O café é uma planta de crescimento contínuo. A cada novo ciclo vegetativo novos órgãos são formados e completa o crescimento dos órgãos existentes. As folhas presentes nos nós com frutos são fontes de fotoassimilados e de parte de nutrientes, por meio da redistribuição, durante a frutificação. A redistribuição é influenciada por vários fatores, entre os quais a carga de frutos e o estádio fenológico, a qual é incorretamente avaliada pela variação da concentração de nutriente no 3° e/ou 4° pares de folhas de café. Esse processo deve ser avaliado nas folhas maduras (folhas velhas) associadas aos nós com frutos, pois são as folhas fontes. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar duas metodologias para quantificar a redistribuição, identificar a fase da frutificação que o processo é significativo e, ainda, se a carga de frutos interfere na redistribuição. O trabalho foi realizado na fazenda São João, em Presidente Olegário - MG. Foram simuladas quatro cargas de frutos (0%, 30%, 60% e 100%) entre fases fenológicas: chumbinho (CH) - expansão (EX), expansão (EX) - granação (GR), granação (GR) - maturação (MT) e chumbinho (CH) - maturação (MT). A redistribuição dos nutrientes (N, P, K, Mg e Zn) foi calculado com base na metodologia de Maillard e Zhao. As maiores redistribuições de N, P, K, Mg e Zn para a metodologia de Maillard et al. (2015) ocorreram entre as fases GR-MT; enquanto para a metodologia de Zhao et al. (2014) a maior redistribuição de N se deu entre as fases GR-MT, K, Mg e Zn entre as fases CH-EX e de P entre EX- GR. Para carga de frutos, a maior redistribuição de N, P, K, Mg ocorreu na ausência de frutos e Zn com 100% dos frutos presentes (metodologia Maillard ), enquanto para a metodologia de Zhao a redistribuição de N e K foi maior na presença de 100% dos frutos; P e Mg na carga de 60% de frutos e Zn quando havia 30% de frutos nas plantas. As cargas pendentes de frutos e as fases de frutificação influenciaram na redistribuição dos nutrientes. O nutriente mais redistribuído foi o K e a maior fase de redistribuição ocorreu entre o período de granação e maturação. Das metodologias avaliadas no ensaio, recomenda-se o uso da metodologia de Maillard. / Coffee is a plant of continuous growth. With each new vegetative cycle new organs are formed and complete the growth of existing organs The leaves present in the nodes with fruits are sources of photoassimilates and part of nutrients, through the redistribution, during the fruiting. Redistribution is influenced by several factors, including fruit load and phenological stage, which is incorrectly assessed by the variation of nutrient concentration in the 3rd and / or 4th pairs of coffee leaves. This process must be evaluated in the mature leaves (old leaves) associated to the nodes with fruits, since they are the source leaves. This research was carried out with the objective of evaluating two methodologies to quantify the redistribution, to identify the fruiting phase that the process is significant and also, if the fruit load interferes with the redistribution. The work was carried out at Fazenda São João, in Presidente Olegário - MG. Four fruit loads (0%, 30%, 60% and 100%) were simulated between phenological phases: small green (CH) - expansion (EX), expansion (EX) - seed- filling (GR), seed-filling (GR) - maturation (MT) and small green (CH) - maturation (MT). Redistribution of nutrients (N, P, K, Mg and Zn) was calculated based on the methodology of Maillard and Zhao. The largest redistributions of N, P, K, Mg and Zn for the methodology of Maillard occurred between the GR-MT phases; while for the methodology of Zhao the greatest N redistribution occurred between the GR-MT, K, Mg and Zn phases between the CH-EX and P phases between EX-GR. For the fruit load, the highest redistribution of N, P and Mg occurred in the absence of fruits and Zn with 100% of the fruits present (Maillard), while for the methodology of Zhao the redistribution of N and K was greater in the presence of 100% of the fruits; P and Mg at 60% fruit load and Zn when there were 30% fruits in the plants. Pending fruit loads and fruiting phases influenced nutrient redistribution. The most redistributed nutrient was K and the largest redistribution phase occurred between the period of granation and maturation. Of the methodologies evaluated in the essay, the use of Maillard\'s methodology is recommended.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Botany, 2006. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 demetrio_cs_me_jabo.pdf: 252291 bytes, checksum: 1265f694678a98b45a4678fbf67cb7f0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de espaçamentos entre as linhas e densidades populacionais, em dois híbridos de milho, no desempenho agronômico da cultura com ênfase nos componentes de produção, produtividade e composição glicídica dos grãos. