<p>Syfte och frågeställningar</p><p>Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det föreligger en signifikant skillnad i energiutgift vid spelande på den nya generationens spelkonsol, Nintendo Wii (Wii), jämfört med en traditionell spelkonsol, Sony Playstation 2 (PS2). De frågeställningar studien utgick ifrån var;</p><p>Föreligger det, konsolerna emellan, en skillnad avseende energiutgift vid spelande?</p><p>Hur skulle en eventuell skillnad i energiutgift kunna påverka en användares kroppsvikt?</p><p>Vilka andra fysiska aktiviteter kan tv-spelande jämföras med, avseende energiutgift?</p><p>Metod</p><p>Testpersonerna, 13 män och 5 kvinnor, testades med avseende på O2-förbrukning samt CO2-produktion på två spel per konsol. Spelen som testades var ”Wii Tennis”, ”Next Generation Tennis” (PS2), ”Wii Boxing” samt ”Knockout Kings 2002” (PS2). Utandningsluften samlades in kontinuerligt under spel enligt Douglas Bag-metodik. Varannan försöksperson utförde testen i omvänd ordning för att undvika systematiska effekter av testordning.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Medelskillnaden i energiutgift vid spelande av tennis på Wii jämfört med PS2 beräknades till 1,85 kcal/min (95 % CI: 1,43–2,27). Vid boxning var medelskillnaden mellan Wii och PS2 3,93 kcal/min (95 % CI: 3,27–4,60). Medelskillnaden i hjärtfrekvens vid spelande av tennis på Wii jämfört med PS2 mättes till 20,56 slag/min (95 % CI: 14,90–26,21). Vid boxning var medelskillnaden mellan Wii och PS2 37,83 slag/min (95 % CI: 28,81–46,85). Energiutgiften vid boxning på Wii kan jämföras med den vid rask promenad eller lätt jogging. Beroende på vilket spel som väljs att spela tyder resultaten på att regelbunden användning av Wii skulle kunna bidra till bibehållande av kroppsvikt detta förutsatt att spelande ersätter en annars mindre energikrävande aktivitet eller sysselsättning såsom traditionellt TV-spelande eller stillasittande.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Slutsatsen av våra resultat är att det föreligger en skillnad i energiutgift vid spel av liknande art på Nintendo Wii och Sony Playstation 2. Det är även tydligt att beroende på vilket spel som väljs till konsolen varierar energiutgiften. Det går heller inte att utesluta att regelbundet spelande skulle kunna leda till en viktreducering som följd av en förhöjd energiförbrukning hos användaren.</p>

This study intends to elucidate which view customers has about Sony Ericsson as a trademark compared with it’s biggest competitors and how the company can expand and create added value around its products. The aim with this essay is to study and to analyze Sony Ericsson’s creation of value and to increase understanding about strategy development. We have chosen to do this study on the basis of customer perspectives. We have used existing theories that treat matters: added value, marketingmix and trademark image. In consideration of these we have tried to form our own theoretical model from existing theories. We have afterwards tested this model on empirics, that is based on a customer survey in Russia, which concerns customers’ view about biggest trademarks on the mobile market and above all Sony Ericsson. In our survey we have come to the conclusion that customers consider Sony Ericsson as a company that gives a satisfying added value. Nokia has succeeded better to create an added value on it’s products and is considered by customers to be the most sought-after. Our survey shows that design can have the crucial role for creation of value. In order to better satisfy the customers' needs and wishes on markets the companies must adapt their products and create added value through good product strategies, correct marketing measures and satisfying service. This increases the strength of trademark's image and gives better basis for creation of added value.

