Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-02-04T14:42:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Winder Rodrigues Pires - 2014.pdf: 4503535 bytes, checksum: ddebcb242e4cbf591f49648569b6ee6e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-11T11:40:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Winder Rodrigues Pires - 2014.pdf: 4503535 bytes, checksum: ddebcb242e4cbf591f49648569b6ee6e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-11T11:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Winder Rodrigues Pires - 2014.pdf: 4503535 bytes, checksum: ddebcb242e4cbf591f49648569b6ee6e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-03 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The sugar cane plantation is present in Brazil since the Portuguese colonization beginning. The techniques used by the sugar cane industry toward production of sugar, and then alcohol, were not worried with preservation of natural resources, being associated, along its history, with environment damages as deforestation, fires, natural biodiversity injuries, water and soil contamination, among others. However, with the growth of social mobilization and the State rules around natural resources preservation and environmental quality, since the mid-twentieth century, the field and the industry suffered a technical reformulation to reduce their environmental liabilities and increase its scale production, at the same time. The growing demand for renewable fuels originated with international agreements to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases intensified the expansion of the sugar cane industry in the areas of Cerrado in Brazil. The adequate climate (settings), soil and topographical conditions of this biome- territory made the success and intensification of this plantations, reconfiguring the areas an restructuring the environmental where they were planted. In micro south-west of Goiás State works ten sugar cane industries and another one being implemented. The goal of this study is set up a series of information about this sector, its transformations in a technical way, passing trough different phases (sugar cane, than alcohol and energetic cane at least) until nowadays, when incorporates the fame of sustainable development provider. In this search, the relationships between environmental policies, especially post-Kyoto, and the expansion of the sector are emphasized. Inside this, we sought to understand how the installation of the sugarcane industry in the micro region of south-west Goiás could offer empirical subsidies, from a socio-spatial analysis of territorial dynamics and legitimacy of the environmental speech made by the environmental sector. The methodology used was semi-structured interviews with those responsible for environment part and with the mill workers; lifting of the environmental legislation related; analysis of the studies and reports of environmental impacts of installed plants; and research of environmental public Agencies assessments. It was found that technological standard used by new plants installed in the micro south-west Goiás allowed minimize some environmental liabilities historically rooted to the sector. However, the intensification of sugar cane cultivation at this micro region can result in new impacts as increase the use of water for irrigation, soil compaction and monoculture. It is necessary therefore, an environmental regulation that covers the specific situation of the sector and consider the situations experienced by local actors in order to preserve environmental quality. / A cultura da cana-de-açúcar está presente no Brasil desde o início do processo da colonização portuguesa. As técnicas utilizadas pela atividade canavieira voltadas para produção do açúcar e posteriormente do álcool não tiveram como base uma preocupação com a preservação dos recursos naturais, sendo associadas, ao longo de sua história, a grandes prejuízos ambientais, como desmatamento, queimadas, perda da biodiversidade natural, contaminação hídrica e dos solos, entre outros. No entanto, com o crescimento da mobilização social e do Estado em torno da preservação dos recursos naturais e da qualidade ambiental a partir de meados do século XX, houve uma reformulação técnica por parte deste setor, tanto no campo como na indústria, com o intuito de diminuir seus passivos ambientais ao mesmo tempo em que aumentava sua escala de produção. A crescente demanda por combustíveis renováveis, originada com os acordos internacionais para diminuir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa, intensificou a expansão do setor sucroenergético nas áreas de Cerrados no Brasil. Devido às condições (configurações) climáticas, pedológicas e topográficas deste bioma-território serem adequadas ao cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, houve uma reconfiguração espacial e uma reestruturação socioambiental nos locais onde este plantio foi implantado ou intensificado. Na microrregião do Sudoeste de Goiás, estão em atividades dez usinas sucroenergéticas e uma em fase de implantação. