This dissertation offers an ethnographic account of the contemporary relationships between livelihood practices and food among the Tsimané Indians of the Bolivian Amazon. Because of the multitudinous properties of food, I use it as both a tool and a metaphor to focus my discussion on how a history of development in the region coalesces into new constructions of identity, values, practices, and knowledge for the Tsimané. Through a framework of `localized' modernity, I argue that food and food related processes are not only shaped by broad and indirect forms of development over time, but that they moderate them by formulating the ways in which they take root in everyday life. Understanding contemporary articulations of indigenous identity and cultural constructions is increasingly important to small lowland indigenous groups throughout Latin America, but particularly in Bolivia, where indigenous groups are engaging in new claims over autonomy, land, and resource rights as part of a new "plurinational" state. By offering insight into contemporary indigenous practices and knowledge, I draw attention to the ways politicized ideals of indigeneity in Bolivia can conflict with local ontologies. Based on over a year of fieldwork, the dissertation is organized into two sections. The first section examines a century of regional shifts that transformed the landscape in which the Tsimané historically reside along with their ability to survive solely from subsistence activities. I situate contemporary forms of livelihood production, specifically logging, within this history in order to highlight how past experiences transform local articulations of the emerging national indigenous and environmental politics of 'Vivir Bien'. The second section focuses specifically on livelihoods and food. I call attention to the ways global, national, and regional processes are experienced, interpreted, and transformed on a local level and through time. I illustrate this in three ways: first, through a discussion of time allotment and the relationship between subsistence activities and cash accruing activities; second, through a comparison of how people think about the domain of food and how they consume food; and lastly, through a discussion of one of the most important cooked foods of the Tsimané, Shocdye (beer), and the ways in which changing livelihood activities, conceptions of dietary practice, and social relationships and roles coalesce through cooking and eating.

When people in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta are gathered around the hearths of their houses, it is common to hear the sound and movement of the women's spindles whirring on the earth floor as they pull out threads of material, and the rhythm of men's hardwood rods rubbing continuously against the mouth of their gourd containers. It is at this point of intimacy and flowing vitality at which the familiarity of the indigenous Sierra comes alive. According to Kogi, Wiwa and Ika cosmology, there is a life force that grows in people, as much as animals and plants, which like the thread of a spindle extends from the center of the cosmos. "It is here where the Universal Mother planted her gigantic spindle across the highest peak," as she said: "this is Kalusankua, the central post of the world." This vital thread, like an umbilical cord, holds all living elements as they fulfill their fate on Earth. It is a very different strand from the one that Walter Benjamin mentions in the story of the genie who gave the boy a ball of thread and said: "This is the thread of your life. Take it. When you find time heavy on your hands, pull it out; your days will pass quick or slow, according as you unwind the ball rapidly or little by little. So long as you leave the thread alone, you will remain stationary at the same hour of your existence." But the boy started pulling the thread and before he knew it he became a man, married the girl he loved, saw his children grow up, passed over his anxieties, lived honors and profits, and then cut short his old age, all in four months and six days. Pre-Columbian materials -many times sonorous and full of detailed expressions; made of gold and copper, ceramic, jade and stone quartz of different luster and color- are said to be the medium through which people, plants and animals are able to concentrate the necessary life force to fulfill their fate on Earth. Buried all around the vast mountainous terrain of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, these ancient materials sustain the interconnections to the creative energies in the cosmos. However, as these materials are looted and pulled out of ancient indigenous grounds, they cease to hold together the center from which this vital force grows. As they are sold as commodities, they appear in the international art market, independent of their place of origin and devoid of any life force. With the new modes of industrial production, observes Karl Marx, the creative energy or central force of people disappears in the things that they produce. Matter severed from its producer acquires a second life independent of its source of energy and equivalent to all other things in the form of commodities. As capitalist societies begin to measure the output of energy in terms of this second life of things, individual skills and creative energies become irrelevant to the process of growth. "The individuals are now subordinated to social production, which exists externally to them, as a sort of fate," notes Marx in the Grundrisse in 1857. Walter Benjamin then extends this idea and points out: "In `fate' is concealed