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2006/2007, em condições de campo, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico, textura argilosa, A moderado, a 21°15’22”de latitude sul e longitude 48°18’58” WGr, em Jaboticabal – SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, compostos por 24 tratamentos, constituídos pela combinação de três espaçamentos entre as linhas (40, 60 e 80 cm) nas parcelas, dois híbridos (30K73 e 30F80) nas subparcelas, e quatro densidades populacionais (30, 50, 70 e 90 mil plantas ha-1) nas sub-subparcelas, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: estatura de plantas, altura da 1ª espiga, n.º espigas por planta, diâmetro de colmo, acamamento e quebramento de plantas, n.º de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de mil grãos, produtividade de grãos e índice de colheita. Foram feitas análises químicas do grão para determinação do teor de sacarose, açucares redutores e amido. Verificou-se que a produtividade do milho aumentou com a redução do espaçamento entre as linhas de 80 para 40 cm, que o melhor arranjo de plantas, para os híbridos 30K73 e 30F80, nas condições de edafoclimáticas de Jaboticabal, é composto pela combinação de 40 cm de espaçamento entre as linhas e 75 e 80 mil plantas ha-1 de densidade populacional, respectivamente. Modificando o arranjo espacial de plantas de milho, a composição final de glicídios no grão não é alterada. / The present work had the objective of evaluating the influence of row spacing and population densities, in two corn hybrids, on the agronomic performance of the culture with enface on production components and productivity. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural year of 2006/2007, under field conditions, in a Typical Haplustox , clay texture, at 21°15’22” South latitude and longitude 48°18’58” W, at Jaboticabal – SP, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, in split split-plot scheme with 24 treatments, where the plots were composed by three row spacing (40, 60 e 80 cm), the split-plots by two contrastive hybrids (30K73 ND 30F80) and the split split-plots by four population densities (30, 50, 70, e 90 thousand plants per hectare), with three replications. The following variables were evaluated: plant height, first ear height, number of ear per plant, stem diameter, plant lodging and breakage, number of grains per ear, mass of grains per ear, mass of a thousand grains, grain yield and yield index. Furthermore, grain chemical analyses were done to determine the content of saccharose, redacting sugars and starch. It was verified that corn productivity rises with the reduction of row spacing from 80 to 40 cm, that the best plant arrangement, for the hybrids 30K73 and P0F80, under Jaboticabal environment conditions, is the combination of 40 cm row spacing and 75 and 80 thousand plants per hectare, respectively. Final grain glicidic composition is not altered by the spacial arrangements of corn plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV14DA003.pdf: 1314776 bytes, checksum: 33cbd8345743a2328a15d9b823b1b1da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The effects of drought stress on growth and biomass partitioning of plants depend on the intensity and duration of drought stress and when it occurs in the crop cycle. Besides, plant management adopted can influence the plant responses under conditions of low water availability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of drought stress on the growth and biomass partitioning of soybean in different growth stages. Four experiments were carried in greenhouse conditions. The first work evaluated changes in growth of soybean subjected to drought stress during reproductive development stages. This experiment was performed with NS 4823 cultivar subjected to drought stress for 10 days (without water) during R1 to R7 reproductive phenologic stages. In the end period of pea formation and grain filling of plants in drought stress the relative water content wasn t kept and stature growth rates, leaf area and node numbers were reduced. The lower sensitivity to drought stress in reproductive stage was related to the ability to maintain the relative water content in leaves and to increase root/shoot ratio. The second experiment determined the responses in morphology and partition of assimilate in soybean subjected to drought stress during reproductive stages. This work was conducted with two cultivars, BMX Magna and BMX Potência RR, subjected to drought stress for 10 days (without water) during R1 to R7 phenologic stages. The drought stress in the end of reproductive stages, such as pod formation and grain filling, reduces