A space camera is a promising candidate to address the non-stop rising interest for astrophysics research in the Compton regime. The MeVCube mission is intended to be launched in 2022, hosting an on-board Compton Camera. To better support the development of the instrument in this early stage, a series of feasibility studies to assess two potential launch orbits were performed. The studies were composed by a series of mission analysis simulations which permitted the characterisation of the orbital environments for the two orbital options. Several sources of background noise to the instrument were identified. The population of trapped protons and trapped electrons were simulated for the periods of Solar Minimum and Solar Maximum, as well as the levels of Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) flux. The performance of trade-off studies concluded that an equatorial orbit is more preferable for reducing the influence of background noise. To better estimate the environment effects at the equatorial orbit, the number of particles which can penetrate the detector shielding were simulated. The next step was to perform a series secondary studies whose aim were to simulate the induced current on the electrodes, produced by the interactions occurring within the detector. The actualisation of these simulations required the study of photon interaction with matter, the various Cadmium-Zink-Telluride (CZT) types and the how they operate, and the use of a sophisticated software to perform the appropriate simulations. COMSOL, which allows the method of FEA, was chosen as the tool to perform the simulations. The geometry of the detector voxel was primarily designed in SIEMENS NX. The geometry was inserted into COMSOL, where a number of iterations were performed to finalise the appropriate mesh size, which ensured an accurate representation of the Electric field and the Weighting potential within the detector voxel. The induced current on the electrodes was decided to be calculated via MATLAB. As a verification step it was thought useful to firstly plot the weighting potential of the three electrodes under test; the chosen anode pixel, the steering grid and the cathode. The process revealed a series of numerical errors, most likely introduced by the type of mesh chosen or by the data manipulation process via MATLAB. Significant reduction of the numerical errors would lead to more accurate values for the induced current. Unfortunately, due to time constraints this was a task that was not completed. Solving this problem would be optimal for future studies with MATLAB, as the induced current on the electrodes can be correctly calculated based on charge transport within the detector bulk. / MeVCube, DESY

L’imagerie constitue un axe majeur de l’exploration de l’univers et de la Terre depuis l’espace, que l’on se trouve dans le domaine du visible ou non. Ainsi dans le domaine spatial, les données sont le plus souvent récupérées par un capteur CCD (Charge-Coupled Device, ou Dispositif à Transfert de Charge (DTC)) qui fournit des tensions analogiques vers un convertisseur analogique-numérique (CAN), dont la sortie sera transmise à une chaîne de traitement, puis envoyée sur terre. Ainsi, les CAN sont des éléments clés dans l’imagerie par satellite. De leur précision et de leur vitesse va dépendre la qualité de la représentativité de la chaîne de signaux binaires. Il est donc crucial de réaliser une conversion de données de grande qualité (vitesse, précision) tout en s’assurant de la résistance du CAN à l’environnement radiatif. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’améliorer la robustesse à l’environnement spatial, tout en optimisant les performances, de plusieurs fonctions élémentaires d’un convertisseur analogique-numérique de type pipeline 14bits,5MS/s, réalisées en technologie XFAB 0,18µm. Les trois fonctions ciblées sont les interrupteurs (notamment la résolution des problèmes liés au phénomène d’injection de charges en environnement spatial), les comparateurs (durcissement) et l’amplificateur à capacités commutées (amélioration du gain par une technique prédictive sans pénaliser la puissance consommée). / Imaging is a major issue in the observation of the Universe and the Earth from space, whether in the visible domain or not. Thus, in the spatial field, data is often gathered by a CCD (charge-Coupled Device) sensor, that supplies analog voltages to an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), which outputs will be delivered to a processing chain, and then sent to earth. Consequently, ADCs are key elements in satellite imaging. Their precision and speed will indeed define the quality and the representativeness of the binary signal. It is then crucial to perform a high quality (speed & precision) conversion of the data, while making sure that the ADC can cope with the harsh irradiative environment. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the robustness to the space environment (hardening), while optimizing the performances, of several elementary devices that compose a 14 bits, 5MS/s pipeline ADC, made with the XFAB 180nm technology. The three targeted functions are the switches (especially the problems linked to coping with the charge injection problems in a space environment), the comparators (hardening) and the switched-capacitor amplifier (gain boosting through a predictive architecture with no penalty on the power consumption).