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a estruturação do setor nesta microrregião e as consequências ambientais que se estabeleceram. O trabalho procura estabelecer, inicialmente, um conjunto de informações sobre como o setor foi se transformando na perspectiva técnica, passando por diferentes fases (açucareiro, sucroalcooleiro, sucroenergético), até chegar aos dias atuais, quando incorpora no seu portfólio de “provedor do desenvolvimento sustentável”. Dentro desse itinerário, dá-se ênfase entre as relações das políticas ambientais, especialmente pós-Kyoto, e a expansão do setor. E dentro dessa expansão, procurou-se compreender como a instalação do setor sucroenergético na microrregião do Sudoeste de Goiás poderia oferecer subsídios empíricos, a partir de uma análise socioespacial, da articulação da dinâmica territorial e sua legitimação do discurso ambiental feito pelo setor. Para isso, utilizou-se como metodologia entrevistas semiestruturadas com os responsáveis da parte ambiental e operários das usinas; levantamento da legislação ambiental que abrange o setor; análise dos estudos e relatórios de impactos ambientais das usinas instaladas; e levantamento das autuações ambientais nos órgãos públicos. Verificou-se que o padrão tecnológico utilizado pelas novas usinas instaladas na microrregião Sudoeste de Goiás permitiu minimizar alguns passivos ambientais historicamente arraigados ao setor. No entanto, a intensificação do cultivo canavieiro na microrregião pode acarretar novos impactos, como a intensificação do uso da água para irrigação, a perda de área para outras culturas, compactação dos solos e a monocultura. Faz-se necessária, assim, uma normatização ambiental que abranja as situações específicas desse setor e que leve em consideração as situações vivenciadas pelos agentes locais, no intuito de preservar a qualidade ambiental.

Cette thèse explore les représentations sociales du handicap dans la société française en interrogeant la question fondamentale de l’altérité, notre regard de la différence, aux croisées des domaines de la politique et de la santé. L’observation participante menée dans le Sud-Ouest a mis en exergue l’héritage culturel dont sont issues les représentations actuelles du handicap : fantasmes, peurs, idée de contagion du handicap … La représentation sociale aurait donc peu évolué malgré la mondialisation de la culture (J.P. Warnier, 2008). Réduit à l’image du fauteuil roulant, la question du handicap repose davantage sur un enjeu politique et de santé puisqu’il est au cœur de l’évolution sociétale. En effet, la loi du 11 février 2005 impose aux collectivités leur accessibilité afin de permettre l’égalité des chances des personnes en situation de handicap. Par cette mise en conformité de l’environnement, l’image du handicap se réduit à la mobilité. Ainsi, il semblerait qu’il persiste une volonté inconsciente à ramener les personnes handicapées à la marge de la société. Par conséquent, nous pouvons confirmer que les représentations sociales détiennent toujours et encore une place importante dans le comportement collectif. Les faire évoluer passe alors par l’acquisition d’un savoir expérientiel. C’est pourquoi, nous avons souhaité vérifier cette hypothèse grâce à une enquête qualitative menée auprès des étudiants en soins infirmiers. / This thesis deals with the social representations of handicap in French society, by questionning the fundamental subject of otherness, our conception of difference, in both political and sanitary fields. The observation held in South West region highlighted the cultural and heritage of where the current representations of handicap come from : fantasies, fears, idea of a contagion of handicap... the social representation would therefore have barely progressed in spite of the globalization of culture (J.P. Warnier, 2008). Limited to the picture of a wheelchair, the subject of handicap consists more in a political and sanitary stake, since it is in the heart of the evolution of society. As a matter of fact, the law of February 11th 2005 impose on communities to assure their accessibility, in order to allow equal opportunities for handicapped people. Through this compliance of the environment, the conception of handicap is limited to mobility. Therefore, it seems that there is still an unconscious will to keep handicapped people at the margin of society. Therefore, we can claim that social representations still hold an important role in collective behavior. Their evolution requires to purchase an experiential knowledge. That's why we wanted to corroborate this statement thanks to a qualitative investigation organized with students in nursing school.

