâmetro-espessura, D/t , submetidos a uma série gradual de pressões externas. A Estabilidade estrutural é computada utilizando uma formulação variacional, com discretização por elementos finitos. O modelo material pressupõe comportamento elastoplástico, com pequenas deformações. A análise não linear envolve a aplicação de pressurização externa aos anéis, de forma incremental, para a obtenção da resposta, tomando em conta a falta de circularidade inicial dos mesmos. Casos específicos envolvendo anéis de paredes finas e grossas serão considerados. Será analisado depois o estudo da resposta e da estabilidade de tubos de metal de parede fina e relativamente grossa sob flexão e flexo-pressurização através do método dos elementos finitos. Durante as últimas décadas este problema tem muito sido estudado através de métodos analíticos e experimentais. A maioria das soluções, entretanto, referem-se ao comportamento destas estruturas sob condições elásticas. No entanto, uma experiência de um elemento tubular é um problema inerentemente não linear com flambagem ou colapso do cilindro tomando lugar. Ás vezes com localização. Confrontaremos no final principalmente os resultados numéricos com aqueles da literatura, Kyriakides et al (1987), (1991) e (1992). / This work looks first at the determination of instability pressures as well as elastoplastic collapse, with the corresponding modes of rings with different diameter/thickness ratios under incremental external pressure loading and . Structural stability is computed by a variational formulation with discretization by finite elements. Material modeling considers elastoplastic behaviour with small deformations. Non Linear analysis produces the response curves considering lack of initial out-of-roundness. .After the response and stability of long and relatively thick wall metal tubes under bending and combined bending and external pressure were studied through experimental and analytical methods during the last decades. Most of the solutions, however, refered to the behavior under elastic conditions. In these cases we used the Finite Element Method with several discretizations. Nonetheless these experiments of a tube element is an inherently nonlinear problem with cylinder buckling or collapse taking place. Sometimes with localization. At the end numerical results are mainly compared to experimental measurements of Kyriakides et al (1987), (1991) e (1992).

<div>Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing has gained significant advancement in recent years. However the potential of 3D printed metals still has not been fully explored. A main reason is the lack of accurate knowledge of the load capacity of 3D printed metals, such as fatigue behavior under cyclic load conditions, which is still poorly understood as compared with the conventional wrought counterpart.</div><div><br></div><div>The goal of the thesis is to advance the knowledge of fatigue behavior of 15-5 PH stainless steel manufactured through laser powder bed fusion process. To achieve the goal, a combined numerical and experimental study is carried out. First, using a rotary fatigue testing experiment, the fatigue life of the 15-5 PH stainless steel is measured. The strain life curve shows that the numbers of the reversals to failure increase from 13,403 to 46,760 as the applied strain magnitudes decrease from 0.214\% from 0.132\%, respectively. The micro-structure analysis shows that predominantly brittle fracture is presented on the fractured surface. Second, a finite element model based on cyclic plasticity including the damage model is developed to predict the fatigue life. The model is calibrated with two cases: one is the fatigue life of 3D printed 17-4 stainless steel under constant amplitude strain load using the direct cyclic method, and the other one is the cyclic behavior of Alloy 617 under multi-amplitude strain loads using the static analysis method. Both validation models show a good correlation with the literature experimental data. Finally, after the validation, the finite element model is applied to the 15-5 PH stainless steel. Using the direct cyclic method, the model predicts the fatigue life of 15-5 PH stainless steel under constant amplitude strain. The extension of the prediction curve matches well with the previously measured experimental results, following the combined Coffin-Manson Basquin Law. Under multi-amplitude strain, the kinematic hardening evolution parameter is incorporated into the model. The model is capable to capture the stresses at varied strain amplitudes. Higher stresses are predicted when strain amplitudes are increased. The model presented in the work can be used to design reliable 3D printed metals under cyclic loading conditions.</div>

The current assembly procedure to install a trunnion and hub into a bascule bridge girder involves cooling the trunnion in liquid nitrogen and shrink fitting it into the hub. The resulting trunnion-hub assembly is then allowed to warm to room temperature. Next, the trunnion-hub assembly is cooled in the liquid nitrogen and shrunk fit into the girder. The cooling of the trunnion does not cause any problems, however, when the trunnion-hub assembly is cooled in the liquid nitrogen, the hub experiences a large thermal shock. These thermal shocks induce large stresses into the hub, which has been known to cause it to crack. This study investigates an innovative assembly procedure to install the trunnion-hub assembly into a bascule bridge girder. To avoid cooling the trunnion-hub assembly, the girder was heated instead. Laboratory testing and finite element analysis were used to determine if the girder could reasonably be heated to install the trunnion-hub assembly. An experiment was conducted to analyze the heating process that will be used. A rectangular steel plate ( 60"x60x"0.75") was used to model the girder in the lab. Inductance-heating coils were used to heat the steel plate to 350°F. The heating process was recorded using a data acquisition system with thermocouples and strain gages. ANSYS was the finite element analysis (FEA) program that was used to model the heating process of the plate. The FEA results from ANSYS were compared with the experimental results. This confirmed the parameters of the finite element analysis were correct. Those parameters were then used to model a full-scale girder. The feasibility of heating the girder was determined from the finite element analysis results. It was determined that heating the girder with 2250 BTU over min for 90 minutes, was sufficient energy for the assembly procedure to work. The girder was heated to a maximum temperature of 350°F and a 0.015" clearance was created for the assembly of the trunnion-hub. The finite element analysis of the girder showed that the placement of the heating coils on the girder was critical. Therefore this innovative assembly procedure can easily be accomplished, however, each girder must first be analyzed to determine the optimal heating configuration.