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This dissertation focuses on quantification of submicroscopic iron of different sizes, mineral abundance and grain size of lunar soils using Hapke's radiative transfer model. The main objective is to explore implications of these results for assessing the relative importance of solar wind implantation versus micrometeorite impacts for lunar space weathering as well as three hypotheses (solar wind deflection, comet impact and dust transport) for swirl formation on the Moon. Results from this study can help to make connections between ordinary chondritic meteorites and asteroids, and put physical and chemical constraints on heating processes in the early solar system.

This thesis examines the tourism in the rural space, which can be divided into variety of categories and forms. The main aim of the thesis is above all a detailed analysis of the situation in the municipality Purkarec as a concrete part of the region České Budějovice. Moreover this thesis specifies sights and opions of local inhabitants, businessmen and experts on local tourism. To analysing the tourism in the municipality Purkarec is used the method of the decriptive case study. Data collection and information gethering about the situation in rural space of the municipality Purkarec took a place trough combinations of methods of the qualitative and quantitavie research. On the basis of the field research was discovered attitudes and opinions of particular interviewed categories. The tourism in the area of Purkarec is at the moment rising up which nevertheless doesn?t affect negatively the environment.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la robustesse/sensibilité d'un algorithme auto-convergeant face aux SEU's. Ces phénomènes appelés aussi bit-flips qui se traduit par le basculement intempestif du contenu d'un élément mémoire comme conséquence de l'ionisation produite par le passage d'une particule chargée avec le matériel. Cette étude pourra avoir un impact important vu la conjoncture de miniaturisation qui permettra bientôt de disposer de circuits avec des centaines à des milliers de cœurs de traitement sur une seule puce, pour cela il faudra faire les cœurs communiquer de manière efficace et robustes. Dans ce contexte les algorithme dits auto-convergeants peuvent être utilis afin que la communication entre les cœurs soit fiable et sans intervention extérieure. Une étude par injection de fautes de la robustesse de l'algorithme étudié a été effectuée, cet algorithme a été initialement exécuté par un processeur LEON3 implémenté dans un FPGA embarqué dans une plateforme de test spécifique. Les campagnes préliminaires d'injection de fautes issus d'une méthode de l'état de l'art appelée CEU (Code Emulated Upset) ont mis en évidence une certaine sensibilité aux SEUs de l'algorithme. Pour y faire face des modifications du logiciel ont été effectuées et des techniques de tolérance aux fautes ont été implémentés au niveau logiciel dans le programme implémentant l'algorithme. Des expériences d'injection de fautes ont été effectués pour mettre en évidence la robustesse face aux SEUs et ses potentiels « Tallons d'Achille » de l'algorithme modifié. L'impact des SEUs a été aussi exploré sur l'algorithme auto-convergeant implémenté dans une version hardware dans un FPGA. L'évaluation de cette méthodologie a été effectuée par des expériences d'injection de fautes au niveau RTL du circuit. Ces résultats obtenus avec cette méthode ont montré une amélioration significative de la robustesse de l'algorithme en comparaison avec sa version logicielle. / This thesis is devoted to the study of the robustness/sensitivity of a self-converging algorithm with respect to SEU's. These phenomenon also called bit-flips which may modify the content of memory elements as the result of the silicon ionization resulting from the impact of a charged particles. This study may have a significant impact given the conditions of miniaturization that will soon have circuits with hundreds to thousands of processing cores on a single chip, this will require make the cores communicate effectively and robust manner. In this context the so-called self-converging algorithm can be used to ensure that communication between cores is reliable and without external intervention. A fault injection study of the robustness of the algorithm was performed, this algorithm was initially executed by a processor LEON3 implemented in the FPGA embedded in a specific platform test. Preliminary fault injection from a method the state of the art called CEU showed some sensitivity to SEUs of algorithm. To cope with the software changes were made and techniques for fault tolerance have been implemented in software in the program implementing the self-converging algorithm. The fault injection experiments were made to demonstrate the robustness to SEU's and potential problems of the modified algorithm. The impact of SEUs was explored on a hardware-implemented self-converging algorithm in a FPGA. The evaluation of this method was performed by fault injection at RTL level circuit. These results obtained with this method have shown a significant improvement of the robustness of the algorithm in comparison with its software version.

