Progressive addition lenses (PALs) are an increasingly preferred mode for the correction of presbyopia, gaining an increased share of the prescription lens market. Sales volumes are likely to increase over the next few years, given the increasing cohort of presbyopic patients in the population. This research investigated adaptation to PAL wear, investigating head movement parameters with and without progressive lenses in everyday visual tasks, and examined symptoms of spatial distortions and illusory movement in a crossover wearing trial of three PAL designs. Minimum displacement thresholds in the presence and absence of head movement were also investigated across the lens designs. Experiment 1 investigated head movements in two common visual tasks, a wordprocessing copy task, and a visual search task designed to replicate a natural environment task such as looking for products on supermarket shelving. Head movement parameters derived from this experiment were used to set head movement amplitude and velocity in the third experiment investigating minimum displacement thresholds across three PAL designs. Head movements were recorded with a Polhemus Inside Track head movement monitoring system which allows real time six degrees of freedom measurement of head position. Head position in azimuth, elevation and roll was extracted from the head movement recorder output, and data for head movement angular extent, average velocity (amplitude/duration) and peak velocity were calculated for horizontal head movements Results of the first experiment indicate a task dependent effect on head movement peak and average velocity, with both median head movement average and peak velocity being faster in the copy task. Visual task and visual processing demands were also shown to affect the slope of the main sequence of head movement velocity on head movement amplitude, with steeper slope in the copy task. A steeper slope, indicating a faster head movement velocity for a given head movement amplitude, was found for head movements during the copy task than in the search task. Processing demands within the copy task were also shown to affect the main sequence slopes of velocity on amplitude, with flatter slopes associated with the need for head movement to bring gaze to a specific point. These findings indicate selective control over head movement velocity in response to differing visual processing demands. In Experiment 2, parameters of head movement amplitude and velocity were assessed in a group of first time PAL wearers. Head movement amplitude, average and peak velocity were calculated from head movement recordings using the search task, as in Experiment 1. Head movements were recorded without PALs, on first wearing a PAL, and after one month of PAL wear to assess adaptation effects. In contrast to existing literature, PAL wear did not alter parameters of head movement amplitude and velocity in a group of first time wearers either on first wearing the lenses or after one month of wear: this is due to task related effects in this experiment compared to previous work. Task demand in this experiment may not have required wearers to use the progressive power corridor to accomplish identification of visual search targets, in contrast to previous studies where experimental conditions were designed to force subjects to use the progressive corridor. In Experiment 3, minimum displacement thresholds for random dot stimuli were measured in a repeated measures experimental design for a single vision lens as control, and three PAL designs. Thresholds were measured in central vision, and for two locations in the temporal peripheral field, 30° temporal fixation and 10° above and below the horizontal midline. Thresholds were determined with and without the subjects' head moving horizontally in an approximate sinusoidal movement at a frequency of about 0.7 Hz. Minimum displacement thresholds were not significantly affected by PAL design, although thresholds with PALs were higher than with a single vision lens control. Head movement significantly increased minimum displacement threshold across lens designs, by a factor of approximately 1.5 times. Results indicate that the local measures of minimum displacement threshold determined in this experiment are not sensitive to lens design differences. Sensitivity to motion with PAL lenses may be more a global than a localized response. For Experiment 4, symptoms of spatial distortion and illusory movement were investigated in a crossover wearing trial of three PAL designs, and related to optical characteristics of the lenses. Peripheral back vertex powers of the PALs were measured at two locations in the right temporal zone of the lenses, 15.6 mm temporal to the fitting cross, and 2.7 m above and below the horizontal to the fitting cross. These locations corresponded to the zones of the lenses through which minimum displacement thresholds were measured in the previous experiment. The effect of subjects' self movement on symptoms is able to discriminate between PAL designs, although subjective symptoms alone were not related to the lens design parameters studied. Subjects' preference for one PAL design over the other designs studied in this experiment is inversely related to the effect on subject movement on their symptoms of distortion. An optical parameter, blur strength, derived from the power vector components of the peripheral powers, may indicate preference for particular PAL designs, as higher blur strength values are associated with lower lens preference scores. Head movement amplitude and velocity are task specific, and are also influenced by visual processing demands within tasks. PALs do not affect head movement amplitude and velocity unless tasks are made demanding or performed in less natural situations designed to influence head movement behaviour. Both head movement and PALs have large effects on minimum displacement thresholds; these effects may be due in part to complexity of the subjects' task within the experiment. Minimum displacement thresholds however were not influenced by PAL design. The most sensitive indicator for subject's preference of PALs was the effect of subjects' self movement on their perception of symptoms, rather than the presence of actual symptoms. Blur strength should be further investigated for its role in PAL acceptance.