The aim of this thesis is to provide microstructural and mechanical characterisation of α-β titanium alloys exposed to a range of thermo-mechanical conditions, in particular under-going high rate deformation at elevated temperatures, representative of the Linear Friction Welding (LFW) manufacturing process. Three α-β titanium alloys provided by Rolls-Royce are studied: Ti-64 blade, disc and Ti-6246 disc. Ti-64 and Ti-6246 show complex deformation behaviour with strain, strain rate and temperature, especially near the transus temperature, where the low temperature α phase is transformed into the high temperature β phase. The microstructure and mechanical properties evolve in an interconnected fashion, and understanding this mutual influence is necessary to better predict the behaviour of these alloys. Characterisation of the mechanical properties was performed through uniaxial compression tests at strain rates from 0.001 to 3000 s^-1, using an Instron screw-driven machine at quasi-static rates, a servo-hydraulic machine at medium rates and a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar and a drop-weight tower at high strain rates. The tests were performed over a range of temperatures from room temperature to 1300 °C. The main focus was on high strain rate and high temperature tests, with the development of a gravity driven direct impact Hopkinson bar, referred as a drop-weight system, which is intended to evaluate the mechanical response of metals to high strain rate loading at temperatures up to c. 1300 °C. The design and principles of operation of the system are presented, along with calibration and validation data. Preliminary tests were performed on stock Ti-64, heated at two rates: 1 and 20 °C s^-1. The evolution of the mechanical properties was analysed, focussing on the strain rate, temperature and phases dependencies. Characterisation of the microstructure was realised by performing interrupted compression tests, first at room temperature, three plastic strains, 4%, 10% and 20%, and two different strain rates, 0.001 and 2000 s^-1; then at 4% plastic strain, a strain rate of 2000 s^-1 and three elevated temperatures, 700, 900 and 1100 °C. A better understanding of the microstructure evolution with strain, strain rates and temperature, including the macrotexture and microtexture of the specimens, was obtained using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) to characterise the texture of the undeformed and deformed materials. The better understanding of the flow stress and microstructural evolution of both Ti-64 and its individual α and β phases with various strain rates and temperatures is intended to be used in the development of more accurate models representing the behaviour of these alloys. Predicting the microstructure evolution and then the mechanical properties of a material is essential to optimise the final mechanical properties of the alloys when welded by manufacturing processes such as the LFW process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borges_as_me_ilha.pdf: 1848055 bytes, checksum: baddb0e3ae6ff7e75ac2a367efd5a7a3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho propõe o estudo e implementação de uma metodologia para a estimação dos parâmetros modais de estruturas utilizando uma técnica de identificação baseada apenas na resposta do modelo, denominada Decomposição no Domínio da Freqüência (DDF). Para tal são abordados os conceitos básicos envolvidos na análise modal, análise modal baseada apenas na resposta e métodos de identificação. A formulação do algoritmo é baseada na decomposição da matriz densidade espectral de potência utilizando a técnica da decomposição em valores singulares (SVD). A decomposição da matriz densidade espectral nas linhas de freqüências correspondentes aos picos de amplitude, permite a estimativa dos modos de vibrar do sistema. Tem-se ainda que, o primeiro vetor singular obtido com a decomposição da matriz densidade espectral, para cada linha de freqüência, na região em torno do modo, contém as respectivas informações daquele modo e o correspondente valor singular leva a uma estimativa da função densidade espectral de um sistema de um grau de liberdade (1GL) equivalente. Neste caso, a matriz densidade espectral de saída é decomposta em um conjunto de sistemas de 1 grau de liberdade. Posteriormente, esses dados são transformados para o domínio do tempo, utilizando a transformada inversa de Fourier, e as razões de amortecimento são estimadas utilizando o conceito de decremento logaritmo. A metodologia é