The local language production strategy (LLP) emerged in the early 1990s and developed into a key practice for major media corporations operating in Latin America, Europe, and Asia. This dissertation analyzes where Sony’s international production strategies intersect transformations in the Brazilian and Spanish film industries during the mid-1990s to 2010. The LLP strategy, widely perceived as a corporate product of globalization and market power of Sony, is simultaneously viewed as a culturally specific media product intended for local Portuguese or Spanish-language audiences using national tax incentive policies and talent. This project provides a multi-layered history of Sony’s trans/national practices, Latin American and European regional industries, Brazilian and Spanish national policies and conditions, and the creative agency and power of local film production companies. Adapted from Timothy Havens, Amanda D. Lotz, and Serra Tinic’s critical media industry studies approach and Paul du Gay’s “circuit of culture,” I conducted archival research and on-site field interviews in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Madrid, and Brussels with local producers, distributors, policymakers, lobbyists, and Sony executives. The study is grounded equally in box office data, co-production financing specifics, and cultural policy as well as first-hand accounts and industry discourse. Instead of labeling the LLP another all-powerful strategy of Global Hollywood, I explore the everyday practices, power relations, and complex negotiations involved in local and national agents working alongside large transnational media company to produce commercial films like Chico Xavier (2010) or Salir Pitando (2007). Sony’s local operations have to balance the global corporate strategy and logic with changing local conditions, policies, practices, technologies, and partnerships. Each location study illustrates a unique strategy and situation ranging from the quasi-autonomous operation in São Paulo to the short-lived, highly micro-managed Sony European operation in based in Madrid. I challenge traditional theoretical and industrial understandings of national cinema, media imperialism, media convergence, and the classification of Sony Pictures Entertainment as solely an American or Japanese company. What results is a close institutional analysis exploring issues such as what defines “local” media industries, the flexibility of the nation, and the position of transnational media companies outside the U.S. / text

This thesis is an in-depth analysis of <i>La Vie et demie</i>, the first novel of the Congolese writer Sony Labou Tansi, which I consider as a foundational text to the five novels he wrote subsequently.  The novel concerns an imaginary and chaotic country called Katamalanasie which is ruled by the Guide Proventiel, a cruel and sadistic dictator, followed in time by a string of equally barbaric and ruthless tyrants. The thesis explores in close detail the novel’s underlying themes, discusses the literary or mode it belongs to, and maps out the possible effects it has on the reader. My analysis has as its theoretical focus the violence, the ambiguity and the uncanny which characterize three important episodes. Following Christopher L. Miller’s recommendation, that a better understanding by a Western reader of a text emanating from, and embedded in, Africa should involve a dialogic reading of other texts, the thesis is structured as a dialogue between a range of theorists in the fields of the fields of philosophy, sociology, anthropology, psychoanalysis, and literary theory.  This thematic exploration leads me to identify one overarching theme, namely the precariousness of the state of culture and the dangers of the state of nature.  The literary aspects of this analysis shows that the highly ambiguous nature of the novel forces the reader to question and relativize his or her approach to any African writer whose work is set within an African context. And in a concluding stage to my thesis, I show how the effects of the violence, the ambiguity and the uncanny eventually give way to abjection, causing the reader to experience him or herself the dangers that the breakdown of the state of culture by barbarism represents.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om det föreligger en signifikant skillnad i energiutgift vid spelande på den nya generationens spelkonsol, Nintendo Wii (Wii), jämfört med en traditionell spelkonsol, Sony Playstation 2 (PS2). De frågeställningar studien utgick ifrån var; Föreligger det, konsolerna emellan, en skillnad avseende energiutgift vid spelande? Hur skulle en eventuell skillnad i energiutgift kunna påverka en användares kroppsvikt? Vilka andra fysiska aktiviteter kan tv-spelande jämföras med, avseende energiutgift? Metod Testpersonerna, 13 män och 5 kvinnor, testades med avseende på O2-förbrukning samt CO2-produktion på två spel per konsol. Spelen som testades var ”Wii Tennis”, ”Next Generation Tennis” (PS2), ”Wii Boxing” samt ”Knockout Kings 2002” (PS2). Utandningsluften samlades in kontinuerligt under spel enligt Douglas Bag-metodik. Varannan försöksperson utförde testen i omvänd ordning för att undvika systematiska effekter av testordning. Resultat Medelskillnaden i energiutgift vid spelande av tennis på Wii jämfört med PS2 beräknades till 1,85 kcal/min (95 % CI: 1,43–2,27). Vid boxning var medelskillnaden mellan Wii och PS2 3,93 kcal/min (95 % CI: 3,27–4,60). Medelskillnaden i hjärtfrekvens vid spelande av tennis på Wii jämfört med PS2 mättes till 20,56 slag/min (95 % CI: 14,90–26,21). Vid boxning var medelskillnaden mellan Wii och PS2 37,83 slag/min (95 % CI: 28,81–46,85). Energiutgiften vid boxning på Wii kan jämföras med den vid rask promenad eller lätt jogging. Beroende på vilket spel som väljs att spela tyder resultaten på att regelbunden användning av Wii skulle kunna bidra till bibehållande av kroppsvikt detta förutsatt att spelande ersätter en annars mindre energikrävande aktivitet eller sysselsättning såsom traditionellt TV-spelande eller stillasittande. Slutsats Slutsatsen av våra resultat är att det föreligger en skillnad i energiutgift vid spel av liknande art på Nintendo Wii och Sony Playstation 2. Det är även tydligt att beroende på vilket spel som väljs till konsolen varierar energiutgiften. Det går heller inte att utesluta att regelbundet spelande skulle kunna leda till en viktreducering som följd av en förhöjd energiförbrukning hos användaren.