the concept of `total experience.'" He quotes the following passage in The Arcades Project: "It is not a question of `the triumph of mind over matter'...; rather, it represents the triumph of the rational and general principles of things over the energy and qualities proper to the living organism." Even though Pre-Columbian materials are not produced in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta today, they are believed to mediate the energies and qualities proper to living beings. These energies are lost as they are dug out, and as the holes in the Mother Land of the Ika, Wiwa and Kogi people grow, so does the value of these pieces in the market. It is only in the realm of the inorganic that we can begin to fathom this concept of value. Walter Benjamin's notion of a "new kind of 20th C fate" helps us observe this vast contradiction now lived in the native Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, whereby the threads that like umbilical cords connect living beings throughout their life to the sources of energy around their territory, no longer seem to be growing out of experience but rather out of money. Benjamin points out "a new field force," which opens up in the form of planning... To `plan' is henceforth possible only on a large scale, no longer on an individual scale - and this means neither for the individual nor by the individual." Property is depersonalized in such a way that it is caught up in a whirlpool, lost by one and won by another. Successes and failures arise from causes that are unanticipated, generally unintelligible, and seemingly dependent on chance. He observes this new fate as it plays out in the experience of figures like the gambler, the private collector, the student and the flanneur, that are not completely subordinated to the labor process, but are idlers residing both within and outside the marketplace, between the worlds of magic and money. He observes how "Fortuna" in the double sense of chance and riches is always on the side of these figures. When a gambler wins for example, we don't say it is a consequence of his work activity but it is a matter of luck or chance: "Fortuna" that is on his side. It is this "total experience" as Benjamin calls it, concealed in the form of "Fortuna" which feeds the gambling instincts and animates the myths that consume "guaqueros," people who dig out ancient indigenous burial sites in search of Pre-Columbian treasures, looting enchanted and dangerous places all around the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Even though guaqueros climb a mountainous terrain as high as 19,000 feet, and traverse rain forests inhabited by wild animals and plants, these treasure hunters are not so much at the mercy of the mysterious forces of nature, as at the hands of the "inexplicable" in bourgeois society. "The `inexplicable' is enthroned in bourgeois society as in a gambling hall..." notes Benjamin. Like gamblers, guaqueros are risking a hand-to hand encounter with fate, where the stake is money. They can lose or win immediate and infinite possibilities: money equivalent to anything. Only in response to such fate, like the boy with the ball of thread, is it possible to pull out the material from the place where the earth has been gestating it for centuries and bring it into a new inorganic existence. The guaqueros, like the gamblers, produce in a second, the changes that fate ordinarily effects only in the course of many years. "Isn't there a certain structure of money that can be recognized only in fate, and a certain structure of fate that can be recognized only in money?" asks Benjamin. Such encounter with this new kind of fate occurs as "immediate experience" or das Erlebnis, which comes in the form of shock and discontinuity, points out Benjamin, as opposed to "connected experience" or die Erfahrung which presupposes tradition and continuity. Idlers, like the guaqueros are open to this type of experience. They are not so much following a sequence, as attentively tracing a dynamic that leads them through the excitement of their chase, step by step from one coincidence to the next. They "follow nothing but the whim of the moment." The Ika Mamos, as much as the Kogi and Wiwa Mamas or high priests who inherit the places where these Pre-Columbian materials are buried, along with the knowledge necessary nourish and connect to the cosmic life force in them, ask: if this is the new fate of the world, then what will happen to these creative energies which need to be sustained in order for the threads of life to continue growing? Will there come a point, they ponder, when the threads of life will cease to grow and all the rivers, as much as the streams in human, plant and animal veins, will dry up? According to Ika, Wiwa and Kogi cosmology, only the ancestors can feed on these ancient materials, so the Mamas and Mamos wonder: is it that people believe they can eat gold too? It is only in terms of this "new kind of 20th Century fate," that we can begin to understand the fantastic transformations and disjunctions of the value of these materials as they move from the native sites where they are buried and nurtured, to the hands of guaqueros who dig them out and sell them. By following this passage between experience and money, Between the Magic of Magic and the Magic of Money, rather like the flanneur that moves in between spaces, inside and outside the marketplace, I want to inquire: what is the fate of these ancient materials and forces, and how does "Fortuna" in the double sense of chance and riches, then reflect back upon current Ika, Kogi and Wiwa existence?

