abstract: In the study of regional economic growth and convergence, the distribution dynamics approach which interrogates the evolution of the cross-sectional distribution as a whole and is concerned with both the external and internal dynamics of the distribution has received wide usage. However, many methodological issues remain to be resolved before valid inferences and conclusions can be drawn from empirical research. Among them, spatial effects including spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence invalidate the assumption of independent and identical distributions underlying the conventional maximum likelihood techniques while the availability of small samples in regional settings questions the usage of the asymptotic properties. This dissertation is comprised of three papers targeted at addressing these two issues. The first paper investigates whether the conventional regional income mobility estimators are still suitable in the presence of spatial dependence and/or a small sample. It is approached through a series of Monte Carlo experiments which require the proposal of a novel data generating process (DGP) capable of generating spatially dependent time series. The second paper moves to the statistical tests for detecting specific forms of spatial (spatiotemporal) effects in the discrete Markov chain model, investigating their robustness to the alternative spatial effect, sensitivity to discretization granularity, and properties in small sample settings. The third paper proposes discrete kernel estimators with cross-validated bandwidths as an alternative to maximum likelihood estimators in small sample settings. It is demonstrated that the performance of discrete kernel estimators offers improvement when the sample size is small. Taken together, the three papers constitute an endeavor to relax the restrictive assumptions of spatial independence and spatial homogeneity, as well as demonstrating the difference between the small sample and asymptotic properties for conventionally adopted maximum likelihood estimators towards a more valid inferential framework for the distribution dynamics approach to the study of regional economic growth and convergence. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2018

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-15T12:21:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Jaime Bata - 2018.pdf: 18178453 bytes, checksum: ee3e03c8911158c1501312f8cca52789 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-15T12:23:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Jaime Bata - 2018.pdf: 18178453 bytes, checksum: ee3e03c8911158c1501312f8cca52789 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T12:23:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Jaime Bata - 2018.pdf: 18178453 bytes, checksum: ee3e03c8911158c1501312f8cca52789 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In Moatize, extraction of coal is an ancient activity, dating back to the early 19th century. Its development occurred concomitant consolidation of Moatize, primarily focus on coal mining in Mozambique. In fact, the coal basin of Moatize is the subject of research and mineral exploration, since the period of effective occupation. With independence and the process of building the State, mostly from the early 1990, the mining goes on to be one of the key sectors for the development of the country; Hence, all the conditions have been created for its growth. The new phase of coal extraction process that accompanied the changes underway in the world, especially since the 1970, have repercussions on the social structure, since the insertion of the capital involved arrangements of all kinds. In Moatize, the implementation of megaprojects demanded the space refunctionalization to meet the demands of the productive capital, a process that culminated with the compulsory displacement of the population. In this context, the research sought to understand the spatial effects of megaprojects of coal extraction in Moatize, from its contradictions, regarding the forms of spatial organization, in order to meet its needs. The proposition of this thesis is that there is a new geopolitical strategy that seeks to shift production, concentrated in Europe to New Territories, rich in natural resources, with tax incentives, weak labor and environmental legislation on the rights humans. This process strengthens the productive restructuring of capital and is characterized by the performance of large transnational corporations. Internally, this process relies on the actions of the State, creating the (legal, institutional and ideological) conditions to check rationality and visibility to megaprojects. So, considering the space as a system of systems and dialectical and historical materialism, as a method of research and interpretation of the phenomena; the qualitative research, secondary data collection, as well as field research, enabled the understanding of current arrangements in Moatize, as well as its effects on the spatial