the sink strength because reduces pod and grain numbers, and reduces the source strength due to reduced shoot dry mass. The aim of third experiment was to evaluate if the use of gypsum would be effective to reduce drought stress effects in grain filling. This experiment was conducted with NA 5909 RR cultivar subjected to drought stress and gypsum doses of 0 and 6 Mg ha-1 on surface and 6 Mg ha-1 incorporated. In soils with low aluminum concentration the gypsum was effective to reduce drought stress in R5 stage of soybean, because promotes root growth on subsurface through increasing in calcium and decreasing in aluminum concentrations. The aim of fourth experiment was evaluate if K would be effective in drought stress mitigation during begging vegetative development. This experiment was conducted with BMX Turbo RR cultivar subjected to drought stress for 12 days and K doses of 0, 30 and 60 mg dm-3. Early K supplementation on soybean developmental stages increased drought stress tolerance through increasing in root length density and root specific mass / Os efeitos da restrição hídrica no crescimento e na partição de biomassa das plantas dependem da intensidade e duração do período de restrição hídrica e do momento em que ocorre no ciclo da cultura. Além disso, o manejo adotado na cultura pode influenciar nas respostas da planta sob condições de baixa disponibilidade hídrica. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da restrição hídrica no crescimento e partição de biomassa da soja em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. Para isso, foram realizados quatro experimentos conduzidos em casa de vegetação. O primeiro trabalho avaliou as alterações no crescimento da soja submetida à restrição hídrica nos estádios reprodutivos do desenvolvimento. Este experimento foi realizado com a cultivar NS 4823 RR submetida à restrição hídrica imposta por 10 dias (sem irrigação) iniciando-se sempre em cada um dos estádios fenológicos reprodutivos desde R1 ao R7. No período final de formação de vagens e no enchimento de grãos das plantas em restrição hídrica o conteúdo relativo de água na folha não foi mantido e as taxas de crescimento de estatura, área foliar e número de nós foram reduzidos. A menor sensibilidade nos estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento reprodutivo a restrição hídrica foi relacionada à capacidade de manter o conteúdo relativo de água nas folhas e aumentar a relação raiz parte aérea. O segundo experimento determinou as respostas na morfologia e na partição dos assimilados na soja submetida à restrição hídrica nos estádios reprodutivos. O experimento foi realizado com duas cultivares, BMX Magna e BMX Potência RR, submetidas à restrição hídrica imposta por 10 dias (sem irrigação) nos estádios fenológicos de R1 a R7. A restrição de água no período final de formação de vagens e enchimento de grãos reduz a força de dreno, pois reduz o número de vagens e de grãos, e reduz a força de fonte devido à redução da massa seca de parte aérea. O terceiro experimento teve com o objetivo determinar se o uso do gesso seria efetivo na redução dos efeitos da deficiência hídrica no enchimento de grãos. O experimento foi realizado com a cultivar NA 5909 RR submetida a restrição hídrica e as doses de gesso 0 Mg ha-1, 6 Mg ha-1 na superfície e 6 Mg ha-1 incorporado. Em solos com baixa concentração de alumínio o gesso foi efetivo na redução da deficiência hídrica no estádio R5, pois promove o crescimento radicular em subsuperfície através do incremento nas concentrações de cálcio e redução no alumínio. O quarto experimento objetivou determinar se o K seria efetivo na mitigação da restrição hídrica no início do desenvolvimento vegetativo. O experimento foi realizado com a cultivar BMX Turbo RR submetida à restrição hídrica por 12 dias e a doses de 0 mg dm-3, 30 mg dm-3 e 60 mg dm-3 de K. A suplementação precoce de K no desenvolvimento da soja aumentou a tolerância à restrição hídrica, através do aumento da densidade de comprimento de raiz e do peso específico de raiz

Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de espaçamentos entre as linhas e densidades populacionais, em dois híbridos de milho, no desempenho agronômico da cultura com ênfase nos componentes de produção, produtividade e composição glicídica dos grãos. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2006/2007, em condições de campo, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico, textura argilosa, A moderado, a 21°15'22"de latitude sul e longitude 48°18'58" WGr, em Jaboticabal - SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, compostos por 24 tratamentos, constituídos pela combinação de três espaçamentos entre as linhas (40, 60 e 80 cm) nas parcelas, dois híbridos (30K73 e 30F80) nas subparcelas, e quatro densidades populacionais (30, 50, 70 e 90 mil plantas ha-1) nas sub-subparcelas, com três repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: estatura de plantas, altura da 1ª espiga, n.