Cette thèse cherche à rendre compte des réponses que les Aborigènes Noongars du sud-ouest de l’Australie Occidentale déploient face aux discours sur la « tradition » et la « modernité » qui sont construits au sein des institutions et par les acteurs de l’État avec lesquels ils interagissent et auxquels ils sont tour à tour confrontés. L’étude de ces discours, des conditions de leur production et de leurs effets permet d’envisager les concepts de « tradition » et de « modernité » comme des moyens d’action et des techniques sociales mobilisés pour éliminer la différence culturelle dans la mise en œuvre d’un « devenir commun ».L’État australien produit ses propres définitions antagonistes de la « tradition » et de la « modernité », catégories pensées comme étant mutuellement exclusives. Dans certains contextes, il est attendu des Noongars d’être « traditionnels », alors que dans d’autres ils doivent se montrer « modernes ». Les Noongars se trouvent ainsi pris dans une contradiction : ils tendent vers la « modernité » pour rester « traditionnels » et, inversement, ils sont maintenus dans leurs « traditions » lorsqu’ils doivent faire preuve de « modernité ». Dans leurs diverses tentatives de s’intégrer à la nation australienne tout en conservant leurs spécificités, les Noongars redéfinissent leur « identité culturelle ». Pour cela, ils s’approprient, contestent et négocient l’image de l’Aboriginalité qui leur est présentée et se façonnent une identité contemporaine propre, sans pour autant s’opposer radicalement au mythe national de l’Aboriginalité.En analysant les divers processus par lesquels les Aborigènes Noongars revendiquent leur reconnaissance et tentent d’acquérir un degré de souveraineté au sein d’un État-nation, cette thèse enrichit les réflexions sur l’autochtonie en tant que catégorie politique et contingente. Il s’agit d’aborder les questions autochtones comme des réalités discursives devant être analysées dans les contextes ethnographiques particuliers où elles sont produites et articulées. / This thesis seeks to account for the responses that the Noongar Aborigines from the South West of Western Australia display to the discourses of "tradition" and "modernity" that are built within institutions and by state actors, with whom they interact and to which they are in turn confronted. The study of these discourses, the conditions of their production and their effects makes it possible to consider the concepts of “tradition” and “modernity” as means of action and social techniques mobilised to eliminate cultural difference in the implementation of a “common becoming”.The Australian state produces its own antagonistic definitions of “tradition” and “modernity”, categories thought to be mutually exclusive. In some contexts, Noongars are expected to be “traditional”, while in others they must be “modern”. The Noongars are thus caught in a contradiction: they tend towards “modernity” to remain “traditional” and, conversely, they are kept in their “traditions” when they have to show “modernity”. In their various attempts to integrate into the Australian nation, while retaining their specificities, the Noongars are redefining their “cultural identity”. For this, they appropriate, challenge, negotiate the image of the Aboriginality presented to them and shape their own contemporary identity, without radically opposing the national myth of Aboriginality.By analysing the various processes by which the Noongar Aborigines claim their recognition and attempt to acquire a degree of sovereignty within a nation-state, this thesis enriches reflections on Indigeneity as a political and contingent category. It is about addressing indigenous issues as discursive realities that need to be analysed in the particular ethnographic contexts in which they are produced and articulated.

This thesis examines how the Kamoro (also known as the Mimika) people of the south-west coast of Papua (former Irian Jaya), Indonesia have adapted to major political and economic changes over a long history of interactions with outsiders. More specifically, it is an ethnohistorical analysis of Kamoro strategies of engagement dating back to the seventeenth century, but focusing on the twentieth century. Taking ethnohistory to most generally refer to the investigation of the social and cultural distinctiveness of historical consciousness, this thesis examines how perceptions and activities of the past shape interpretations of the present. Though this thesis privileges Kamoro perspectives, it juxtaposes them against broader ethnohistorical analyses of the “outsiders” with whom they have interacted. For the Kamoro, amoko-kwere, narratives about the ancestral (and eternal) cultural heroes, underlie indigenous modes of historical consciousness which are ultimately grounded in forms of social reciprocity. One key characteristic of the amoko-kwere is the incorporation of foreign elements and their reformulation as products of indigenous agency. As a result of this reinterpretation expectations are raised concerning the exchange of foreign material wealth and abilities, both classified in the Kamoro language as kata. Foreign withholding of kata emerges as a dominant theme in amoko-kwere and is interpreted as theft, ultimately establishing relationships of negative reciprocity between the Kamoro and the powerful outsiders. These feelings are mirrored in contemporary Kamoro conceptions of their relationships with the Indonesian State and the massive PT Freeport Indonesia Mining Company who use a significant amount of Kamoro land for deposition of mining waste (tailings) and for the development of State and company infrastructure.