structure. With the implementation of megaprojects in Moatize, in addition to the pressure on State institutions to organize themselves, on the basis of these, there were also environmental degradation and, especially, the social disorganization – as a result of compulsory displacement and destruction of livelihoods. Thereby, the curtailment of collective goods, the difficulties of regular access to food in the resettlement, particularly, in Mwaladzi, the lack of land for production, lack of work, as well as the increased morbidity and mortality, are aspects that lead to the impoverishment of the resettled and exacerbate socio-environmental conflicts. In the meantime, the integration of megaprojects generated insignificant advantages for the local communities; However, this integration created and/or strengthened a small bourgeoisie connected to national political power – the capital partners. / Em Moatize, a extração do carvão mineral é uma atividade antiga, que remonta ao início do século XIX. Seu desenvolvimento ocorreu concomitante à consolidação de Moatize, como principal foco da mineração do carvão em Moçambique. De fato, a bacia carbonífera de Moatize é objeto de pesquisa e exploração mineral, desde o período da ocupação efetiva colonial. Com a independência e o processo de edificação do Estado, principalmente, a partir da década de 1990, a mineração passa a constituir um dos setores chave para o desenvolvimento do país; daí que foram criadas todas as condições para o seu crescimento. A nova fase da extração do carvão mineral, processo que acompanhou as mudanças em curso em nível mundial, sobretudo, desde a década de 1970, tem repercussão sobre a estrutura espacial (social), visto que a inserção do capital implicou arranjos de toda a ordem. Em Moatize, a implantação dos megaprojetos demandou a refuncionalização do espaço para atender as demandas produtivas do capital, processo que culminou com o deslocamento compulsório da população. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa buscou compreender os efeitos espaciais dos megaprojetos de extração do carvão mineral em Moatize, a partir de suas contradições, no que tange às formas de organização espacial, com vista a atender suas necessidades produtivas. A tese defendida é de que há uma nova estratégia geopolítica que busca deslocar a produção, até então, concentrada na Europa para novos territórios, ricos em recursos naturais, com incentivos fiscais, com fraca legislação ambiental, trabalhista e sobre os direitos humanos. Tal processo se fortalece com a reestruturação produtiva do capital e é caracterizado pela atuação das grandes corporações transnacionais. Internamente, esse processo conta com a atuação do Estado, criando as condições (legais, institucionais e ideológicas) para conferir racionalidade e visibilidade aos megaprojetos. Assim, considerando o espaço como um sistema de sistemas e o materialismo histórico e dialético, como método de pesquisa e de interpretação dos fenômenos; a pesquisa qualitativa, o levantamento de dados secundários, bem como a pesquisa de campo, possibilitou a compreensão dos arranjos em curso em Moatize, assim como dos seus efeitos sobre a estrutura espacial. Com a implantação dos megaprojetos em Moatize, além da pressão sobre as instituições do Estado que passaram a organizar-se, em função desses, houve, também, a degradação ambiental e, sobretudo, a desestruturação social - fruto do deslocamento compulsório e da destruição dos meios de subsistência. Desse modo, o cerceamento de bens coletivos, as dificuldades de acesso regular aos alimentos nos reassentamentos, principalmente, em Mwaladzi, a falta de terra propícia para a produção, a falta de trabalho, bem como o aumento morbidade e da mortalidade, são aspectos que conduzem ao empobrecimento dos reassentados e exacerbam os conflitos socioambientais. Paralelamente, a inserção dos megaprojetos gerou insignificantes vantagens para as comunidades locais; porém, criou e/ou fortaleceu uma pequena burguesia ligada ao poder político nacional - os parceiros do capital.

Im folgenden wird ein Verfahren dargestellt welches die Möglichkeit bietet komplexe räumliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Niederschlagsereignissen quantitativ in Klimanetzwerke zu fassen und diese auf vielfältige Arten und Weisen zu analysieren. In dem Maße wie synchronisiert Niederschlagsereignisse zwischen Raumpunkten auftreten, in dem Maße sind diese Raumpunkte in Event Synchronization Klimanetzwerken verbunden. Zum einen wird das bestehende Ähnlichkeitsmaß der Ereignissynchronisation verbessert und erweitert, und zum anderen werden verschiedene, zum Teil neue, statistische Methoden zur Netzwerkanalyse vorgestellt und erläutert. Klimanetzwerke sind räumlich eingebettete Netzwerke und die statistisch zu zeigende Abhängigkeit der Ähnlichkeit vom räumlichen Abstand führt zu einer vom Raum nicht unabängigen Netzwerkstruktur. Dies ist in einer Vielzahl von Fällen ein ungewünschter Effekt und es wird eine Methodik entwickelt wie dieser statistisch