avaliada, numa primeira etapa, utilizando dados simulados e posteriormente utilizando dados experimentais. / The present work proposes the study and implementation of a methodology for the estimating of the modal parameters of structures by using the output-only data. The technique called Frequency Domain Decomposition (DDF) identifies the modal parameters without knowing the input. For that, it is discussed the basic concepts involved in identification, modal analysis and output-only modal analysis. The formulation of the algorithm is based on the decomposition of the power spectral density matrix by using the singular values decomposition technique (SVD). The decomposition of the spectral density matrix for the lines of frequency corresponding to the amplitude peaks, allows the estimating of the modes shape of the system. Additionally, the first singular vector obtained with the decomposition of the spectral density matrix, for each line of frequency, in the area around of the peak, contains the respective information of that mode. The corresponding singular value leads to an estimating of the spectral density function of an equivalent system of one degree of freedom. Therefore, the output spectral density matrix is decomposed in a set of one degree of freedom system. Later on, those data are transformed for the time domain by using the inverse Fourier transform and the damping ratios estimated from the crossing times and the logarithm decrement of the corresponding single degree of freedom system correlation function. The methodology is evaluated using simulated and experimental data.

Este trabalho objetiva o estudo específico, teórico e numérico, da determinação dos diferentes modos de colapso, elásticos e elastoplásticos, de uma estrutura tubular sujeita a esforços: pressão externa, flexão e flexo-pressurização. Entre os mais importantes elementos estruturais básicos, analisaremos inicialmente o modelo de um anel comprimido por uma carga radial. Isso significa determinar as pressões de instabilidade, elástica e elastoplástica, e de colapso, com os correspondentes modos, para anéis com diferentes relações diâmetro-espessura, D/t , submetidos a uma série gradual de pressões externas. A Estabilidade estrutural é computada utilizando uma formulação variacional, com discretização por elementos finitos. O modelo material pressupõe comportamento elastoplástico, com pequenas deformações. A análise não linear envolve a aplicação de pressurização externa aos anéis, de forma incremental, para a obtenção da resposta, tomando em conta a falta de circularidade inicial dos mesmos. Casos específicos envolvendo anéis de paredes finas e grossas serão considerados. Será analisado depois o estudo da resposta e da estabilidade de tubos de metal de parede fina e relativamente grossa sob flexão e flexo-pressurização através do método dos elementos finitos. Durante as últimas décadas este problema tem muito sido estudado através de métodos analíticos e experimentais. A maioria das soluções, entretanto, referem-se ao comportamento destas estruturas sob condições elásticas. No entanto, uma experiência de um elemento tubular é um problema inerentemente não linear com flambagem ou colapso do cilindro tomando lugar. Ás vezes com localização. Confrontaremos no final principalmente os resultados numéricos com aqueles da literatura, Kyriakides et al (1987), (1991) e (1992). / This work looks first at the determination of instability pressures as well as elastoplastic collapse, with the corresponding modes of rings with different diameter/thickness ratios under incremental external pressure loading and . Structural stability is computed by a variational formulation with discretization by finite elements. Material modeling considers elastoplastic behaviour with small deformations. Non Linear analysis produces the response curves considering lack of initial out-of-roundness. .After the response and stability of long and relatively thick wall metal tubes under bending and combined bending and external pressure were studied through experimental and analytical methods during the last decades. Most of the solutions, however, refered to the behavior under elastic conditions. In these cases we used the Finite Element Method with several discretizations. Nonetheless these experiments of a tube element is an inherently nonlinear problem with cylinder buckling or collapse taking place. Sometimes with localization. At the end numerical results are mainly compared to experimental measurements of Kyriakides et al (1987), (1991) e (1992).