In this theoretic-practically focused diploma thesis I deal with the issue of an abandoned site and its potencial for the art creation itself. Firs I attempt to foreshow the modern aspects of the art in relation to the urban outskirts creation. I focus on the distinct graffiti phenomenon an its role within the cultural developement of the modern society. In connection with forementioned I aspire to define the phenomenon of site and space. Furthermore I adress the importance of the outskirts with reference to the environmental psychology. Afterwards I carry through a critical reflexion of the theoretical knowledge fragments and apply new findings while resolving the creative task. In the practical part of this thesis I create triptych of wall paintings in the environs of an urban outskirts on the topic of an abandoned site and consequently I carry out their explication.

Dans le domaine du spatial, des sources laser à forte puissance sont déjà employées dans le cadre d’activités scientifiques. On peut citer par exemple l’analyse à distance de la composition chimique des roches sur Mars par LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) et le sondage atmosphérique par Lidar (Light Detection And Ranging) pour l’amélioration des prédictions météorologiques. Cependant l’endommagement laser (LID) et la contamination induite par laser (LIC) sur les composants optiques des systèmes demeurent des risques difficiles à anticiper. En ce qui concerne la LIC, l’interaction du flux laser avec les optiques de l’instrument en orbite peut provoquer des dégradations irréversibles, liées à la création de dépôts organiques absorbants qui peuvent induire des endommagements laser dans le temps. L’effet LIC reste donc aujourd’hui un obstacle au développement de sources laser de puissance pour les applications sans maintenance possible et possédant des durées de vie raisonnables. Une étude paramétrique de l’effet LIC est proposée dans cette thèse afin de progresser dans la compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu / Since their first implementation in satellite systems, lasers have proven to be very versatile devices in space applications. They are key components of a variety of space-based instruments performing altimetry, light detection and ranging, laser sensing, and laser communication. However, laser induced damage (LID) and laser-induced contamination (LIC) of optical surfaces are a major failure risk for space-bound laser instruments. Regarding the LIC effect, the interaction of the laser with slight traces of organic compounds on the optical surface leads to the formation of a highly absorbing nanometric deposit on the laser footprint. Under certain conditions, this deposit may cause laser induced damage. Today, mainly the LIC effect remains an obstacle for the development of reliable and long-living spaceborne lasers. A parametric study concerning this effect was carried out in this work in order to enhance our understanding of the various mechanisms involved

Yes / This paper aims at providing an overview of latest advances in space weather modeling in an operational environment in Europe, including both the introduction of new models and improvements to existing codes and algorithms that address the broad range of space weather's prediction requirements from the Sun to the Earth. For each case, we consider the model's input data, the output parameters, products or services, its operational status, and whether it is supported by validation results, in order to build a solid basis for future developments. This work is the output of the Sub Group 1.3 "Improvement of operational models'' of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action ES0803 "Developing Space Weather Products and services in Europe'' and therefore this review focuses on the progress achieved by European research teams involved in the action.