quantifiziert werden kann. Des weiteren werden zwei weitere neue Netzwerkstatistiken vorgestellt. Einerseits das neue Netzwerkmaß Directionality und andererseits eine Netzwerkreduktion welche Klimanetzwerke auf Klimanetzwerke mit weitreichenden Verbindungen reduziert. Dieser neue Ansatz steht gewissermaßen im Gegensatz zur klassischen Klimanetzwerkkonstruktion die vor allem zu kurzreichweitigen Verbindungen führt. Das neue Netzwerkmaß Directionality gibt für jeden Raumpunkt des Netzwerks eine dominante Raumrichtung der Netzwerkverbindungen an und kann dadurch z.B. für bestimmte Event Synchronization Klimanetzwerke Isochronen abbilden. / In the following an approach to the analysis of spatial structures of precipitation event synchronizations is presented. By estimating the synchronicity of precipitation events between points in space, a spatial similarity network is constructed. These Climate Networks can be analyzed statistically in various ways. However, the similarity measure Event Synchronization that will be presented, as well as the concept of Climate Networks, is more general. Climate Network precipitation analyses are done in the applications part in order to present improvements to existing methodologies, as well as novel ones. On one hand, the existing similarity measure Event Synchronization will be refined and extended to a weighted and continuous version, and on the other hand, new methods for statistical analyses of Climate Networks will be presented. Climate Networks are spatially embedded networks and the probability of a link between two nodes decreases with the distance between these nodes. In other words, Climate Network topologies depend on the spatial embedding. Often this effect is distracting and should be considered as a bias in Climate Network statistics. This thesis provides a methodology to estimate this bias and to correct network measures for it. Furthermore, two novel graph statistics are introduced. First, the novel network measure Directionality, and second, a network coarse-graining approach that reduces Climate Networks to Climate Networks of teleconnections, i.e., long-ranged interrelations. This new approach is in contrast to existing Climate Network construction schemes, since commonly most links are short. The novel network measure Directionality provides a dominant direction of links in the embedding space. For undirected Event Synchronization networks this measure is applied for the estimation of Isochrones, i.e., lines of synchronous event occurrences.

Une forte croissance économique en Chine et son rôle important dans le commerce mondial impliquent que nous devons analyser son inflation avec les pressions intérieures et extérieures. Tandis que les papiers récents ont concentrés leur travail sur les processus d'inflation en Chine en utilisant des données nationales (voir, par exemple Brandt et Zhu, 2000; Feyzioglu & Willard, 2006; Porter, 2010), très peu d'attention a été mise sur l'inflation entre les différentes juridictions Chinoises. Ainsi, la compréhension de la dynamique de l'inflation et ses interactions entre les juridictions Chinoise sont des questions importantes pour les décisions des banques centrales en matière de politique monétaire. Dans ma thèse, tout d'abord, en considérant les pressions intérieures et extérieures de l'inflation, j'analyse les dynamiques de l'inflation entre les juridictions Chinoises (Chapitre 3). Ensuite, grâce à la libre circulation des biens et les migrations intérieures en Chine, je m'intéresse aux effets d'interactions de l'inflation à travers le pays avec les pressions intérieures et extérieures (Chapitre 4). Enfin, nous conjuguons la variation provinciale dans la dynamique de l'inflation Chinoise et les caractéristiques d'économie ouverte en estimant la courbe de Phillips hybride dans l'économie ouverte pour les provinces chinoises (Chapitre 5). / China's swift economic development and share in global trade increasing rapidly imply a need to understand its inflation dynamics with internal and external pressures. While recent papers focus on inflation process analysis in the mainland of China by using a country-level data (see, e.g. Brandt & Zhu, 2000; Feyzioğlu & Willard, 2006; Porter, 2010), less attention has been paid to differences across China's jurisdictions. Thus, understanding of inflation dynamics and its interaction among the Chinese provinces are the important issues for central bank's monetary policy decisions. Firstly, considering the internal and external inflation pressures, I analyze the inflation dynamics among the CMU (Chapter 3). Secondly, because of the free flow of goods and internal migration across the country, I'm interested in analyzing the effect of inflation interaction among its provinces with internal and external pressures (Chapter 4). Finally, we combine the interest in the provincial variation in China's inflation dynamics with its characteristic of economic openness by estimating hybrid open-economy Phillips curves for the Chinese provinces(Chapter 5).