The following paper focuses on the question, how Andean urban risk zones are urbanized and perceived various years after a disaster. The mortal 1970 debris avalanche from Mount Huascarán buried 5,000 inhabitants in the Peruvian town of Yungay. Four decades later, 9,500 people are living again in the risk zone beside the Yungay memorial. It is shown, that the dangers, produced by the Mount Huascarán, are still perceived. On the other hand, the perception of Yungay’s exposure to risk is dramatically decreasing. / El siguiente artículo se centra en la reurbanización y percepción de las zonas andinas de riesgo, varios años después de ocurrido un desastre. En 1970, la ciudad peruana de Yungay fue destruida a causa de una avalancha de hielo, nieve y rocas que se desprendió del nevado Huascarán. Murieron 5000 personas, es decir el 95 por ciento de la población urbana. Cuatro décadas después, la zona es habitada por 9500 yungaínos. Se muestra que los peligros que origina el nevado Huascarán todavía se perciben. De otro lado, la percepción de riesgo de la ciudad de Yungay, debido a su ubicación, está disminuyendo dramáticamente en su población.

Esta é uma investigação sobre a formação do arquiteto em sua dimensão sensível. A visão persistente de que ser artista é uma condição inata de alguns seres humanos tem gerado dificuldades na ação de criar, entre os aprendizes de arquitetura, à revelia das descobertas da Ciência sobre as capacidades cerebrais do ser humano, descobertas que interferem nas reflexões sobre como acontece o conhecimento. Ainda dificulta essa formação, um mundo atual consumista e negativamente pragmático que interfere na missão formadora da instituição escola de arquitetura, querendo forçá-la a ser mero curso profissionalizante. Esse panorama apresenta uma estrutura de formação sem a condição de poder alcançar a sensibilidade do aprendiz para fazê-lo perceber, intuir, criar espaços com sua dimensão que supera a função de abrigo das atividades humanas: sua condição de Arte. Este é o motivo desta Tese: propor uma modificação na fisionomia das estruturas vigentes de formação do arquiteto para que ela possa ser mais estimuladora da sensibilidade de seus aprendizes. / This is a research on architect formation in its dimension of Art. The predominant and persistent view that to be an artist is an innate condition of some human beings has been producing difficulties in the action of creation, among the apprentices of architecture, which ignore the science discoveries about the human beings brains. Another difficulty to this formation is the present consumer and pragmatic world which interferes on the formative mission of the school of architecture institution, pretending enforced it to be a mere professional course. This scene presents a formation structure without a condition that could allow to reach the sensibility of the apprentice in order to make him perceive, feel, create spaces with his own dimensions which overcome the function of sheltering human activities: its Art dimension. This is the leitmotiv of this thesis: to propose another physiognomy to the present structure for the architect formation as a way to make it more stimulating to the sensibility of its apprentices.