Orientador: José Mario De Martino / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_RodrigoMologniGoncalvesdos_M.pdf: 13617752 bytes, checksum: 7a0f3cc2f97bbc5f0bb170014d19861b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, o estudo dos fenômenos de propagação de ondas mecânicas e de suas conseqüências tem recebido crescente atenção de grupos de pesquisa de variados ramos da engenharia, sobretudo daqueles dedicados ao desenvolvimento de métodos computacionais para resolução de problemas complexos na área da Mecânica dos Meios Contínuos (MMC). Os métodos computacionais desenvolvidos por estes grupos geralmente são constituídos de modelagem matemática e simulação computacional de problemas físicos, que substituem a necessidade do uso de protótipos ou infraestrutura de laboratórios, mas que em contrapartida produzem uma volumosa quantidade de dados numéricos que pode dificultar ou inviabilizar uma análise mais eficiente dos resultados sem o suporte de técnicas específicas para o mapeamento destes dados em representações visuais. Esta dissertação apresenta um trabalho científico-tecnológico na área de Visualização Científica, cujas técnicas foram empregadas em MMC para a visualização dos fenômenos de propagação de ondas mecânicas, especificamente em meios materiais sólidos. Os objetivos principais do trabalho foram possibilitar que os especialistas pudessem validar mais rapidamente os seus métodos computacionais voltados ao estudo dos fenômenos de propagação de ondas mecânicas e, principalmente, que eles pudessem entender com mais facilidade os resultados gerados pela simulação computacional, ampliando assim a eficiência da análise de problemas complexos. Os estudos de casos realizados e apresentados no trabalho permitem afirmar que estes objetivos foram alcançados e os resultados foram satisfatórios. As principais contribuições deste trabalho são: identificação de um conjunto de informações derivadas dos dados brutos gerados pela simulação computacional que podem ser empregados para análise dos fenômenos de propagação de ondas mecânicas; metodologias e respectivas formulações matemáticas para cálculo destas informações; desenvolvimento de um protótipo de ambiente de visualização dos dados que descrevem o comportamento das ondas mecânicas; e estudo e definição de diretrizes de como as técnicas de visualização de dados escalares e vetoriais podem ser aplicadas para favorecer a análise das informações disponíveis. É importante observar que o trabalho é limitado à visualização de ondas mecânicas bi ou tridimensionais geradas sobre grades de dimensão bidimensional / Abstract: In recent decades, the study of the mechanical wave propagation phenomena and their consequences has been receiving increasing attention from research groups in engineering, principally those dedicated to the development of computational methods for solving complex problems in the area of Continuum Mechanics (CM). The computational methods developed by these groups usually consist of mathematical modeling and computer simulation of physical problems, which replace the need for prototypes or laboratory infrastructure. But in opposition, produces a large amount of numerical data that can hinder a more efficient analysis of the results without the support of specific techniques for mapping these data into visual representations. This master's dissertation presents a scientific-technological work in the area of Scientific Visualization, whose techniques were applied in the area of CM for visualization of the mechanical wave propagation phenomena, specifically in solid material media. The main objectives of the work were to allow MCM experts to validate more quickly their computational methods for the study of the mechanical wave propagation phenomena and, especially, that they could more easily understand the results generated by computer simulation, increasing the efficiency of analysis of complex problems. The case studies analyzed and presented in the dissertation allow to state that these objectives were attained and the results were satisfactory. The main contributions of the work are: identification of a set of implicit information, derived from raw data generated by computer simulation, that can be used to analyze the mechanical wave propagation phenomena; methodologies and their mathematical formulations to calculate these information; development of a visualization environment prototype of the data that describe the behavior of mechanical waves; and study and guideline definition of how to apply the visualization techniques of scalar and vector data for expand the analysis the available information. It is important to mention that the work is limited to visualization of two or three-dimensional mechanical waves generated on two-dimensional grids / Mestrado / Engenharia de Computação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

The development of adaptive finite element procedures for the solution of geometrically and physically nonlinear problems in structural mechanics is very important for the augmentation of the efficiency of FE-codes. In this contribution methods of mesh refinement as well as mesh coarsening are presented for a material model considering finite elasto-plastic deformations. For newly generated elements stresses, strains and internal variables have to be calculated. This implies the determination of the nodal values as well as the Gaussian point values of the new elements based on the transfer of data from the former mesh. Analogously, the coarsening of less important elements necessitates the determination of these values for the newly created father elements.