Interactions between non-native yabbies (Cherax albidus) and indigenous marron (Cherax tenuimanus) in the south-west of Western Australia are not well understood. While there is abundant evidence to suggest that invasive freshwater crayfish are detrimental to native species, the nature and degree of impact on marron populations by exotic yabbies remains unclear. Researchers have hypothesized that invasive species make faster and more appropriate use of information about their environment than native species. This greater behavioural plasticity can result in displacement of indigenous species, successful colonisation by invaders, and subsequent disturbance to natural ecosystems and representative biodiversity. / The research presented in this thesis examines the behavioural responses of an indigenous crayfish (C. tenuimanus) and an invasive crayfish (C. albidus) to waterborne odours derived from food, alarm sources and finfish predators. This study was undertaken to assist in the understanding of predatory and competitive interactions between indigenous and non-indigenous crayfish and fish predators, with particular relevance to Western Australia. Predation and competition are major forces influencing community structure in ecosystems; therefore knowledge of competitive and predatory interactions will be of benefit when considering future translocation policies. / Behavioural trials were conducted in two culture systems (54 L aquaria and a 70,000 L mesocosm), where marron and yabbies were exposed to a range of water-borne odours from finfish predators (silver perch and Murray cod), with and without competition from conspecific and heterospecific crayfish. A number of variables likely to influence crayfish behaviour were investigated: strength of chemical odour; crayfish size, gender, diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns; predator size; prior-residence; suitable habitat/shelter; and feed availability. / A key innovation in this research was the high replication in the aquarium-based observation trials using a Latin Cube design, which resulted in greater statistical strength and lower variability. More importantly, this research deviated from the tradition of exclusively using the ‘individual crayfish’ approach for odour-detection experiments and tested these results in a 70,000 L communal observation tank. This was an important development in crayfish behavioural experimentation, particularly as several key findings from the individual crayfish approach were confirmed in a multi-species environment. / Results from this study supported the hypothesis that invasive crayfish species make more appropriate use of a wider range of information about their environment than native crayfish species. Yabbies were found to possess behavioural characteristics not present in marron, such as clearer behavioural modifications to food and heterospecific odour, and cautionary behaviour in the presence of odour from a finfish predator. During simulated daylight conditions, marron displayed behaviours conducive to predation that were not present in yabbies, including less time spent in shelter and more time spent in locomotory activity. However, during specialised night-time observational studies developed during this research, these differences were not evident. This would not seem to be an unusual result, given that crayfish naturally forage at night and become more active; however, it may have important implications for future behavioural studies of crayfish, indicating a bias associated with day-time approaches. Crayfish size also played a role in behavioural modifications to water-borne odours. Larger marron displayed clearer changes in behaviour and were more responsive to heterospecific alarm odour than juveniles. Furthermore, juveniles of both species were more active than adults and sub-adults. / The expansion of the yabby population into Western Australian habitats occupied by marron has been facilitated through translocation for aquaculture, and biological characteristics of the species, some of which are typical of other invasive crayfish species including: tolerance of a variety of conditions; rapid growth; early sexual maturity; burrowing to escape drought and predation; capable of multiple spawns in a growth season; and aggressiveness. Another characteristic of invasive crayfish species also shared by yabbies, as supported by the results of this study, is high behavioural plasticity. / Although marron do not share the same level of behavioural plasticity found in yabbies, their larger body size increases their success in competitive interactions. The comparatively smaller body size of yabbies may be the major factor limiting their population expansion in the presence of marron, especially in water-bodies where shelter is a limited resource. / Marron are an important endemic species in Western Australia, but their conservation is threatened by competition and predation from exotic species. The research presented in this thesis indicates that invasive yabbies are more receptive to chemical stimuli and better equipped to respond to predation risk than marron. This information will be of benefit when considering future translocation policy in Western Australia and highlights the need for a cautious approach to species introductions.