Le développement des études postcoloniales a offert une grille de lecture nouvelle pour penser la production littéraire des pays qui ont enduré la domination coloniale. Dans ce contexte, le roman africain a subi plusieurs modifications et a connu de nouvelles expériences poétiques après les indépendances. Nous avons choisi d’analyser six œuvres notoires venues de trois inspirations littéraires nationales distinctes pour porter un regard comparatiste sur les différents types de violence que nous pouvons retrouver dans ces romans. Malgré une histoire coloniale et postcoloniale différente dans chaque pays, nous verrons que les motifs liés à la violence se répètent. Nous avons étudié le produit de l’expérience de la violence sur les plans structurel et narratif dans l’œuvre de Mia Couto, Sony Labou Tansi et J.M. Coetzee. Sur le plan narratif d’une part, l’abus de pouvoir, la construction de stéreotypes, l’oppression et l’orphelinat montrent la fertilité de cette littérature qui vise à déstabiliser l’ordre établi et à offrir une nouvelle version des faits. Sur le plan structurel d’autre part, l’humour ou les créations langagières révèlent l’envie de traduire et d’hybridiser les cultures. / The development of postcolonial studies has provided a new interpretative framework in which to think about the literary production of countries that have undergone colonialism. In this context, the African novel has been transformed and new poetic elements have appeared after independence. I have chosen to analyze six novels from three distinct national literary inspirations to carry a comparative analysis comparing different types of violence. Despite the differences found between the colonization and independence processes, I noticed that the issues related to violence are often repeated. My aim has been to study the experience of violence through Mia Couto’s, Sony Labou Tansi’s and JM Coetzee’s narrative work, examining for instance, the abuse of power, the construction of stereotypes, oppression and the utilization of orphanages to show the richness of this literature that aims at unsettling the established order and offering a new version of past events; and also on the structural level, humor or linguistic creations reveal the desire to translate and hybridize cultures.