Orientador: Maria Tereza Duarte Paes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T01:34:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sotratti_MarceloAntonio_D.pdf: 7379533 bytes, checksum: bb1ece427330e9f952f8bae7db9b00d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa aborda as ideologias espaciais observadas nas ações promocionais do patrimônio cultural brasileiro praticadas pela EMBRATUR - Instituto Brasileiro de Turismo - durante o período de 2003 a 2010. Apresenta, por meio do conceito de ideologia espacial apresentado por Vincent Berdoulay, a importância do espaço e, sobretudo da paisagem, como elementos de apropriação ideológica dos grupos econômicos, sociais e políticos ligados às localidades em diferentes escalas. Para isso, discute a importância dos conteúdos simbólicos das paisagens turistificadas como elemento fundamental na formação de imagens que atinjam aos interesses do mercado turístico e dos órgãos de promoção turística. Nesse sentido, discute o fenômeno apresentado por Berdoulay e por ele denominado de "redução narrativa", compreendido como a seletividade intencional de fragmentos da paisagem para a formação de imagens com alto teor ideológico. A partir da análise de imagens referentes ao patrimônio cultural brasileiro presentes nas peças publicitárias desenvolvidas pela a EMBRATUR, a pesquisa pretende comprovar a hipótese que afirma a existência de conflitos e contradições de ordem ideológica entre o discurso dos planos de marketing internacional dos destinos culturais brasileiros e a prática de promoção pela propaganda turística. A importância deste trabalho resume-se a uma maior reflexão acerca dos processos atuais que envolvem a apropriação turística do patrimônio cultural brasileiro, de forma a permitir uma revisão construtiva dos modelos de planejamento turístico e mercadológicos empregados, das práticas de promoção do patrimônio cultural brasileiro no exterior e das intervenções ora observadas em localidades dotadas de relevante patrimônio cultural de natureza material e imaterial / Abstract: This research approaches the spatial ideologies observed in promotional activities of the Brazilian cultural heritage practiced by EMBRATUR - Brazilian Institute of Tourism - during the period 2003 to 2010. It presents, through the concept of spatial ideology presented by Vincent Berdoulay, the importance of the space and especially the landscape as elements of ideological appropriation. For this, discusses the importance of the symbolic contents of tourism landscapes as element in the formation of images for the tourist market and for tourism promotion organizations. In this sense, discusses the phenomenon displayed by Berdoulay called "narrative reduction", understood as the intentional selectivity of fragments of the landscape to form images with high content of ideology. From the analysis of images related to the Brazilian cultural heritage present in advertising developed by EMBRATUR, the research intends to investigate the hypothesis that asserts the existence of conflicts and contradictions between the ideological discourse of marketing plans for tourism destinations and the practice of promotion of tourism. The significance of this research is to contribute to the reflections that involve the appropriation of cultural heritage tourism in Brazil, to enable a constructive review of models of tourism planning and marketing practices, of the promotion practices of the Brazilian cultural heritage and the interventions observed in locations with relevant cultural heritage / Doutorado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Doutor em Ciências

Na literatura encontram-se propostas acerca da função do hipocampo como mediador (1) da memória operacional (working memory) e/ou como responsável pelo processamento de informações espacias e (2) de processos de controle temporal. Avaliou-se os efeitos da lesão seletiva do giro denteado, por aplicação múltipla e tópica de colchicina, no desempenho de ratos previamente treinados em tarefas que envolvem discriminação espacial e controle temporal. Experimento I: Os animais foram submetidos a uma tarefa de non-matchingto- sample (NMTS) em um labirinto em MAIS. Nesta tarefa, em uma primeira fase (fase de informação), o reforço é colocado somente em uma das caixas localizadas no final dos braços transversais - o acesso à outra caixa é bloqueado. Na segunda fase (fase de escolha), o acesso às duas caixas transversais é liberado e o reforço é colocado somente na caixa que não estava