The boundary value problems (BVPs) of geomechanics are challenging due to the complexity in modeling soil behavior and difficulties in modeling large deformations. While traditional numerical schemes have struggled in realistically simulating geomechanical BVPs, new numerical methods –such as the material point method (MPM)–are increasingly being used to tackle these problems. However, algorithms in MPM have not yet been sufficiently developed, scrutinized, and validated. This thesis focuses on the development, verification, and validation of MPM for use in geomechanical BVPs. In particular, the thesis focuses on simulation of cone penetration tests in both controlled environments and in field conditions.<div><br></div><div>To efficiently simulate cone penetration, a silent boundary scheme, known as a cone boundary, was proposed in the generalized interpolation material point method (GIMP), a variant of MPM. The implementation of the cone boundary in GIMP was discussed, and the boundaries were validated by comparison against several benchmark problems. The cone boundaries were shown to be suitable in transmitting energy at the boundary. In addition, the implementation of traction boundaries in GIMP was analyzed. In GIMP, traction boundaries may be implemented either at the centroid of the material point, or at the edge of the material point domain. It was shown that the implementation of traction boundaries at the edge of the domain led to stress oscillations near the boundary, which were minimized when the traction boundaries were implemented at the edge of the domain.<br></div><div><br></div><div>During cone penetration, the soil near the cone-soil interface is pushed to large strains. At large strains, soils reach critical state, a state in which the soil shears at constant volume. Simulation of incompressible materials using low-order shape functions commonly used in GIMP leads to stiffer solutions and stress oscillations. To mitigate the constraints imposed by incompressibility, the non-linear B-bar method was implemented in GIMP. The modifications required for the implementation of the B-bar method in GIMP were discussed, and the efficacy of the method in mitigating incompressibility was demonstrated by analyzing several benchmark problems.<br></div><div><br></div><div>To simulate cone penetration in saturated soil, a coupled formulation was proposed in GIMP.A single material point was used to represent both the soil matrix and water. The governing equations were solved using an explicit scheme with the velocity of the soil matrix and the velocity of water as the primary variables. The formulation was validated through problems for which analytical or numerical solutions are available.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Finally, cone penetration analyses were performed both in dry sand and saturated clays. Two bounding surface models –one for sand and one for clay –were used for accurately capturing the soil response. Cone penetration tests were performed on Ottawa 20-30 sand under a variety of loading conditions at a large calibration chamber. The penetration resistances were measured, and the displacement fields were captured using the digital image correlation technique(DIC). The cone penetration resistances predicted by MPM were within 25% of the measured values, and the displacement fields computed using MPM were similar to those captured using DIC. For saturated clays, cone penetration test results reported in the literature for a Boston Blue Clay (BBC) test site were used. The simulated cone resistance of 650 kPa lied within the CPT resistance range of 580-730 kPa reported in the field. The results demonstrate the capability of MPM in simulating cone penetration in both sands and clays provided that sufficiently accurate algorithms and advanced constitutive models capable of reproducing realistic soil behavior are used in the analyses.<br></div>

<p>Biorefineries which seek to convert biomass into ethanol face many different challenges, and among them, mechanical failure of equipment is common. Unfortunately, the resulting downtime can significantly reduce the profitability and the viability of bioethanol plants. One important piece of mechanical equipment in this setting is the compression screw feeder, which is used both to convey and compress biomass into pressurized chemical reactors. However, due to the variability of feedstock properties, this feeding operation is challenging. An analytical model for predicting the operational steady-state torque of a compression screw feeder can assist the identification of optimal processing conditions, as well as predict and prevent equipment failure.<br></p> <p>Since these models have not yet been proposed, this thesis restricts attention to milled corn stover and investigates the application of the discrete element method (DEM) and analytical techniques to develop predictive models for the stresses and torques developed inside a compression screw feeder. Specifically, DEM simulations are used to identify and study the stresses within the different sections of a representative compression screw feeder for three backpressures, three screw pitches, and three internal friction angles. Using these numerical results, a suite of analytical models is then developed to predict the operational torque required to drive the screw feeder. In this thesis, the DEM results are also used in lieu of experimental data to provide a point of comparison for the models.</p> <p>The analytical models predict stresses on the correct order of magnitude and are not prohibitively sensitive to input properties, but the operational steady-state torque is overpredicted by the model in all cases. The mispredictions of the model are likely due to the assumption of constant material properties along the densification process, and the assumption of hydrostatic conditions throughout the compression screw feeder (especially near the boundaries). Despite these limiting assumptions, the proposed procedure for calculating the torque provides a first-order estimate of the required screw torque, demonstrates the sensitivity of the screw feeder to different inputs, and outlines the necessary steps to improve the model. The DEM simulations proved an invaluable tool in analyzing the behavior of bulk material within a compression screw feeder, but more experiments and simulations (possibly using the finite element method) are needed to further understand the biomass feeding operation.</p>