Indigenous people have not disappeared, yet the myth of the vanished native persists as an ideological feature of settler politics and identities today. This dissertation examines the social mechanisms of this common settler narrative through an ethnographic study among settler colonists in Argentina who identify as primeros pobladores (“first inhabitants”) despite having built their economy on local indigenous land and labor. Based on field results, I argue that settlers sustain an identity as founders by turning indigenous locals into strangers from elsewhere—a mode of racialized role-reversal that I call “native estrangement.” My argument draws on 18 months of multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork among settler, creole and indigenous Qom populations in the Argentine cotton belt—a subtropical lowland region of the Gran Chaco conquered from the Qom and other natives by the Argentine military in 1911 for European immigrant settlement. The dissertation focuses on three case studies of “native estrangement” developed in three parts: “Labor,” “Space” and “Race.” The two chapters of Part I – entitled Labor – argue that racialized regimes of plantation labor have been central to indigenous dispossession and resistance in Chaco historically, and that they continue to shape settler imaginaries of territorial primacy to this day. The first chapter revisits the early 20th century history of joint land and labor conquest, exemplified by the state-run Napalpí reservation: designed to keep conquered natives off settler-colonized land, the reservation also sought to both exploit and “civilize” them through de-Indianizing field labor in conditions that led to a native strike, culminating in a genocidal massacre. The second chapter turns to the present, showing that today’s settlers continue to discount indigenous primacy on the land through racialized religious distinctions between the “sacrificial labor” of settler cotton farming, and the mere “gathering” of cotton-picking labor, deemed an inherent distinction of evolutionary aptitudes between sedentary and hunter-gathering peoples. Part II – Space – argues that settlers turn natives into strangers spatially by imagining them as an influx from elsewhere. A chapter examines what I call the settlers’ “imagined geographies of native origin,” which includes both nationwide Argentine patterns of attributing foreign provenance to indigenous people near the borderlands, as well as smaller-scale settler tendencies to imagine natives as migrants from a locus beyond the space and time of settler “founding.” The following chapter examines the effect of this racialized estrangement on those estranged, through a comparison between two ethnically similar Qom slums outside the settler colony that are respectively racialized as more “savage” or more “civilized.” Through archival and oral history, the precursors of this difference are traced to the “savage” slum’s ancestral ties to the colony’s terrain itself, from which they were repeatedly removed or ousted in several stages over the past century. Part III – Race – complicates the settler-native binary by exploring how criollization contributes to indigenous dispossession, through a case study of racialized ghost-stories and segregated deathways in the traditional Qom territories of Napalpí. The chapter traces criollo rumors about white settler ghosts at the inauguration of a settler landmark near a segregated gringo-criollo cemetery, all of which is built on an original Qom “burial ground”. While the state-funded landmark was meant to sacrilize a settler myth of founding, these criollo rumors disrupt that official narrative with a phantasmagoric backstory of white devil worship that highlights the ongoing segregation between the groups. Although the creoles’ segregated class position is premised on their visible indigenous trace, their rumors of resistance nevertheless disavow a third indigenous Qom deathway. Racialized rifts between dominant “melting pot” and repressed “creole” renditions of national territorial belonging generate and sustain a native absence from both narratives. A process which, as I demonstrate, is not able to eradicate the ongoing assertions to sovereignty that indigenous claims to these territories represent.