previamente disponível durante a fase de informação. Desta forma, os animais devem manter a informação do local previamente reforçado na 1a. fase; além disso, a informação de uma tentativa não pode ser generalizada para as tentativas subsequêntes. Estes mesmos animais foram treinados em uma tarefa temporal realizada em uma caixa de Skinner em um esquema de DRL - Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates. Neste procedimento, a resposta (pressão à barra) é reforçada se, e somente se, ela segue a resposta precedente por um intervalo de tempo específico, no caso, um intervalo de 20 segundos. Na tarefa espacial, embora haja um prejuízo na taxa de re-aquisição da resposta, o treino repetitivo faz com que o desempenho dos animais lesados se equipare aos dos sham. Estes resultados podem ser devidos à recuperação da capacidade de processar informações espaciais, ou então, à utilização de outra estratégia. Na tarefa temporal (DRL) os animais lesados continuam sendo capazes de espaçar suas respostas por um determinado intervalo, porém esse tempo é subestimado, ou seja, a pressão à barra ocorre em um tempo menor que o previamente treinado. Esta alteração no processamento de informações temporais pode dever-se a: a. deficiência no relógio interno - aceleração na contagem do tempo ou, b. deficiência no armazenamento de informações temporais - lembrança de um evento como se ocorresse antes do que de fato ocorre ou, c. porque os animais lesados são incapazes de evitar a pressão à barra, supondo-se que o desempenho deles, inclusive dos animais sham, esteja baseado em uma estratégia espacial de deslocamento na caixa experimental. Experimento II: A seguir, os animais foram testados em uma tarefa de delayed-non-matching-to-sample (DNMTS). Este procedimento é igual ao anterior, com a diferença da introdução de intervalos de 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 minutos, entre as fases de informação e de escolha. Quando são introduzidos intervalos entre as fases, os animais lesados voltam a apresentar um prejuízo de desempenho com relação aos animais sham. Experimento III: Os sujeitos e equipamento empregados foram os mesmos utilizados no Experimento I e II. Neste experimento, os animais, na fase de escolha, ao invés de saírem da caixa inicial, saíram da caixa da qual acabaram de visitar na fase de informação. Se os animais estivessem utilizando uma estratégia de orientação egocêntrica, então eles deveriam virar à esquerda ou à direita, porém os animais seguiram em frente, dirigindo-se para a caixa alvo. Os resultados obtidos neste teste sugerem que os animais lesados estariam utilizando-se de uma estratégia espacial ou visual para resolverem a tarefa. Com esses resultados pode-se descartar a hipótese de que a recuperação de desempenho dos animais lesados esteja associada à utilização de uma estratégia de orientação egocêntrica; contudo, não pode-se descartar a hipótese da utilização de pistas (estratégia por guiamento). / The effects of multiple-site, intradentate, colchicine injections on the performance of a temporal, differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL-20 s) task and a spatial, delayed non-matching-to-place (DNMTP) task in a plus-maze were investigated in rats trained in both tasks prior to the lesion. Quantitative analysis revealed a greater than 86% reduction in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the colchicine-injected rats compared to the sham-operated controls. Dentate gyrus damage rendered rats less efcient than sham-operated controls in the performance of the DRL-20 s task. The DRL inter-response time (IRT) distribution for the DG-lesioned rats and the sham-operated controls was similar; however, while the distribution peak for the control rats was 20 s, it was 16 s for the DG-lesioned rats, indicating that the latter rats underestimated time. Performance of the DG-lesioned rats was also disrupted in the DNMTP task. However, DG-lesioned rats recovered control levels of performance during repeated training with an intertrial interval equal to 3 s. An increase in intertrial interval in lesioned and sham-operated controls disrupted performance in both groups; however, while DG-lesioned rats performed at chance levels when the intertrial interval was increased to 4 min or longer, the sham-operated controls performed at chance levels only when the intertrial interval was increased to 16 min. These results seem most parsimoniously interpreted following the cognitive map theory of hippocampal function.