º espigas por planta, diâmetro de colmo, acamamento e quebramento de plantas, n.º de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de grãos na 1ª espiga, massa de mil grãos, produtividade de grãos e índice de colheita. Foram feitas análises químicas do grão para determinação do teor de sacarose, açucares redutores e amido. Verificou-se que a produtividade do milho aumentou com a redução do espaçamento entre as linhas de 80 para 40 cm, que o melhor arranjo de plantas, para os híbridos 30K73 e 30F80, nas condições de edafoclimáticas de Jaboticabal, é composto pela combinação de 40 cm de espaçamento entre as linhas e 75 e 80 mil plantas ha-1 de densidade populacional, respectivamente. Modificando o arranjo espacial de plantas de milho, a composição final de glicídios no grão não é alterada. / Abstract: The present work had the objective of evaluating the influence of row spacing and population densities, in two corn hybrids, on the agronomic performance of the culture with enface on production components and productivity. The experiment was carried out in the agricultural year of 2006/2007, under field conditions, in a Typical Haplustox , clay texture, at 21°15'22" South latitude and longitude 48°18'58" W, at Jaboticabal - SP, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, in split split-plot scheme with 24 treatments, where the plots were composed by three row spacing (40, 60 e 80 cm), the split-plots by two contrastive hybrids (30K73 ND 30F80) and the split split-plots by four population densities (30, 50, 70, e 90 thousand plants per hectare), with three replications. The following variables were evaluated: plant height, first ear height, number of ear per plant, stem diameter, plant lodging and breakage, number of grains per ear, mass of grains per ear, mass of a thousand grains, grain yield and yield index. Furthermore, grain chemical analyses were done to determine the content of saccharose, redacting sugars and starch. It was verified that corn productivity rises with the reduction of row spacing from 80 to 40 cm, that the best plant arrangement, for the hybrids 30K73 and P0F80, under Jaboticabal environment conditions, is the combination of 40 cm row spacing and 75 and 80 thousand plants per hectare, respectively. Final grain glicidic composition is not altered by the spacial arrangements of corn plants. / Orientador: Domingos Fornasieri Filho / Coorientador: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta / Banca: Aildson Pereira Duarte / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Mestre

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Atualmente nas indústrias é notória a presença de problemas envolvendo a dinâmica dos fluidos com transferência de energia térmica. Neste contexto, problemas onde a transferência de energia térmica ocorre sobre cilindros aquecidos merece um destaque especial. No presente trabalho objetivou-se desenvolver uma análise numérica tridimensional sobre o problema de transferência de energia térmica por convecção natural em cilindros concêntricos na presença de pares discretos de fonte-sumidouro de energia térmica, com ênfase no estudo do regime estável-instável do escoamento (fluido de trabalho ar). O código numérico foi desenvolvido em coordenadas cilíndricas, discretizado utilizando a técnica dos volumes finitos e esquemas temporais e espaciais de segunda ordem, onde o acoplamento pressão velocidade é feito através do método do passo fracionado. Através dos campos de velocidades, de temperatura e de vorticidade obtidos, verificou-se como a transferência de energia térmica é afetada pelas primeiras instabilidades no regime instável. Foi possível também, evidenciar a desestabilização do escoamento estudado, não sendo necessário para tal o uso de uma malha fina. Além disso, os dados obtidos apresentaram uma excelente concordância com os resultados experimentais da literatura, sobretudo no regime estável. / In the current industry, is notorious the presence of problems involving fluid dynamics with heat transfer. In this context, problems where the heat transfer occurs over heated cylinders deserves a special attention. The present work study aimed to develop a three-dimensional numerical analysis of the heat transfer by natural convection in concentric cylinders in the presence of discrete heat source-sink pairs, with emphasis on the study of stable-unstable regime flow (air working fluid). The numerical code was developed in cylindrical coordinates, discretized using the finite volume technique and temporal/ spatial schemes of second order, where the pressure-velocity coupling is done through the fractional step method. Through velocity, temperature and vorticity fields, it was found that the heat transfer is affected by the first instabilities in the unstable regime. It was also possible to verify the destabilization of the flow with a thin mesh. Moreover, the data obtained showed an excellent agreement with the experimental data found in the literature, especially in the stable regime. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