Submitted by Fabielle Cheuczuk (fabielle.cheuczuk@unioeste.br) on 2018-11-01T18:18:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação hernani f.p.nunes.pdf: 1455586 bytes, checksum: 3ce6a7e7da00aa41dc709a40d6c8573d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-01T18:18:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertação hernani f.p.nunes.pdf: 1455586 bytes, checksum: 3ce6a7e7da00aa41dc709a40d6c8573d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to conduct a documentary research, analyzing the numbers referring to the higher education national and regional district. In this way, we discuss the data that indicate the date of implementation of higher education institutions, the creation of respective courses, enrollment, tied students and graduates of the respective courses in the period 2003-2014. In order to do this, we have made a history of the formation of Brazilian higher education, the creation of the first institutions of higher education, the modernization of Brazilian post-1968 education and the work of international organizations in the sector, such as IBRD, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the World Bank, attempting to mention the impositions of the Washington consensus that were influential in shaping economic and educational policies in Brazil in the following decades. During the construction of this history the discussions focused on education, we made relations with the economic and social policies of each period between 1930-2002. Based on the historical, we began the statistical discussion about the expansion of Brazilian higher education, based on the economic reformulation and from the institutionalized educational programs. Among them were: the Fund for Student Financing for Higher Education (FIES), the University for All Program (PROUNI) and the Federal University Restructuring and Expansion Program Support Program (REUNI). regions of the country, through state funding directed to the public and private sectors. Finally, we discussed the expansion of the teaching modality at the regional level, seeking to mention the data that indicates the date of implementation of the new educational institutions, the year of creation of the respective courses and, in municipal scope, we point out the numbers that indicate the number of enrollments, bound students, course finishes and the number of courses implemented. The problem that we investigated during the research was, the policies of expansion of education internalized the sector in the region, with the justification of a formation of higher education in a late form. We soon found that most educational institutions and courses were instituted dating to socioeconomic transformations from the 2000s. We also made clear that this research belongs to the research line "Education and Teaching of Geography" and to HEGEO - Group of Research in History and Epistemology of Geography. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma pesquisa documental, analisando os números referentes ao setor da educação superior em âmbito nacional e regional. Dessa forma discutimos os dados que apontam a data de implementação das instituições de ensino superior, de criação dos respectivos cursos, sobre matrículas, alunos vinculados e concluintes dos respectivos cursos no período 2003-2014. Para isso, fizemos um histórico que pretende apontar a formação da educação superior brasileira, a criação das primeiras instituições de ensino superior, a modernização da educação superior brasileira pós 1968 e a atuação de organismos internacionais no setor, como o BIRD, Banco Internacional para Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento e o Banco Mundial, procurando mencionar as imposições do consenso de Washington influentes na elaboração das políticas econômicas e educacionais no Brasil das décadas posteriores. Durante a construção desse histórico as discussões voltadas para a educação, fizemos relações com as políticas econômicas e sociais de cada período entre 1930-2002. Com base no histórico, iniciamos a discussão estatística sobre a expansão da educação superior brasileira a contar da reformulação econômica e a partir da atuação dos programas educacionais institucionalizados. Entre eles o, Fundo de Financiamento ao Estudante do Ensino Superior (FIES), o, Programa Universidade para Todos (PROUNI) e o, Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI), havendo a expansão do setor a regiões interioranas do país, através do financiamento estatal direcionados para o setor público e privado. Por fim, realizamos uma discussão sobre a expansão da modalidade de ensino em âmbito regional, procurando mencionar os dados que apontam a data de implementação das novas instituições de ensino, o ano de criação dos respectivos cursos e, em abrangência municipal, apontamos os números que indicam a quantidade de matrículas, alunos vinculados, concluintes dos cursos e a quantidade de cursos implementados. O problema que investigamos durante a pesquisa foi, as políticas de expansão do ensino interiorizaram o setor na região, com a justificativa de haver uma formação da educação superior de forma tardia. Logo constatamos que, a maior parte das instituições de ensino e de cursos foram instituídos a datar das transformações socioeconômicas a partir dos anos 2000.