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-08-04T11:26:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Mendes de Paula - 2016.pdf: 4322040 bytes, checksum: 7e2733f70513825625fac1f5ce885a5e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-07T15:41:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Mendes de Paula - 2016.pdf: 4322040 bytes, checksum: 7e2733f70513825625fac1f5ce885a5e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T15:41:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vitor Mendes de Paula - 2016.pdf: 4322040 bytes, checksum: 7e2733f70513825625fac1f5ce885a5e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The changes by which the sugarcane agroindustry passed in its long period of production in Brazil reflected directly in the organization of the territory, either in the colonial period with the sugar economy or more recently with the production of energy provided by sugarcane. The productive restructuring of the sugarcane industry, based on technological innovations and normative and new spatialisation of the production of sugar, ethanol and energy, define the industry in the 21st century. The set of natural viabilities, political and economic conditions favored the expansion process of the Brazilian sugarcane energy sector by the areas of the Cerrado. The state of Goias became prominent, being responsible for redesigning the geography of production and the expansion of cultivation. In this context, the municipality of Cachoeira Dourada falls within the territory of the sugar-cane through the territorialisation of Group SJC Bioenergy through the Usina Rio Dourado. Thus, the present study aimed to understand the factors that contributed to the territorialisation of group SJC in Cachoeira Dourada, the strategies used by the group to exercise the monopolisation of the territory and the consequent effects for the population of Cachoeira do Sul, especially as regards the changes occurred in the productive chains with the replacement of the grains and livestock by sugar-cane and the new relations between capital and labor. From the readings taken in theoretical compiled, in lifting of secondary data and field research with achievement of interview, simple observation, confection of the field diary and photographic record, we found that the territorial configuration of Cachoeira Dourada in the beginning of XXI century is undergoing a process of transformation , spurred by the subjects of the sugar cane industry . We are therefore facing a hegemonic process that aims to develop a monopoly on the use of the territory by ethanol and energy production. From the new relations established in the municipality, is the crop conversion process, through its inclusion within the sugarcane. / As mudanças pelas quais a agroindústria canavieira passou em seu longo período de produção no Brasil refletiram diretamente na organização do território, seja no período colonial com a economia açucareira ou mais recentemente com a produção sucroenergética. A reestruturação produtiva da agroindústria canavieira, baseada em inovações tecnológicas e normativas e a nova espacialização da produção de açúcar, etanol e energia, definem o setor no século XXI. O conjunto de viabilidades naturais, políticas e econômicas favoreceram o processo da expansão canavieira pelas áreas do Cerrado. O estado de Goiás tornou-se destaque, sendo responsável por redesenhar a geografia de produção e de expansão do cultivo. Nesse contexto, o município de Cachoeira Dourada se insere no território da cana-de-açúcar através da territorialização do Grupo SJC Bioenergia por meio da Usina Rio Dourado. Desse modo, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo compreender os fatores que contribuíram para a territorialização do grupo SJC em Cachoeira Dourada, as estratégias utilizadas pelo grupo para exercer a monopolização do território e os conseqüentes efeitos para a população cachoeirense-do-sul, sobretudo no que se refere as transformações ocorridas nas cadeias produtivas com a substituição dos grãos e da pecuária pela cana-de-açúcar e as novas relações entre capital e trabalho. A partir das leituras realizadas no referencial teórico compilado, no levantamento de dados secundários e pesquisa de campo com realização de entrevista, observação simples, confecção do diário de campo e registro fotográfico, constatamos que a configuração territorial de Cachoeira Dourada nesse início de século XXI está passando por um processo de transformação, dinamizado pelos sujeitos da agroindústria canavieira. Estamos, portanto, diante de um processo hegemônico que tem a finalidade de desenvolver o monopólio do uso do território através da produção de etanol e energia. A partir das novas relações estabelecidas no município, ocorre o processo de conversão de cultivos, por meio de sua inserção no território da cana-de-açúcar.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-01T18:39:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves - 2016.pdf: 12323754 bytes, checksum: 2ac3079d726c897ad011664495398ac6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-05T13:08:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves - 2016.pdf: 12323754 bytes, checksum: 2ac3079d726c897ad011664495398ac6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T13:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes Gonçalves - 2016.pdf: 12323754 bytes, checksum: 2ac3079d726c897ad011664495398ac6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The inclusion of the Cerrado of Goiás in the national and international production of goods is directly connected to geopolitics and strategies aimed at seizing territories disputed by the hydro-agribusiness, the pharmaceutical-chemical industry, tourism, and mining. Territorial resources such as land, water and ores become vital for