This thesis addresses the challenges and dilemmas that progressive parties of mass-based origin confront when they exercise state power, by looking at the governing experience of the Brazilian Workers' Party (PT), with an emphasis on the administration of Luiz Inázio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). It draws on 140 interviews with party and social leaders at all levels, as well as on secondary sources and archival research. Drawing on the notion of governability, the study offers a systematic understanding of the constraints that the party faced in national executive public office, how such constraints were perceived by some of the most influential party leaders, and how these leaders acted upon them. This work contributes to the party literature by paying more attention to the way in which progressive parties create conditions to govern, which has so far been neglected, and by introducing into the party literature the notion of governability, present in Latin American political debates. The study distinguishes between two different types of governability strategies used by progressive parties: the elitecentred and the social counter-hegemonic. The former accepts the current distribution of power; the latter seeks to alter the balance of forces within state institutions by relying on civil society, mobilisation and participation. I argue that one of the most important transformations in the PT has been the switch from a social counter-hegemonic strategy, very influential in some cities, to an elite-centred one. As a secondary aim, this study provides a new interpretation of the changes that occur in party-civil society relations when progressive parties of mass-based origin gain executive power. This thesis challenges the current accepted wisdom in party and social movement literature that parties tend to move away from their social allies when they enter government; the PT example offers evidence that this is not always the case.

Este trabalho analisa os relatos de viagem de três mulheres britânicas à América do Sul no século XIX. São elas: a inglesa Marianne North (18301890), a escocesa Florence Dixie (18551905) e a irlandesa Marion Mulhall (18441922). Um dos objetivos desta pesquisa é refletir sobre as impressões que essas autoras tiveram sobre o continente sul-americano e suas representações a respeito dessa região, sua natureza, seus habitantes. Tendo em vista que as viajantes vieram de países pertencentes ao Reino Unido da Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda - Inglaterra, Escócia e Irlanda - procurou-se interpretar se seus relatos conteriam as possíveis dissensões existentes entre eles, no interior da Europa. Por último, por tratar-se de fontes produzidas por mulheres, buscou-se observar as visões das autoras sobre os papéis tradicionalmente atribuídos ao sexo feminino. / This work analyses the travel accounts of three British women to South America in the nineteenth century. They are: the English Marianne North (18301890), the Scottish Florence Dixie (18551905) and the Irish Marion Mulhall (18441922). One of the purposes of this research is to reflect on the impressions that these authors had on the South American continent and think about their representations concerning this region, its nature, its inhabitants. Considering that the travelers came from countries belonging to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland - England, Scotland and Ireland - we sought to interpret whether their accounts would contain the possible existing dissensions among them, in Europe. At last, as the sources were written by women, we sought to observe the views of the authors about the roles traditionally attributed to women.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-02-25T17:40:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) PDF - Leandro Costa Silvestre.pdf: 4147656 bytes, checksum: c1a3dbb5d62eb80ee9feb7bd604e81bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-03-10T15:13:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) PDF - Leandro Costa Silvestre.pdf: 4147656 bytes, checksum: c1a3dbb5d62eb80ee9feb7bd604e81bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-10T15:13:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) PDF - Leandro Costa Silvestre.pdf: 4147656 bytes, checksum: c1a3dbb5d62eb80ee9feb7bd604e81bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Ferns and Lycophyta species that occur in the Caatinga Province were recorded and their biogeographical relations established using a Pambiogeographic analysis. The study aimed to conduct an analysis of the Panbiogeography of ferns and lycophytes species inventoried for the Province of Caatinga, evaluating their global distribution, as well as the explanation of this distribution based on the plant geography of South America and biogeographic processes. 