Nos últimos vinte e cinco anos a atenção visual tem sido descrita em termos de diversas metáforas, salientando-se o holfote atencional, a lente zoom e o gradiente atencional. Um aspecto essencial dessas metáforas é a distribuição dos recursos atencionais no campo visual, que não é necessariamente determinado pelo ponto de fixação e que pode depender tanto de eventos externos como também de estados mentais. Esse estudo apresenta uma abordagem inovadora, baseada em tempos de reação analisados através de métodos geoestatísticos, para investigar como a atenção visual se distribui em áreas extensas do campo visual. Cinco diferentes experimentos foram realizados: no experimento I participantes foram solicitados a não atender nenhuma região em particular do espaço (da tela do computador) caracterizando assim a atenção difusa. Nos demais experimentos, os participantes foram solicitados a direcionar a atenção explicitamente ao centro (expt. II); de maneira encoberta para esquerda (expt. III) ou para direita (expt. IV); ou dividindo a atenção em duas regiões tanto a direita como a esquerda simultaneamente, mas não para o centro (expt. V). A distribuição espacial da atenção, medida através de tempos de reação, foi obtida na forma de mapa de pixieis resultante da análise geoestatísica. O experimento I teve como resultado um favorecimento atencional do quadrante nasal do hemicampo inferior. O experimento II, como esperado, apresentou um foco atencional coincidente com o ponto de fixação. Os experimentos III e IV mostraram claramente focos atencionais para esquerda e direita, respectivamente. Por fim o experimento V mostrou dois focos atencionais, à esquerda e direita, indicando divisão atencional. Esses resultados demonstram a utilidade da geoestatística para a análise de tempos de reação no estudo da atenção visual. O método também forneceu evidências claras da possibilidade de dividir a atenção visual à direita e à esquerda do ponto de fixação, um tema ainda controverso na literatura. / In the past twenty five years visual attention has been described in terms of varied metaphors, among which a spotlight, a zoom lens and a gradient field. An essential aspect of all these metaphors is the distribution of attentional resources in the visual field, which is not necessarily determined by the fixation point, and may depend on both external events and internal mental processes. This study presents a novel approach, based on reaction times and analyzing data with geostatistical techniques, to investigate how visual attention is allocated in large continuous regions of space. Five different experiments were performed: in experiment I participants were asked not to attend to any particular region, but rather try to spread their attention as uniformly as possible over the computer screen (diffuse attention). In the remaining experiments, participants were instructed to direct their visual attention overtly towards the center (expt. II), or covertly to the left (expt. III) to the right (expt. IV), or to divide their attention attending regions both right and left (but not to the center (expt. V). The spatial distribution of attention, as evaluated through reaction times, was obtained in the form of pixel maps resulting from the geostatistical analysis. Experiment I showed a lower hemifield advantage, in the nasal quadrant. Experiment II, as expected, presented an atentional focus coincident with the fixation point. Experiments IV and V showed clear attentional foci, to the left and to the right, respectively. Finally, Experiment V showed two clear lateral foci, one to the left, the other to the right, indicating attentional division. These results demonstrate the usefulness of geostatistics to analyze reaction time data for the study of visual attention. The method also provided clear evidence for the ability of subjects to divide their visual attention in two well separated foci, to the right and to the left of their fixation point, an issue still debated in the literature.