L’objectif de cette thèse est double : d’une part, il s’agit de faire la synthèse des connaissances disponibles à ce jour sur la période du premier âge du Fer (800/425 a.C. environ) dans la zone géographique étudiée ; d’autre part, il est question d’analyser les modalités et les dynamiques d’occupation du sol au cours de cette période et dans cet espace. La démarche comporte plusieurs étapes de travail. La première consiste à inventorier les données disponibles, sous la forme d’une base de données relationnelle. Un référentiel chronologique propre, reposant sur l’analyse typologique fine du corpus céramique et d’un certain nombre d’autres catégories d’objets (armement, parure, outillage notamment), est ensuite établi. L’étude typo-chronologique du mobilier issu des sites funéraires et des sites d’habitat a permis l’élaboration d’un cadre chronologique régional indépendant des grands systèmes continentaux. L’analyse spatiale, dernière étape du travail, s’appuie sur la trame chronologique ainsi dégagée et a pour objectifs, d’une part, l’identification et l’étude de faciès mobiliers locaux et de leur évolution dans le temps, et d’autre part, la recherche et l’étude d’éventuels schémas récurrents d’organisation spatiale. Les faciès mobiliers sont étudiés au moyen d’analyses de données multivariées prenant comme données de départ la typologie des objets et leur localisation dans l’espace. Le thème de l’organisation spatiale est quant à lui abordé par diverses méthodes d’analyse mises en œuvre via un Système d’Information Géographique (SIG), en déclinant des approches complémentaires (hiérarchisation des sites, emprise visuelle des sites de hauteur, relations entre sites funéraires et sites d’habitat…). / The objective of this PhD research is twofold. First, it aims to synthesize the available knowledge on the Early Iron Age period on the studied area. Secondly, it deals with the analysis of modes and dynamics of settlement during this period and in this geographical area. The research process is made of several steps. The first one consists in the development of relational database made from the inventory of available data. Then, a chronological framework is established form a precise typological analysis of the pottery and some others categories of artefacts (weapons, jewelry, tools…). The typo-chronological study of the material found on burial sites and settlements allows to define a specific regional chronological framework which is independent from the main continental chronological systems. Lastly, the spatial analysis based on this chronological framework aims the identification and study of the sub-regional facies and their evolution throughout time and secondly, the search for reccurent spatial organization patterns. The archaeological facies are studied with multivariate data analysis and, as starting dataset, the typology of the artefacts and their localization in space. The spatial organization is studied with diverse analysis methods within a GIS (Geographic Information System), using complementary approaches (settlement hierarchy, viewshed of the hillforts, relations between burial and domestic sites…).

Si la présence d’une activité verrière ne semble être connue qu’à partir du XIVème siècle dans le quart sud ouest de la France, c’est véritablement au XVIème siècle qu’elle prend toute son ampleur et atteint son apogée, au vu des nombreux ateliers établis à cette période. En confrontant les archives écrites et les « archives du sol », cette étude vise à apporter un éclairage sur l’évolution de la production du verre entre la période médiévale et la période moderne, et sur les relations qui régissent les maitres verriers, les marchands et les producteurs de matières premières entrant dans la composition du verre. Les flux d’échanges issus de cette activité verrière mettent en relief l’activité économique importante générée au départ d’installations ancrées localement à proximité des ressources forestières indispensables au fonctionnement des fours des verriers, et qui pourtant irriguent l’économie régionale en favorisant les échanges commerciaux et en développant un écosystème autour du transport, de l’activité bancaire, et du troc de marchandises. L’une des caractéristiques fortes de ces échanges commerciaux est qu’ils allient deux espaces maritimes, mer méditerranée et océan atlantique, sur un axe reliant La Rochelle à Narbonne. L’étude des objets en verre fabriqués dans cette zone géographique tend plutôt à montrer que la fabrication est diversifiée, tant vis-à-vis des types d’objets que dans les formes réalisées. Seules quelques productions locales particulières semblent s’adresser à un marché local ou régional. / If the presence of a glass activity seems known only from the 14th century on in the South-West of France, it's truly in the 16th century that it spread and reached its peak, given the numerous workshops established at this time. Comparing the written archives and « ground archives », this study aims to shed light on the evolution of glass production between medieval times and modern times, and on the connections between glass-blowers, merchants and producers of raw materials necessary to the production of glass. The trade flows springing from this glass activity highlight the significant economic activity generated from local plants near forest ressources necessary for the working of glass ovens. These local plants supply regional economy favouring trade and developing an ecosystem based around transport, banking and bartering. One of the main characteristics of this trade is that it linked up two maritime areas, the Mediterranean sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on an axis from La Rochelle to Narbonne. The study of the glass objects made in this geographical area tends to show that the production is varied, both in terms of the types of objects and of the shapes created. Only a few particular local productions seem to be destined to a local or regional market.