52 species of ferns and five of lycophytes were recorded. The most represented genera in the neotropics were Anemia Sw (10 spp.), Adiantum L (2 spp.), Doryopteris J. Sm. (2 spp.), Sticherus C. Presl (2.spp.). About the species restricted to Brazil, only Anemia dardanoi Brade was verified as endemic to the Caatinga Province. Pambiogeographic analysis allowed the recognition of 54 individual tracks and 17 generalized tracks. The analyzes also showed 10 pambiogeographics nodes delimited to Neotropical region. The ferns and Lycophyta distribution occurrent in the Caatinga Province was mainly on seasonally dry tropical forests and Neotropical savannas in the Americas, indicating a continues distribution on these areas. / As espécies de samambaias e Lycophyta que ocorrem na Província da Caatinga foram registradas e suas relações biogeográficas estabelecidas empregando uma análise Pambiogeográfica. O estudo visou realizar uma análise de Pambiogeografia das espécies de samambaias e licófitas inventariadas para a Província da Caatinga avaliando a sua distribuição global, bem como a explicação dessa distribuição com base na fitogeografia da América do Sul e processos biogeográficos. Foram registradas 52 espécies de samambaias e cinco licófitas. Os gêneros com maior representatividade na região neotropical foram Anemia Sw (10 spp.), Adiantum L (2 spp.), Doryopteris J. Sm. (2 spp.), Sticherus C. Presl (2.spp.). Das espécies restritas ao Brasil apenas Anemia dardanoi Brade foi constatada como endêmica da Província da Caatinga. A análise de Pambiogeografia permitiu o reconhecimento de 54 traços individuais e 17 traços generalizados. As análises também registraram 10 nós pambiogeográficos delimitados a região neotropical. A distribuição das samambaias e Lycophyta ocorrentes na Província da Caatinga deu-se principalmente sobre as florestas tropicais sazonalmente secas e savanas neotropicais nas Américas, indicando uma distribuição continua sobre estas áreas.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-05T18:15:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Claudio Augusto Ribeiro de Souza.pdf: 20801764 bytes, checksum: 5ccabb4aecd0e4b2b4a83bbaacfdeaba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-05T18:15:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Claudio Augusto Ribeiro de Souza.pdf: 20801764 bytes, checksum: 5ccabb4aecd0e4b2b4a83bbaacfdeaba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-04 / CAPES / The genus Rhopalurus is reviewed in South America based on external morphology and hemispermatophore morphology of the males. Three species and two subspecies are synonymized: Rhopalurus amazonicus with R. laticauda, R. crassicauda with R. laticauda, R. acromelas with R. agamemnom, R. crassicauda paruensis with R. laticauda,R. pintoi kouruensis with R. pintoi. The genus present now seven valid species for South America. New data on distribution range and an identification key are presented. A comparative analysis of the morphology of male hemiespermatophore of 21 genera of the family Buthidae of Central and South America, Europe, Africa and Asia. The implications of these new data on the taxonomic organization of the family Buthidae are discussed. / O g?nero Rhopalurus ? revisado na Am?rica do Sul com base na morfologia externa e na morfologia do hemiespermat?foro dos machos. Tr?s esp?cies e duas subesp?cies s?o sinonimizadas: Rhopalurus amazonicus com R.. laticauda, R. crassicauda com R. laticauda, R. acromelas com R. agamemnom, R. crassicauda paruensis com R. laticauda, R. pintoi kouruensis com R. pintoi. O elenco do g?nero passa a apresentar sete esp?cies v?lidas para Am?rica do Sul. Novos dados de distribui??o e uma chave de identifica??o s?o apresentados. ? realizada a an?lise comparativa da morfologia dos hemiespermat?foros dos machos de 21 g?neros da fam?lia Buthidae das Am?ricas Central e Sul, Europa, ?frica e ?sia. S?o discutidas as implica??es destes novos dados na composi??o taxon?mica da fam?lia Buthidae.

