Este trabalho é um estudo de caso múltiplo, realizado em concessionárias do setor automotivo, que visa ao levantamento do estado atual da gestão dos estoques de peças de reposição e sua correlação com os modelos existentes na literatura sobre o tema. O estudo englobou sete concessionárias de quatro marcas, apontadas por especialistas das respectivas associações como sendo exemplos de boa gestão neste segmento. Os resultados apontaram que, de fato, no nível gerencial pesquisado existem grandes lacunas entre as teorias acadêmicas e as práticas, em especial quanto ao uso de técnicas de previsão de demanda, à decisão de estocagem dos produtos e às políticas de estocagem adotadas. O principal motivo para explicar estas lacunas é o desconhecimento das técnicas pelos gestores. Este desconhecimento parece estar ligado às deficiências na formação escolar e nos cursos de aperfeiçoamento oferecidos, pelas montadoras e associações, aos gestores destes estoques. Novas pesquisas são sugeridas, ao nível dos proprietários/acionistas das concessionárias, para verificação de outras possíveis explicações sobre os motivos destas lacunas. A pesquisa é concluída com diversas recomendações, tanto aos praticantes como aos acadêmicos, buscando a redução destas lacunas. / This dissertation is a multiple case study, performed in automotive dealers. The objective is to evaluate current spare parts inventory management practices status and their correlations with existing models on academic references. The study included seven dealers (from four different brands) which were recognized as examples of good practices at spare parts management by the dealer association specialists. The results pointed out that, in fact, at the managerial level interviewed, there are large gaps between academic theories and management practice, especially on demand forecasting, stocking decision and stocking policies. The gaps are mainly explained by managers? lack of knowledge on inventory control. This lack of knowledge seems to be caused by school and specialization courses (provided by automakers and dealers associations) deficiencies. New researches are suggested, at the owners/stockholders level, to verify other possible gap reasons. Research is concluded with several recommendations to academics and managers in order to reduce the theory-practice gap.

Diploma thesis is analysing specific aspects of spare parts logistics on practical situation of Renault Česká Republika, a.s. ("RCR") and its largest concessionaire, RENAULT RETAIL GROUP CZ, s.r.o. (formerly Renault Praha Zličín - "RPZ"). Elements of spare parts supply chain are described separately with focus on spare parts distribution centre in Györ, Hungary, which is later compared with similar centres of Škoda Auto and Toyota. Furthermore the inbound logistics processes of RCR is described and commented. Subsequent parts of the thesis focus on the analysis of spare parts warehouse with objective to improve the efficiency of stored references compound in order to eliminate dispensable references which are being stored. This improvement should therefore allow ameliorated fixing of invested cash flow and minimise the amount of references to be ordered urgently due to unsuitable composition of stock in storage. Finally the thesis deals with effects impact of severe events such, in particular with actual effect of Japanese earthquake on spare parts supply chain and optional measures to be taken to diversify and/or minimise such risks.

The masters's thesis is focused on the Czech B2B market with car spare parts. First chapter explains theoretical marketing terms and methods that are later used in a practical part of the thesis. Second part of the master's thesis reflects current situation on automotive aftermarket. The reader will learn about subjects conducting business in the industry, about unions and trade associations that are entered by the subjects to protect their rights and interests. The chapter also includes block exemption that has legislatively changed rules of selling counterparts and of car repair. The third part describes Opel Spare Parts Programme, which was created to sell original spare parts Opel to independent services. Similar programmes of other car producers are compared in this chapter, and it also draws a comparison between offers of competitors in form of independent distributors of spare parts. B2B marketing research can be found at the end of the master's thesis, its aim was to identify levels of satisfaction with content and rules of the Opel Spare Parts Programme. Representatives of authorised Opel services became research respondents. Results of the research were used for planning marketing activities for 2013 schedule.