MSc (Mathematics) / Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics / The unsteady hydromagnetic chemically reacting mixed convection MHD ow over a permeable stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium with thermal radiation and heat source/sink is investigated numerically. The original partial di erential equations are converted into ordinary di erential equations by using similarity transformation. The governing non-linear partial di erential equations of Momentum, Energy, and Concentration are considered in this study. The e ects of various physical parameters on the velocity, temperature, and species concentration have been discussed. The parameters include the Prandtl number (Pr), Magnetic parameter (M), the Schmidt number (Sc), Unsteady parameter (A), buoyancy forces ratio parameter (N), Chemical reaction (K), Radiation parameter (Nr), Eckert number (Ec), local heat source/sink parameter (Q) and buoyancy parameter due to temperature ( ). The coe cient of Skin friction and Heat transfer are investigated. The coupled non-linear partial di erential equations governing the ow eld have been solved numerically using the Spectral Relaxation Method (SRM). The results that are obtained in this study are then presented in tabular forms and on graphs and the observations are discussed. / NRF

Les études portant sur le changement climatique prévoient des modifications significatives de la température pour les décennies à venir. Ces prévisions envisagent un réchauffement global qui risque de perturber le développement des plantes cultivées. Les stress thermiques affectent en effet presque tous les aspects du développement des plantes et notamment la croissance, le développement floral et donc le rendement. Les plantes doivent modifier leur métabolisme afin de prévenir les dommages causés par les stress environnementaux. La température joue un rôle important sur la phénologie, la vigueur et surtout le développement floral de la vigne. Ainsi, quelques degrés d’élévation de la température pendant la floraison peuvent entrainer la perte de la totalité des fleurs et donc des fruits. De plus, en stimulant le développement végétatif, l’augmentation de température accroit la demande en glucides, tandis que la photosynthèse nette diminue en raison de l’augmentation de la respiration en réponse à l’élévation de température. Au cours de cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’impact d’une augmentation de température sur le métabolisme carboné, acteur majeur de la floraison, et plus particulièrement aux modifications physiologiques de la feuille et de l’inflorescence de vigne. De plus, des analyses d’expression de gènes clés de la photosynthèse et du métabolisme ont permis d’améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de distribution des glucides entre les organes végétatifs et reproducteurs lors d’une augmentation de la température. / Studies on climate change predict significant changes in temperature for next decades. The global warming could impact the crop plants development. Indeed, thermal stresses affect almost all aspects of plant development including growth, floral development and yield. Plants modify their metabolism to prevent damage caused by environmental changes. Temperature is an important factor for the phenology, the vigor and especially the floral development in grapevine. So, a few degrees increase during flowering can result in a complete flowers loss and therefore fruits. In addition, an increase of temperature stimulates vegetative development and thus rises the carbohydrates consumption, while net photosynthesis decreases due to the respiration raise. In this study, we investigated the temperature increase impacts on the carbon metabolism which has a major role in the flowering process in grapevine. We particularly focused our attention on the physiological modifications in leaves and inflorescences. at the level of the photosynthesis and the respiration with the increase of the day temperature. Moreover, expression analyzes of some key genes involved in photosynthesis and metabolism allowed to improve the understanding in the carbohydrate distribution mechanisms, between vegetative and reproductive organs, during a temperature increase.