Species composition in biological communities is a result of interactions of the evolutionary history of both organisms and environments, along with local factors that currently mediate species occurrence and coexistence. In floodplains, like the Pantanal, flood pulses are recognized as the main driver of ecological processes that control both species spatial and temporal distribution, but also shape communities. The Pantanal is the largest tropical floodplain on Earth and it has a less rich biota than that of surrounding regions. This has been attributed to the hardness imposed by the flood cycles on the organisms and also to the recent formation of the plain. The main goal of this thesis was to investigate diversity patterns of the snake community of the Pantanal regarding their origins, through stating and testing hypothesis about past and present processes that acted on the current assembly of snake communities in this seasonal floodplain. We adopted approaches that provided evidences for processes at deep and recent time scales, as well as a wide special scale, that encompasses the entire hydrographic basin where the Pantanal is located - the Paraguay River Basin. We found that Pantanal snake fauna belongs to a species group widely distributed in the basin, and is linked to the Paraguay River channel and nearby lowland areas. The entire basin has regionalized faunas distributed around the Pantanal floodplain, which may be acting as a barrier for some species and as a dispersal corridor for others. Our expectation that seasonal flooding could act as an environmental filter, allowing only species with adaptations to deal with this recurrent event to occur, was not supported. Rather than that, flooding seemed to be decreasing the relative force of deterministic processes on community assembly and so favoring species with generalist habits by promoting recurrent ecosystem disturbances. Environmental filter can be acting through the forest cover gradient, giving origin to richer communities in more open areas and assemblages formed by species with similar habitat uses in more forested areas. However, these patterns also could have originated from the ecological divergences between biotas originating from open and forested areas in South America / A composição de comunidades biológicas atuais é resultado da interação da história evolutiva dos organismos e dos ambientes com fatores locais contemporâneos que mediam a ocorrência e coexistência das espécies. Em planícies de inundação como o Pantanal, os pulsos de inundação são considerados as principais forças que mediam processos ecológicos, que por sua vez controlam a distribuição espacial e temporal dos organismos e a composição das comunidades. O Pantanal é a maior planície de inundação tropical e possui uma biota menos rica que a encontrada em áreas de entorno. Isto tem sido atribuído as condições adversas que os ciclos de inundações impõem sobre os organismos, e também à recente formação da região. O principal objetivo desta tese foi investigar os padrões de diversidade de comunidades de serpentes no Pantanal a respeito de suas origens, apresentando e testando hipóteses sobre processos passados e atuais que operaram na organização de comunidades de serpentes dessa planície inundável. Nós adotamos abordagens que podem evidenciar processos em escalas temporais recentes e antigas, e uma escala espacial ampla, que abrange toda a bacia hidrográfica onde o Pantanal está situado - a bacia do Rio Paraguai. Nós encontramos que a fauna de serpentes do Pantanal é parte de uma conjunto de espécies amplamente distribuído na bacia, que é relacionado à calha do Rio Paraguai e às planícies associadas a ele. A bacia hidrográfica possui faunas regionalizadas distribuídas ao redor da planície do Pantanal, a qual pode estar atuando como barreira para algumas espécies e como corredor de dispersão para outras. Nossa expectativa de que as inundações sazonais ajam como filtro ambiental, permitindo a ocorrência na planícicie somente das espécies com adaptações para lidar com esses eventos periódicos, não foi suportada. Ao invés disso, as inundações parecem diminuir a força relativa dos processos determinísticos na organização das comunidades e então favorecem a ocorrência de espécies com hábitos generalistas por causarem distúrbios recorrentes no ecossistema. Filtros ambientais podem estar em ação por meio do gradiente de cobertura de florestas, dando origem a comunidades mais ricas em áreas mais abertas e taxocenoses formadas por espécies com uso de hábitat similares em áreas mais florestadas. Porém esses padrões podem igualmente terem sido produzidos a partir das divergências ecológicas observadas entre as biotas que se originaram em áreas abertas e florestadas da América do Sul, e não pela ação isolada de um filtro ambiental