the capital to keep its expansionary pace and income generation, focused on disputes over territories and class struggle in the face of a worldwide demand for agricultural-mineral commodities. The social-spatial effects caused by large extraction enterprises bring about social-environmental conflicts and impact the organization of spaces of collective existence of Peasant Communities, land workers, quilombolas and indigenous peoples in Goiás – the Cerradeiros Peoples. Thus, the purpose of the research was to understand the social-spatial effects of the large mineral extraction projects in Goiás, mainly the Mining-Chemical Complex in the cities of Catalão and Ouvidor, in southeastern Goiás. The methodology employed used techniques involving qualitative research and quantitative data collection. The comprehension of the reality and the subjects investigated was made possible by methodological procedures such as field research, interviews, participative research, a field journal, audiovisual records, data tabulation and informative tables, charts and diagrams. It was argued that mining is inseparable from the economic and social formation of Goiás at different production stages of its territory. It was found that the mining companies have their own geopolitics concerning occupying the Goiás’ Cerrado with an unequal, contradictory appropriation of the subsoil by strategies for control and expansion of large mining enterprises. Hence, besides land and water, the subsoil is considered to be a disputed territory. Such process is attached to the globalization of capital and the reprimarization of the Brazilian exporting agenda, with the participation of Goiás in the context of the megacycle of commodities in the 21st century’s first decade. This (re)positioned the Cerrado within the production of goods, as of the modernization of territory and commoditization of nature. Consequently, struggles for land, water and the subsoil are inseparable from the contemporary agrarian issue, and constitute what has been called the agricultural-hydro-mining business. This process also binds together resistances/existences and the working class collective organization, without overlooking the meanings and cultural practices of the subjects who resist/exist. However, the thematic approach focusing on the large mineral extraction projects in Catalão/Ouvidor has shown that conflicts with Peasant Communities, overexploitation of labor, exhaustion of landscapes, and expropriation of peasant families are concrete examples of a primitive capital accumulation and its continuous role in the dynamics of capitalism. It has also revealed the unreformability, uncontrollability, and destructiveness of capital. On the horizon, exhaustion. / A inserção do Cerrado goiano na produção capitalista nacional e internacional de mercadorias relaciona-se diretamente com a geopolítica e as estratégias de apropriação dos seus territórios, disputados pelo agrohidronegócio, indústria farmacoquímica, turismo e mineração. Recursos territoriais como terra, água e minérios tornam-se imprescindíveis para que o capital mantenha sua marcha expansionista e geração de renda, apresentando a centralidade das disputas por território e de classe diante da demanda mundial por commodities agrominerais. Os efeitos socioespaciais de grandes empreendimentos extrativistas geram conflitos socioambientais e impactam a organização dos espaços da existência coletiva de Comunidades Camponesas, trabalhadores da terra, quilombolas e povos indígenas em Goiás – os Povos Cerradeiros. Desse modo, o objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender os efeitos socioespaciais dos grandes projetos de extrativismo mineral em Goiás, com foco no Complexo Mínero-Químico nos municípios de Catalão e Ouvidor, localizados no Sudeste Goiano. A metodologia utilizada contou com técnicas no âmbito da pesquisa qualitativa e levantamento de dados quantitativos. Procedimentos metodológicos como pesquisa de campo, entrevistas, pesquisa participante, diário de campo, registros audiovisuais, tabulação de dados e informações em tabelas, mapas e quadros possibilitaram a apreensão da realidade e dos sujeitos pesquisados. Defendeu-se que a mineração é indissociável da formação econômica e social de Goiás em diferentes fases da produção do seu território. Constatou-se que há uma geopolítica das empresas mineradoras na ocupação do Cerrado goiano com a apropriação desigual e contraditória do subsolo pelas estratégias de controle e expansão dos grandes empreendimentos de mineração. Por isso, além de terra e água, entende-se o subsolo como território em disputa. Esse processo está associado à mundialização do capital e à reprimarização da pauta exportadora brasileira, com a participação de Goiás no contexto do mega ciclo das commodities na primeira década do século XXI. Isso (re)colocou a posição do Cerrado na produção de mercadorias a partir da modernização do território e da commoditização da natureza. Em razão disso, os conflitos por terra, água e subsolo são indissociáveis da questão agrária contemporânea e constituem o que se denominou de negócio da agro-hidro-mineração. Esse processo também aglutina (Re)Existências e organização coletiva da classe trabalhadora, sem perder de vista os significados e as práticas culturais e políticas dos sujeitos que (Re)Existem. No entanto, o recorte temático com ênfase nos grandes projetos de extrativismo mineral de Catalão/Ouvidor demonstrou que os conflitos com as Comunidades Camponesas, superexploração do trabalho, exaustão das paisagens e expropriação das famílias camponesas são exemplos concretos da acumulação primitiva do capital e sua presença permanente no movimento processual do capitalismo. Ainda revelaram a irreformabilidade, incontrolabilidade e destrutividade do capital. No horizonte, a exaustão.