Dans l'optique de produire des agro‐carburants, le sorgho sucré est aujourd'hui proposé comme une alternative à d'autres espèces cultivées à grande échelle comme la canne à sucre et le maïs car il présente plusieurs avantages : le sorgho est résistant à la sécheresse et à la chaleur, il nécessite peu d'intrants, a en moyenne un cycle de culture relativement court (3‐4 mois) comparé à la canne à sucre. Il offre une grande diversité génétique à explorer et exploiter, tout en étant génétiquement moins complexe que la canne à sucre. Finalement, il peut être cultivé pour un double usage, le grain pouvant être utilisé comme source d'alimentation pour l'homme ou le bétail (à partir du grain) et le jus sucré contenu par les tiges comme source d'agrocarburant. Cette polyvalence en fait une culture idéale pour lutter contre la compétition entre cultures énergétiques et cultures vivrières et assurer des rendements dans des environnements de culture sujets au stress hydrique et thermique comme c'est le cas en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cependant, le caractère sucré du sorgho est complexe, car sous l'influence d'interactions Génotype X Environnement (GxE). Aussi, les mécanismes métaboliques, morphologiques ou phénologiques constituant la cinétique d'accumulation des glucides dans la tige et son éventuelle compétition avec le remplissage des grains restent mal connus ou très controversés dans la littérature. La présente thèse, réalisée dans le cadre du projet européen Sweetfuel, vise à comprendre ces mécanismes, afin de contribuer à la définition d'idéotypes de sorgho double usage, pour les environnements soudano‐sahéliens.Sur la base d'études expérimentales au champ au Mali et en serre en France, il a pu être démontré que les glucides sont accumulés dans les entrenoeuds des tiges par un jeu d'activités enzymatiques (favorisant l'accumulation d'hexoses puis de saccharose) dès le début de leur élongation, donc potentiellement avant la floraison. Au Mali, l'étude au champ de 14 génotypes adaptés aux conditions locales, plus ou moins sensibles à la photopériode et semés à trois dates différentes, a démontré le bénéfice d'un rallongement de la phase végétative sur la quantité de sucre accumulée dans les tiges de la plante à floraison, du fait d'un plus grand nombre d'entrenoeuds allongés et du temps à leur disposition pour accumuler des glucides avant ce stade. Ce bénéfice était cependant plus lié à la plus grande quantité de biomasse accumulée (taille des tiges) qu'à la concentration en sucre dans les entrenoeuds (plutôt stable entre dates de semis).Ainsi, la durée de la phase végétative et la sensibilité à la photopériode sont proposés comme des paramètres clés favorisant la quantité de glucides accumulée dans les tiges de la plante à floraison. D'autre part, il a été montré que la quantité de glucides présente à maturité dans les tiges des mêmes génotypes ne différait pas ou peu de celle à floraison, une éventuelle réduction pour quelques génotypes n'étant généralement pas significative et évitable par l'allongement du cycle. De plus, cette quantité de glucides dans les tiges à maturité n'a tiré aucun bénéfice de l'ablation de la panicule à floraison chez les mêmes génotypes. Ces résultats suggèrent que la compétition entre le remplissage du grain et la production de sucre est faible chez le sorgho, d'autant plus faible que la plante présente de grandes tiges et donc un grand compartiment de stockage des glucides, tamponnant cette éventuelle compétition. D'ailleurs, à une échelle plus fine, aucune différence n'a pu être mise en évidence en termes d'activité des principales enzymes du métabolisme carboné dans la tige d'un génotype dans sa version stérile (pas de remplissage du grain) et fertile.Ce travail a démontré le potentiel du sorgho pour une double utilisation dans un contexte soudano‐sahélien et la pertinence d'exploiter la diversité génétique de cette espèce pour cette objectif de sélection. Les résultats ob / Sweet sorghum offers many advantages as an alternative to widely cultivated crops such as corn and sugarcane to produce biofuels: it is resistant to water stress, it requires few inputs; it has a shorter growth cycle compared to sugarcane in particular. Sorghum also exhibits a great genetic diversity and is genetically less complex than sugarcane. Finally, sorghum can be cultivated for dual‐purpose uses, using grains for food or feed and sweet juice for biofuel production. Hence, sorghum is a promising option to reduce the competition for land and (water) resource use between food and fuel, in particular in cropping environments with high drought and heat stress frequency, as in West Africa. However, stem sweetness is a complex trait prone