The   purpose   of   this   pilot   study   was   to   identify   and   evaluate   different   business   cases   for   Epiroc’s  Parts   &   Services   Division   (PSD)   regarding   the   use   of   additive   manufacturing   (AM),   also   known   as  3D   printing,   for   their   spare   parts   within   the   mining   industry.    This   study   presents   an   approach   for  how   spare   parts   promising   for   AM   can   be   identified   and   shows   the   difficulties   with   AM.   The   study  follows   the   design   research   methodology   (DRM)   standard   for   research   within   product   and   process  development.   Through   interviews   and   literature   searches,   a   "top-down"   approach   was   applied.   A  developed   cost-benefit   model   accompanied   this   approach   and   was   used   to   identify   and   evaluate  potential   spare   parts   for   AM   from   Epiroc’s   current   spare   parts   portfolio.   The   results   were   evaluated  as   promising   for   several   of   the   spare   parts   in   terms   of   reduced   manufacturing,   procurement,   tool  cost,   and   lead   time   reduction,   which   results   in   increased   uptime   for   the   customer.   With   reduced   lead  times,   the   availability   increases   for   the   customer,   who   may   increase   Epiroc’s   sales   and   aftermarket  revenues   in   the   long   run.   There   is   also   great   potential   for   reducing   the   costs   for   warehousing,   where  spare   parts   of   low   demand   can   have   their   stocks   reduced   or   eliminated   by   securing   supply   through  on-demand   manufacturing.   Although   many   exciting   business   cases   have   been   identified   and  evaluated,   it   has   been   acknowledged   that   CNC-machining   in   many   cases   is   the   cheaper   alternative.  Despite   this,   it   is   worth   investing   in   AM   from   a   strategic   point   of   view   as   it   is   seen   as   a   tool   for   the  future.   Before   it   can   be   adopted   and   implemented,   Epiroc   should   do   test   trials   with   companies  offering   AM   services.   These   can   be   used   to   update   and   tune   the   cost-benefit   model   accordingly   to  increase   its   reliability   and   validity.   The   model   could   also   be   developed   further   to   incorporate   AM’s  additional   benefits,   such   as   weight   and   material   reduction   through   design   for   additive  manufacturing   (DfAM). / Syftet   med   denna   förstudie   var   att   identifiera   och   utvärdera   olika   affärsmöjligheter   för   Epirocs   Parts  &   Services-division   (PSD)   gällande   användningen   av   additiv   tillverkning   (AM),   även   känd   som  3D-printning,   för   deras   reservdelar   inom   gruvindustrin.   Denna   studie   presenterar   ett  tillvägagångssätt   för   hur   reservdelar   passande   för   AM   kan   identifieras   och   visar   på   svårigheterna  med   AM.   Studien   följer   "design   research   methodology"   (DRM),   vilket   kan   översättas   till  designforsknings-metodologin,   som   är   vanligt   förekommande   vid   forskning   inom   produkt-   och  processutveckling.   Genom   intervjuer   och   litteratursökningar   tillämpades   en   "top-down"-metod.  Detta   åtföljdes   av   en   utvecklad   kostnadsnyttomodell   som   tillsammans   användes   för   att   identifiera  och   utvärdera   potentiella   reservdelar   för   AM   från   Epirocs   nuvarande   reservdelsportfölj.   Resultaten  utvärderades   som   lovande   för   flertalet   av   reservdelarna   vad   gäller   reducerad   kostnad   för  tillverkning,   inköp,   verktyg   och   minskad   ledtid,   vilket   resulterar   i   ökad   drifttid   för   kunden.   Med  minskade   ledtider   ökar   tillgängligheten   för   kunden,   som   kan   öka   Epirocs   försäljning   och  eftermarknadsintäkter   på   lång   sikt.   Det   finns   också   en   stor   potential   i   att   minska   kostnaderna   för  lagerhållning,   där   reservdelar   med   låg   efterfrågan   kan   få   sina   lager   att   reduceras   eller   elimineras  genom   att   säkra   utbudet   genom   tillverkning   vid   behov.   Även   om   många   intressanta  affärsmöjligheter   har   identifierats   och   utvärderats   har   det   uppmärksammats   att   CNC-bearbetning   i  många   fall   kan   vara   det   billigare   alternativet.   Trots   detta   är   det   värt   att   investera   i   AM   ur   en  strategisk   synvinkel   eftersom   det   ses   som   ett   verktyg   för   framtiden.   Innan   AM   kan   anammas   och  implementeras   bör   Epiroc   göra   testförsök   med   företag   som   erbjuder   AM-tjänster.   Dessa   kan  användas   för   att   uppdatera   och   justera   kostnadsnyttomodellen   i   enlighet   med   detta   för   att   öka   dess  validitet   och   reliabilitet.   Modellen   kan   också   utvecklas   vidare   för   att   införliva   AM:s   ytterligare  fördelar,   såsom   vikt-   och   materialreduktion   genom   design   för   additiv   tillverkning   (DfAM).