Orientador: Luci Hidalgo Nunes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T15:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_ClaudiaMariaPereirada_M.pdf: 3643925 bytes, checksum: 3841cf22ec24e7ad3eab84250d7ade8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O acelerado processo de urbanização do século XX contribuiu para a maior ocupação de áreas de risco, principalmente por população de baixa renda. Isso trouxe aumento de suas vulnerabilidades a problemas advindos de fenômenos atmosféricos, especialmente nos centros urbanos,o que ampliou a segregação socioespacial em vários municípios brasileiros. Esse quadro se manifesta não apenas nos grandes centros urbanos, mas também nas cidades mediase pequenas. É o caso da área urbana de Atibaia-SP, que é atingida por inundações e problemas a partir do registro de ventos fortes, o que motivou este estudo, que visa correlacionar, de forma qualitativa e quantitativa, os eventos deflagradores de problemas ambientais (precipitação e ventos) e suas consequências no meio urbano (alagamentos, inundações, quedas de energia, danos estruturais etc.). Os resultados serão apresentados e discutidos em termos de suas tendências espaciais e temporais, cobrindo o período de 1960 a 2007. Espera-se subsidiar o poder público, notadamente as ações da Defesa Civil de Atibaia / Abstract: The accelerated process of urbanization of the twentieth century contributed to increase the occupation of risk areas, mainly by the low income population. This has increased their vulnerability to problems arising from atmospheric phenomena, especially in urban centers, which widened the sociospatial segregation in several municipalities. This framework is reflected not only in urban centers but also in medium and small cities. This is the case of the urban area of Atibaia-SP, which has been hit with floodings and strong winds, which motivated this study, that aims to correlate, both qualitatively and quantitatively events that trigger environmental problems (precipitation and wind) and their consequences in urban areas (flooding, floods, power shortages, structural damage etc.). The results will be presented and discussed in terms of their spatial and temporal trends, covering the period 1960 to 2007. It is expected to subsidize governmental actions, especially the Civil Defense of Atibaia / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Personal space is a spatial privacy layer that regulates access to the self, without it our ability to function properly is impaired. An attack on the personal space is an attack on the person itself. Thus, personal space can be seen as a part of the self. The environment can be a part of personal space and therefore also seen as part of the self. Personal space, as the direct space surrounding the body, is framing the conscious experience of self. Due to its abstract nature, it is more appropriate to impact that experience by framing personal space through the environment. How to bridge something that fleeting with something so concreate is not obvious. This thesis tries to find a useful methodology for this through available research, own experiments, and discussion. Theories about stimulation, affordance theory, and prospect refuge theory, seems to together capture the whole quite well into something more tangible. The experience of personal space is concluded to be too ambiguous to properly design around and letting the user regulate it themselves by moving through a dynamic environment seems more fruitful. Ambient factors impact the need of personal space but the thresholds between spaces are where dynamics of the larger environment is concentrated. Therefore, they are more decisive in framing personal space and the architect’s attention should arguably be directed towards these.

Adaptive reuse architecture is a multi-layered concept that tackles history, materials, memories, and structural concerns since it handles reusing an existing building and adapting a new function. Highlighting and preserving the characteristics of the old structure or revealing its muddied elements are important considerations for this architecture through its different categories of adaptive reuse methods. In this notion, daylight becomes a critical element to indicate the architectural design thinking of the past and emphasize it with interventions. The thesis aims to explore the impact of daylight transformation on the interior in adaptive reuse architecture by evaluating the architectural intentions and interventions. It is an investigation through literature review, analysis of reference projects, a case study and an experiment for a real case project Ångdomen, a flexible study room at KTH Main Library. Based on the theoretical investigation and the experiment conducted in the thesis, it is determined that daylight can be used as a tool to highlight the old building’s value in adaptive reuse projects through their transformations and impact the spatial perception. Most of the responses to the survey and the subjective observations conclude that daylight impacts spatial perception through the openings of architecture even when it doesn’t provide high brightness values.

An important research question for optical see through AR is, “how accurately and precisely can a virtual object’s perceived location be measured in three dimensional space?” Previously, a method was developed for measuring the perceived 3D location of virtual objects using Microsoft HoloLens1 display. This study found an unexplained rightward perceptual bias on horizontal plane; most participants were right eye dominant, and consistent with the hypothesis that perceived location is biased in eye dominance direction. In this thesis, a replication study is reported, which includes binocular and monocular viewing conditions, recruits an equal number of left and right eye dominant participants, uses Microsoft HoloLens2 display. This replication study examined whether the perceived location of virtual objects is biased in the direction of dominant eye. Results suggest that perceived location is not biased in the direction of dominant eye. Compared to previous study’s findings, overall perceptual accuracy increased, and precision was similar.