to genotype x environment interactions (GxE). The metabolic, morphological and phenological mechanisms involved in the kinetic of stem sugar accumulation and its possible competition with grain filling are largely unknown or controversial in the literature. The present work is part of the European project Sweetfuel and aims at better understanding these mechanisms and contributing to define dual‐purpose sorghum ideotypes for soudano‐sahelian conditions.Based on field and greenhouse experiments respectively in Mali and France, it was found that sugars start accumulating in stem internodes at the onset of their elongation, i.e. potentially soon before the plant flowers. The successive accumulation of hexose and then sucrose in internodes could be dynamically explained by changes in the activity of key enzymes related to sucrose metabolism. In Mali, a field experiment performed on 14 genotypes, contrasted for photoperiod sensitivity and sown at three planting dates, highlighted the interest of increasing vegetative phase duration to increase sugar yield. This was explained first of all by the higher number of internodes that could expand during a longer vegetative phase, and thus, by the higher production of stem biomass, and, to a minor extent, by the longer time for internodes to mature and accumulate sugar (sugar concentration in the stem was however fairly stable across sowing dates). Also, vegetative phase duration and photoperiod sensitivity can be considered as two key parameters promoting stem sugar content before grain filling. In the same time, it was shown that stem sugar content kept remarkably constant between anthesis and maturity in most of studied genotypes and that the reduction observed for some genotypes was overcome with an early sowing. Moreover, sugar accumulation in the stem between flowering and maturity did not benefit from panicle pruning. These results together suggest that the competition for carbohydrates between stem sugar reserves and grain filling is weak; it is even weaker for big/large stem genotypes with huge sugar reserves in the stem that would buffer a post‐flowering allocation of sugar from the stem to the grains if required. This low competition was confirmed at a finer scale, as no differences were observed in the activity of key enzymes of sucrose metabolism between the sterile and the fertile line of a same genotype.This work demonstrates the potential of sorghum for dual‐purpose in particular for soudano‐sahelian cropping conditions and the interest of using its genetic diversity for this breeding purpose. It provides further knowledge for revisiting the phenotyping strategies to be adopted to investigate the genetic basis of sugar and grain production and their combination. The results are also currently used to improve the way the source‐sink relationships underlying this dual production are formalized in crop and plant models at CIRAD. Such models will be then useful to assist sorghum ideotype exploration for dual purpose.

Pour répondre à la demande mondiale croissante en huile et en protéines, le tournesol apparaît comme une culture très compétitive grâce à la diversification de ses débouchés et son attractivité environnementale et nutritionnelle. Pourtant, les teneurs en huile et protéines sont soumises à des effets génotypiques et environnementaux qui les rendent fluctuantes et difficilement prédictibles. Nous argumentons qu’une meilleure connaissance des effets les plus importants et leurs interactions devrait permettre de mieux prédire ces teneurs. Deux approches de modélisation ont été développées. Dans la première, trois modèles statistiques ont été construits puis comparés à un modèle simple existant. L’approche dynamique est basée sur l’analyse des relations source-puits au champ et en serre (2011 et 2012) pendant le remplissage. Les performances et domaines de validité des deux types de modélisation sont comparés. / Considering the growing global demand for oil and protein, sunflower appears as a highly competitive crop, thanks to the diversification of its markets and environmental attractiveness and health. Yet the protein and oil contents are submitted to genotypic and environmental effects that make them fluctuating and hardly predictable. We argue that a better knowledge of most important effects and their interactions should permit to improve prediction. Two modeling approaches are proposed: statistical one, where we compared three types of statistical models with a simple existing one. The dynamic approach is based on source-sink relationships analysis (field and greenhouse experiments in 2011 and 2012) during grain filling. Performances of both modeling types and their validity domain are compared.