Målet med detta projekt var att minska skrotning av provartiklar på Scania genom att ta fram ett förslag på flöde för vidare distribuering. Även att ta fram villkor för vilka artiklar som är aktuella för vidareförsäljning, kvantifiera mängden artiklar som kan säljas vidare och utvärdera ekonomin. Detta med hänsyn till att endast undersöka avdelningen RT (Truck Chassis Development) på Scania. Projektet startade på initiativ av Scania CV AB då de såg potential för vidareförsäljning i artiklar som i dagsläget skrotades efter en provmontering. Projektet utfördes i fyra olika steg under 10 veckor och arbetet planerades med hjälp av ett GANT‐schema. I nulägesbeskrivningen utfördes ett antal möten och besök på olika inblandade avdelningar på Scania. På så sätt skaffades en överblicksbild över hur problemet såg ut, hur processen runt om kring var uppbyggt och hur information för att lösa problemet skulle tas fram. En undersökning av hur flödet ser ut innan skrotning utfördes och presenteras i form av tre faser kallade beställnings‐, provnings‐ och skrotningsfasen. Genomförande, resultat och analys består av rubriker hämtade från planeringsstadiet i PDCA‐hjulet. Dessa är identifiering av problemet, analys av problemet och presentation av ett lösningsförslag. Även en utvärdering av ekonomin presenteras där ekonomiska beräkningar på det möjliga försäljningsvärdet från ASB (begagnat försäljning) som skrotades under 2017, antagna implementeringskostnader och förväntade intäkter vid försäljning hos ASB utfördes. Dessa utifrån egna antaganden och CW2:s (reservdelslager) försäljningsstatistik år 2017. Resultatet presenteras i form av lösningsförslaget som är ett visuellt flöde mellan MPAP (Prototype Assembly) i By 220 och ASB i Hovsjö. Villkor för vilka artiklar som är aktuella för vidareförsäljning har tagits fram i form av komplettering av Scanias befintliga skortoningsbedömning. Kvantifieringen av mängden serieartiklar blev 1 113 stycken och utgjordes av 310 stycken unika serienummer. Utifrån utvärderingen av ekonomin blev resultatet att flödet skulle kunna ge en besparing på ca 1 Mkr under år 2017. En slutsats av projektet är att en implementering av lösningsförslaget skulle bidra till besparingar och även minska på skrotningen av provartiklar. / The aim of this project was to reduce scrapping of test items at Scania by proposing a flow for further distribution. Also, present terms for which items are relevant for further distribution, quantification of the amount of items that may be sold and evaluate the economy. This with consideration of only evaluate the RT (Truck Chassis Development) department at Scania. This project started on the initiative of Scania CV AB because they saw potential for a further distribution of items which currently are scrapped after a test assembly. The project was carried out in four different steps during 10 weeks and the work was planned with a GANT‐schedule. In the description of the current situation a number of interviews was conducted on different departments at Scania. Through the interviews an understanding of the problem, how the process looks like and how information to solve the problem was gathered. An evaluation of how the flow before scrapping was carried out and is presented by three phases called ordering, testing and scrapping phase. The implementation, result and analysis chapter contains headlines gathered from the planning phase in the PDCA‐wheel. These headlines are identification of the problem, analysing the problem and a presentation of a solution. An evaluation of the economy is also presented showing the possible financial calculations of the total scrapped sales value in 2017 from ASB (second‐hand market), assumed implementation costs and the expected income from sales at ASB. This based on own assumptions and CW2’s (spare parts storage) sales statistics in 2017. The results are presented by the suggested solution which is presented as a visual flow between MPAP (Prototype Assembly) in By 220 and ASB in Hovsjö. The terms of which items are relevant for further distribution has been established by adding terms to the scrapping evaluation at Scania. The quantification of the amount of items was 1 113 pieces and the detected amount of different serial numbers was 310. Based on the evaluation of the economy the result was calculated to a saved amount of about 1 MSEK in year 2017. The conclusion of the project is that an implementation of the suggested solution would contribute savings and reduce the scrapping of test items.