The diploma thesis Totalitarian tendencies of German colonial policies deals with German colonial policies towards Africans in the period between 1884-1914. The main focus is placed on the characteristics and analysis of German native policy in the most important of German colonies - German South West Africa. This piece attempts to pinpoint the relationship between the colonizers and the colonized, to illustrate the racist prejudice of the Germans and to describe the impact of these ideas on the colonial reality. Furthermore, this work reflects upon the Herero war, with particular interest being paid to the German war strategy, and tries to identify the reasons behind its radicalization as well as to resolve the query concerning the genocidal intent. The totalitarianism section of this thesis explores the totalitarian aspects of German native policy in German South West Africa and their development following the Herero war. A comparison of German colonial policies towards the natives with colonial policies of the other major powers active on the African continent follows. The final chapter endeavours to answer the question regarding the continuity of German history and continuity between German colonialism and National Socialism.

MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / Background: Human Herpes Virus-8 (HHV-8) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the prevalence of HHV-8 in HIV-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa has not been fully described and characterized. Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and genetic subtypes of HHV-8 in an HIV-infected population in Cameroon. Methodology: KSHV/HHV-8 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit (Advanced Biotechnologies Inc., USA) was used to detect IgG antibodies in the plasma of 406 HIV-infected outpatients of the Mutengene Baptist Health Centre, Cameroon. To detect the viral presence, a 233 bp fragment of the ORF 26 gene of HHV-8 was targeted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in total DNA purified from patients’ whole blood. A 453 bp of the K1 gene was amplified by nested PCR, sequenced and phylogenetically analysed to infer subtypes. The online tool, Synonymous Non-synonymous Analysis Program (SNAP), was used to determine the rate of synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations in the K1 gene. The genetic variability among the derived K1 nucleotide sequences was determined by mean genetic distance analysis. Results: Of the 406 participants, an HHV-8 seroprevalence of 79.1% was obtained. There was a statistically significant association of seroprevalence with age (p= 0.00), CD4+ cell count (p= 0.02), marital status (p= 0.02) and ownership of a transistor radio set (p= 0.00). Seventy samples (23.3%) were successfully amplified for ORF 26 gene confirming the presence of replicating virus. K1 sequences were obtained for 14 of the 20 (70%) K1 amplified DNAs. The mean genetic diversity of K1 sequences ranges from 0.0%-22.3%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two infecting viral subtypes in the study cohort: subtype A5 (57.1%), and subtype B (35.7%). Greater positive selection and genetic diversity were observed in A5 subtype compared to B subtype of K1. Interestingly, one sample (BM 547) clustered with an unclassifiable sequence from South Africa. Conclusions and recommendation: This study revealed the endemicity of HHV-8 infection in the studied population, with subtypes A5 and B as the most important epidemiological genetic variants. In addition, targeting the ORF 26 region by PCR could be an approach to detect replicating virus in individuals. Further studies should investigate the association between HHV-8 infection and KS development in the study area which is endemic for HIV. This study contributes data to the HIV/HHV-8 co-infection landscape in the study area and in Africa at large.