[pt] A gestão da cadeia de suprimentos (Supply Chain Management - SCM) vem sendo introduzida com o intuito de gerar vantagens competitivas através de uma redução de custos ao longo da cadeia e de um aumento no nível de serviço prestado aos clientes. A tecnologia de informação é um viabilizador para o sucesso da SCM, onde os sistemas (ou aplicativos, ou softwares) têm um papel muito importante. A presente dissertação tem como objetivos propor um modelo de referência que incorpore os principais sistemas de informação (SI) integrados utilizados para SCM e aplicá-lo de forma a analisar os principais macro-processos de negócio de uma empresa de eletroeletrônicos na forma de um estudo de caso sob a perspectiva da distribuição e vendas. Esta análise é feita em conjunto ao mapeamento dos macro-processos de negócios da empresa. A empresa escolhida foi a divisão da Sony Electronics que atua no Brasil como Sony Brasil Indústria e Comércio Ltda, que nesta dissertação é chamada de Sony Brasil. O estudo de caso contou também com dois operadores logísticos e com um grande varejista que fazem parte da cadeia de suprimentos da Sony Brasil. A metodologia científica incluiu: uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura referente ao tema; diversas entrevistas estruturadas e não estruturadas; observações diretas e visitas in loco em diversas instalações pertencentes à cadeia analisada. Esta dissertação é concluída com uma análise crítica da SCM da Sony Brasil sob a perspectiva dos sistemas de informação voltados para as atividades de distribuição e vendas. / [en] Supply Chain Management (SCM) - has been introduced aiming to create competitive advantages through cost reduction alongside the chain and of an increase of service rendered to clients. IT (Information Technology) makes feasible the SCM success, where the systems (or application or softwares) play a very important role. The current dissertation has as objectives to propose a reference pattern which incorporates the main integrated information systems utilized for SCM and employ it in order to form, map and analyse the main macro business processes of an electro-electronical company in the form of a case study, under distribution and sales perspective. This analysis is conducted together with the mapping of the macro business processes of the company. The chosen company was Sony Electronics division, which acts in Brazil as Sony Indústria e Comércio Ltda that in the dissertation is called Sony Brazil. The case study also counted on with two logistic operators and with a big retailer which are both part of Sony Brazil supply chain. The scientific methodology included: bibliographic review of literature relating to the theme; several structured and non-structured interviews and direct observations; and in loco visits, in several facilities belonging to the analysed chain. This dissertation is completed with a critical analysis of Sony Brazil SCM, under the information systems perspective backed to distribution and sales activities.

Le but de cette thèse a été d’étudier le rôle du mythe dans la littérature africaine en se focalisant sur La Vie et demie et L’État honteux de Sony Labou Tansi et En attendant le Vote des bêtes sauvages d’Ahmadou Kourouma, en les abordant à partir de la théorie postcoloniale. Les paroles des anciens sont analysées pour mettre en avant une écriture novatrice qui puise sa source dans l’oralité africaine. Puis un panorama de l’écriture de plusieurs auteurs africains permet d’établir la présence du mythe dans cette littérature. Vient ensuite la façon dont ces deux écrivains utilisent le mythe afin de critiquer le pouvoir politique dictatorial sur le continent africain. Il s’agit alors d’une approche comparative des deux romans de Sony Labou Tansi et de celui d’Ahmadou Kourouma, tous trois marqués par la même volonté de démontrer l’échec paradoxal des dirigeants politiques de l’Afrique postcoloniale. La conclusion qui en découle est l’émergence d’une lecture nouvelle des œuvres de Sony Labou Tansi et d’Ahmadou Kourouma où l’écriture et l’oralité fusionnent pour donner naissance à de nouveaux mythes. / Abstract : The purpose of this thesis is to study the role of myth in African literature in two novels by Sony Labou Tansi and one by Ahmadou Kourouma. Here, one suggests reading these texts by resorting to the postcolonial theory. There, the words of the men of old are analyzed, since they lead to a new writing based on orality. The literary works of certain African authors with enough proof of the presence of myth in such literature are then displayed, as well as the way the two writers introduce the myth with the purpose of criticizing dictatorial political powers in the continent of Africa. It is a comparative study of the works of Sony Labou Tansi and Ahmadou Kourouma, which are marked by the same purpose of writing, which tends to establish the paradox of failure of political leaders in postcolonial Africa. There is therefore a new reading of the works of Sony Labou Tansi and Ahmadou Kourouma where written and oral works have merged to produce new myths.

The 2014 cyber attack on Sony Pictures Entertainment is an example of a disruptive event where a nation state utilized cyber tools in order to coerce a target into changing their course of action. Cyber attacks, something that might be perceived as a looming futuristic threat, became reality for Sony and its employees under the course of a few months in late 2014. The coercer’s attempt to change the behavior of the company eventually failed and North Korea who was attributed as coercer was imposed with new sanctions. This paper takes on the task of evaluating the Sony case against both the traditional theory of coercion and specific factors of cyber coercion in order to determine how the failure can be explained. The findings implicate that the failure can be explained by the traditional theory but needs to be complemented with the specifics of cyber coercion due to the difficulties in assessing the credibility of cyber attacks. Further studies are advised in the area of cyber coercion and a comparative approach would do particularly well in assessing causal explanations in a more comprehensive way.

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