No description available.

Esta Dissertação traz uma discussão sobre a necessidade de haver políticas de incentivo à existência de almoxarifado de operação em usinas hidrelétricas que renovaram suas concessões através da Lei 12.783/13 passando a pertencer ao regime de cotas de garantia física, e seus efeitos imediatos para a disponibilidade do sistema gerador e para a segurança de operação do sistema elétrico brasileiro, estabelecendo conexões do ambiente regulatório/econômico com o mundo físico/real. Com base nas teorias de confiabilidade, métodos de gestão de ativos e políticas de operação e manutenção, analisa-se a situação real do parque gerador hidrelétrico com mais de 30 anos de operação, e as consequências do aumento das taxas de falhas e redução de vida útil, explanando a necessidade de se promover uma forma de incentivo que corrija as assimetrias regulatórias estabelecidas, envolvendo as penalidades e os benefícios percebidos tanto pelo lado do agente regulado, quanto pelo lado do consumidor final. No texto deste trabalho, verifica-se uma discrepância entre os custos de O&M reais e regulatórios, induzindo duas análises possíveis: Para o caso em que as remunerações são superiores aos custos reais, a penalização proposta pelo regulador não é suficiente para induzir investimentos em almoxarifados, dado que o retorno não condiz com o custo de oportunidade do capital empregado. Já para o caso em que as remunerações são inferiores aos custos reais, as penalidades podem impor um desequilíbrio econômico-financeiro da gestão dos ativos, anulando os incentivos para manutenção da disponibilidade através da imobilização de ativos sobressalentes. Estes casos demonstram, de forma simples, a existência de uma falha no sinal dado pelo regulador para a manutenção da qualidade do serviço, medido através dos índices de disponibilidade. Ressalta-se que a degradação dos ativos pertencentes às usinas cotistas não só é prejudicial para a busca pela modicidade tarifária, mas também poderá ser crítica para a operação do sistema em um período em que as hidrelétricas existentes terão um papel fundamental o gerenciamento de carga com a entrada de fontes intermitentes no sistema elétrico brasileiro. Para isso, o trabalho está estruturado em sete capítulos: (1) introdução; (2) o modelo regulatório vigente; (3) usinas hidrelétricas e seus sistemas; (4) confiabilidade e taxa de falha; (5) estudo de caso 1 - qualidade do serviço prestado; (6) estudo de caso 2 - avaliação dos impactos sistêmicos e (7) considerações finais. / This Dissertation brings a discussion about the need of creating politics to incentive the existence of operational warehouses in Regulated Hydropower Plants, regarding the immediate effects in the availability and reliability of the Brazilian Electrical System - linking the regulatory environment to the physical world. Based in reliability theories, asset management theories and operational & maintenance polices, the work analyses the real performance of those he Regulated Hydropower Plants that are in operation for more than 30 years of operation, looking at the consequences of the growing of failure rates by going toward the end of the forecasted life-time of the main systems and equipment. By that, it aims to explain the need of promoting incentives that corrects the regulatory asymmetry involving the penalties and bonuses perceived by the regulated agent and the final consumer. Through this work, a discrepancy between the real and the regulatory O&M costs is noted, what leads to two different analysis: On the one hand, for those agents with regulated revenue greater than the real O&M costs, there is no incentive to spent their capital in spare parts due to the opportunity cost of that capital. On the other hand, the for those agent with regulated revenue lower than the real O&M costs, the penalties can easily impose an economic-financial imbalance, also nulling the incentives to immobilize assets in spare parts. Those two examples demonstrate in a simple way the failure in the sign given by the regulator to guarantee the quality of service of those Power Plants. It is divided into seven chapters: (1) introduction; (2) the current regulatory model; (3) hydropower plant and its systems; (4) reliability and failure rate; (5) study case 1 - quality of service; (6) study case 2 - evaluation of systemic impacts and (7) final considerations.