Tabanidae (Diptera: Brachycera), a maior família da infraordem Tabanomorpha, possui aproximadamente 4500 espécies válidas, que se distribuem por todas as regiões biogeográficas, com exceção da Antártica. São insetos cujo tamanho varia de quatro a trinta mm. As fêmas são hematófagas, e os machos visitam flores. A classificação de Tabanidae constitui um problema histórico, e apesar de um número grande de autores ter abordado o problema, poucos são os trabalhos que trataram do grupo dentro de uma perspectiva filogenética. Nesse contexto, este trabalho, junto com Lessard et al. (2013 Molec.Phylog.Evol. 68: 516540), são os primeiros tratados envolvendo a classificação da Tribo Scionini (Tabanidae: Pangoniinae) utilizando análises filogenéticas. Para o presente estudo, foram levantados caracteres da cabeça, asa e terminálias feminina e masculina dos espécimes analisados e esses caracteres foram compilados em uma matriz de 37 táxons por 44 caracteres. A matriz foi analisada com o auxílio do programa TNT. Desta análise foram obtidos quatro cladogramas igualmente parcimoniosos, sobre os quais foi utilizado o consenso estrito. No cladograma de consenso, duas subfamílias de Tabanidae são mostradas como grupos naturais (Tabaninae e Chrysopsinae), enquanto a monofilia de Pangoniinae permaneceu não resolvida na análise com pesos iguais. Quando utilizada pesagem implícita, todas as três famílias são mostradas como monofiléticas. Os Scionini se mostraram um grupo merofilético, assim como dois de seus gêneros, Scaptia e Fidena. A partir dos resultados aqui obtidos, é indicada a necessidade para a reformulação futura da delimitação dos Scionini, bem como é apontada a necessidade de revisão de alguns gêneros que compõem a subfamília Pangoniinae. / Tabanidae (Diptera: Brachycera), the most speciose family within the infraorder Tabanomorpha, comprises approximately 4500 valid species, distributed through all the biogeographical regions, except Antarctica. These insects range in length from four to tirty millimeters. Females are hematophagus and males visit flowers. The classification of Tabanidae constitutes an historical problem and, despite the fact that a great number of authors had addressed the problem, few are the works that treated the group from a phylogenetic perspective. In this context, this work, together with Lessard et al. (2013 Molec.Phylog.Evol. 68:526-540), are the first treatises dealing with the classification of the tribe Scionini (Tabanidae: Pangoniinae) based on a phylogenetic analysis. In the present work, characters from head, wing and both female and male terminalia were coded into a matrix of 37 taxa by 44 characters. The matrix was analyzed with the software TNT. From this analysis four equally parsimonious cladograms were obtained, over which the strict consensus was calculated. In the consensus cladogram, two subfamilies of Tabanidae are shown as natural groups (Tabaninae and Chrysopsinae), whereas the monophyly of Pangoniinae was not recovered with equal weights parsimony. When implied weighting was used however, all the three subfamilies are shown to be monophyletic groups. The Scionini were shown as merophyletic, as did two of its genera, Scaptia and Fidena. From the results herein obtained, it is indicated the need for the re-delimitation of Scionini. It is also argued that revisions of some genera comprised within Pangoniinae are urgent for achievement of improved taxonomic stability in this subfamily.

This thesis presents a discussion of the main materialistic theories proposed to explain the process of development among the indigenous population of Latin America. Four theoretical approaches are presented and discussed. The first one deals with the social group referred to as peasants. The second one explains the process of economic development at the global level. The third one deals with agroecology and its implications. The fourth and final one refers to ethnicity studies. These four theories are related to the case study of the Indian peasants of Cebadas, Ecuador. These people have experienced and continue to experience processes of economic development and ethnic revitalization, thus providing a good example of how all the theories discussed interplay in a local setting. The element that brings all pieces together is an agroforestry development project carried out in Cebadas by an Ecuadorian non-governmental organization. The rejection by the Indian peasants of the agroecological orientation of the agroforestry project, in the context of the historical and current sociocultural processes of the area represent a choice for a special kind of modernization. The modernization that the Indian peasants want does not create loss of ethnic specificity, but rather reinforces their self-organization and increases their economic opportunities. Results show a relationship between use of exotic tree species and modern technology and the emergence of an incipient Indian ethnic movement. / Graduation date: 1996