Les imageurs CMOS représentent un outil d’avenir pour de nombreuses applications scientifiques de haut vol, tellesque l’observation spatiale ou les expériences nucléaires. En effet, ces imageurs ont vu leurs performancesdémultipliées ces dernières années grâce aux avancées incessantes de la microélectronique, et présentent aussi desavantages indéniables qui les destinent à remplacer les CCDs dans les futurs instruments spatiaux. Toutefois, enenvironnement spatial ou nucléaire, ces imageurs doivent faire face aux attaques répétées de particules pouvantrapidement dégrader leurs performances électro-optiques. En particulier, les protons, électrons et ions présents dansl’espace ou les neutrons de fusion nucléaire peuvent déplacer des atomes de silicium dans le volume du pixel et enrompre la structure cristalline. Ces effets de déplacement peuvent former des défauts stables introduisant des étatsd’énergie dans la bande interdite du silicium, et ainsi conduire à la génération thermique de paires électron-trou. Parconséquent, ces radiations non-ionisantes produisent une augmentation permanente du courant d’obscurité despixels de l’imageur et donc à une diminution de leur sensibilité et de leur dynamique. L’objectif des présents travauxest d’étendre la compréhension des effets de déplacement sur l’augmentation du courant d’obscurité dans lesimageurs CMOS. En particulier, ces travaux se concentrent sur l’étude de la forme de la distribution de courantd’obscurité en fonction du type, de l’énergie et du nombre de particules ayant traversé l’imageur, mais aussi enfonction des caractéristiques de l’imageur. Ces nombreux résultats permettent de valider physiquement etexpérimentalement un modèle empirique de prédiction de la distribution du courant d’obscurité pour une utilisationdans les domaines spatial et nucléaire. Une autre partie majeure de ces travaux consiste à utiliser pour la première foisla technique de spectroscopie de courant d’obscurité pour détecter et caractériser individuellement les défautsgénérés par les radiations non-ionisantes dans les imageurs CMOS. De nombreux types de défauts sont détectés etdeux sont identifiés, prouvant l’applicabilité de cette technique pour étudier la nature des défauts cristallins généréspar les effets de déplacement dans le silicium. Ces travaux avancent la compréhension des défauts responsables del’augmentation du courant d’obscurité en environnement radiatif, et ouvrent la voie au développement de modèles deprédiction plus précis, voire de techniques permettant d’éviter la formation de ces défauts ou de les faire disparaître. / CMOS image sensors are envisioned for an increasing number of high-end scientific imaging applications such asspace imaging or nuclear experiments. Indeed, the performance of high-end CMOS image sensors has dramaticallyincreased in the past years thanks to the unceasing improvements of microelectronics, and these image sensors havesubstantial advantages over CCDs which make them great candidates to replace CCDs in future space missions.However, in space and nuclear environments, CMOS image sensors must face harsh radiation which can rapidlydegrade their electro-optical performances. In particular, the protons, electrons and ions travelling in space or thefusion neutrons from nuclear experiments can displace silicon atoms in the pixels and break the crystalline structure.These displacement damage effects lead to the formation of stable defects and to the introduction of states in theforbidden bandgap of silicon, which can allow the thermal generation of electron-hole pairs. Consequently, nonionizingradiation leads to a permanent increase of the dark current of the pixels and thus a decrease of the imagesensor sensibility and dynamic range. The aim of the present work is to extend the understanding of the effect ofdisplacement damage on the dark current increase of CMOS image sensors. In particular, this work focuses on theshape of the dark current distribution depending on the particle type, energy and fluence but also on the imagesensor physical parameters. Thanks to the many conditions tested, an empirical model for the prediction of the darkcurrent distribution induced by displacement damage in nuclear or space environments is experimentally validatedand physically justified. Another central part of this work consists in using the dark current spectroscopy techniquefor the first time on irradiated CMOS image sensors to detect and characterize radiation-induced silicon bulk defects.Many types of defects are detected and two of them are identified, proving the applicability of this technique to studythe nature of silicon bulk defects using image sensors. In summary, this work advances the understanding of thenature of the radiation-induced defects responsible for the dark current increase in space or nuclear environments. Italso leads the way to the design of more advanced dark current prediction models, or to the development ofmitigation strategies in order to prevent the formation of the responsible defects or to allow their removal.

The traditional radiation testing of space electronics has been used for more than fifty years to support the radiation hardness assurance. Its typical goal is to ensure reliable operation of the spacecraft in the harsh environment of space. This PhD research looks into the radiation testing from a different perspective; the goal is to develop radiation testing methods that are focused not only on the reliability of the components but also on a continuous radiation-induced degradation of their performance. Such data are crucial for the understanding of the impact of radiation on the measurement uncertainty of data acquisition systems onboard research space missions.