Esta Dissertação traz uma discussão sobre a necessidade de haver políticas de incentivo à existência de almoxarifado de operação em usinas hidrelétricas que renovaram suas concessões através da Lei 12.783/13 passando a pertencer ao regime de cotas de garantia física, e seus efeitos imediatos para a disponibilidade do sistema gerador e para a segurança de operação do sistema elétrico brasileiro, estabelecendo conexões do ambiente regulatório/econômico com o mundo físico/real. Com base nas teorias de confiabilidade, métodos de gestão de ativos e políticas de operação e manutenção, analisa-se a situação real do parque gerador hidrelétrico com mais de 30 anos de operação, e as consequências do aumento das taxas de falhas e redução de vida útil, explanando a necessidade de se promover uma forma de incentivo que corrija as assimetrias regulatórias estabelecidas, envolvendo as penalidades e os benefícios percebidos tanto pelo lado do agente regulado, quanto pelo lado do consumidor final. No texto deste trabalho, verifica-se uma discrepância entre os custos de O&M reais e regulatórios, induzindo duas análises possíveis: Para o caso em que as remunerações são superiores aos custos reais, a penalização proposta pelo regulador não é suficiente para induzir investimentos em almoxarifados, dado que o retorno não condiz com o custo de oportunidade do capital empregado. Já para o caso em que as remunerações são inferiores aos custos reais, as penalidades podem impor um desequilíbrio econômico-financeiro da gestão dos ativos, anulando os incentivos para manutenção da disponibilidade através da imobilização de ativos sobressalentes. Estes casos demonstram, de forma simples, a existência de uma falha no sinal dado pelo regulador para a manutenção da qualidade do serviço, medido através dos índices de disponibilidade. Ressalta-se que a degradação dos ativos pertencentes às usinas cotistas não só é prejudicial para a busca pela modicidade tarifária, mas também poderá ser crítica para a operação do sistema em um período em que as hidrelétricas existentes terão um papel fundamental o gerenciamento de carga com a entrada de fontes intermitentes no sistema elétrico brasileiro. Para isso, o trabalho está estruturado em sete capítulos: (1) introdução; (2) o modelo regulatório vigente; (3) usinas hidrelétricas e seus sistemas; (4) confiabilidade e taxa de falha; (5) estudo de caso 1 - qualidade do serviço prestado; (6) estudo de caso 2 - avaliação dos impactos sistêmicos e (7) considerações finais. / This Dissertation brings a discussion about the need of creating politics to incentive the existence of operational warehouses in Regulated Hydropower Plants, regarding the immediate effects in the availability and reliability of the Brazilian Electrical System - linking the regulatory environment to the physical world. Based in reliability theories, asset management theories and operational & maintenance polices, the work analyses the real performance of those he Regulated Hydropower Plants that are in operation for more than 30 years of operation, looking at the consequences of the growing of failure rates by going toward the end of the forecasted life-time of the main systems and equipment. By that, it aims to explain the need of promoting incentives that corrects the regulatory asymmetry involving the penalties and bonuses perceived by the regulated agent and the final consumer. Through this work, a discrepancy between the real and the regulatory O&M costs is noted, what leads to two different analysis: On the one hand, for those agents with regulated revenue greater than the real O&M costs, there is no incentive to spent their capital in spare parts due to the opportunity cost of that capital. On the other hand, the for those agent with regulated revenue lower than the real O&M costs, the penalties can easily impose an economic-financial imbalance, also nulling the incentives to immobilize assets in spare parts. Those two examples demonstrate in a simple way the failure in the sign given by the regulator to guarantee the quality of service of those Power Plants. It is divided into seven chapters: (1) introduction; (2) the current regulatory model; (3) hydropower plant and its systems; (4) reliability and failure rate; (5) study case 1 - quality of service; (6) study case 2 - evaluation of systemic impacts and (7) final considerations.

We consider a single-part, two-echelon supply chain problem for spare parts. The network consists of a single manufacturing plant, a set of service centers (SCs) and a set of customers. Both echelons keep spare parts using the base-stock replenishment policy. The plant behaves as an M/M/1 queueing system and has limited production and storage capacity. Demand faced by each SC follows an independent Poisson process. The problem is to determine optimal location-allocation and optimal base-stock levels at both echelons while satisfying the target service levels and customer preferences of SCs. We develop a mixed integer non-linear programming model and use cutting-plane method to optimize the inventory-location decisions. We present an exact solution procedure for the inventory stocking problem and demonstrate the limitations of using traditional inventory models like METRIC-like and Approximate in case of high utilization rates. We show the effectiveness of our proposed cutting-plane algorithm and provide important managerial insights for spare parts management.

In this thesis, two systems are analyzed in order to gain insight to the following issues: (i) Effect of incentive, subsidy and penalty designs on decentralized system, (ii) effect of using production facility as pooled capacity (pooled system) and dedicated capacity (unpooled system) on capacity utilization and system profit. Regarding the first issue, three models are defined / decentralized model, centralized model and decentralized model with incentive, subsidy, penalty designs. In all models, there are two dealers and one item is under consideration and lateral transshipments are allowed. Dealers operate with four inventory level decision (strategies) that consists of base stock level, rationing level, transshipment request level and customer rejection level. Under the decentralized system, a dealer sets its operating strategy according to the strategy of the other dealer and maximizes its own infinite horizon discounted expected profit. In the centralized system, a central authority (say manufacturer) exists, which considers the system-wide infinite horizon discounted expected profit, and makes all decisions. Under decentralized system with incentive, subsidy, penalty designs, manufacturer tries different designs on decentralized system namely revenue sharing, holding cost subsidy, request rejection penalty, transportation cost subsidy and commission subsidy in order to v align decentralized system with centralized system. According to the results obtained, this alignment works best with nearly 40% revenue sharing percentage, low rejection penalty, high transportation cost subsidy under low transportation cost and commission subsidy under very low or very high commissions. Holding cost subsidy, on the other hand, is not a good strategy since it declines decentralized system profit. Considering the second issue, two systems are examined / pooled system and unpooled system. Both systems are centrally managed. In the pooled system, all capacity is dynamically allocated to either dealer considering maximization of system profit. In the unpooled system, capacity is shared among dealers and dealers are always allocated same percentage of the capacity. Infinite horizon average expected profit is maximized in both systems. The dealer having lower holding cost is allocated higher capacity in both pooled and unpooled system / however, exceptions exist in the unpooled system under low arrival rate. Highrevenue dealer is always allocated higher capacity in both pooled and unpooled system. Arrival rate affects both systems such that total capacity utilization increases with increasing arrival rate. From the profit point of view, pooled system has great advantage under low demand rate in general.