Att mäta och dokumentera kliniskt vårdarbetet har inte prioriterats inom röntgenverksamheter. Tillgång till jämförelsedata skulle möjliggöra olika former av standardisering för förbättrad vårdkvalitet och patientsäkerhet. Att SPC- diagram (statistisk process styrning diagram)  inte uppmärksammas får effekt på patientsäkerhetsarbetet. Aktuell studie avser att öka kunskapen om vilka mätverktyg som finns att tillgå, vilka svar de kan ge och deras användbarhet. Syftet var jämföra och analysera olika standardiserade mätverktyg som kan användas inom somatisk slutenvård, för att förbättra vårdkvalitet och patientsäkerhet. Om möjligt, med betoning på röntgenverksamheter. En syntetiserande (integrativ) litteraturöversikt, av typen systematisk litteraturstudie, i avsaknad av metaanalys, valdes. Metoden är kvalitativ med induktiv ansats, mixad med kvantitativ metod. Fjorton olika mätverktyg presenteras i denna studie. Mätverktygen Shewhart- (styr-) diagram, flödesscheman och orsak-och-verkan diagram beskrivs mest frekvent. Alla, i studien medtagna mätverktyg, förbättrar noggrannheten vid beslutsprocesser. Shewhart- (styr-) diagram visar på variation (slöseri) över tid och om en process är stabil eller instabil. Flödesscheman och orsak-och-verkan diagram visar var förbättringsinsatser bör fokuseras i första hand.  Mätverktygen Lean, WMS (workflow management system), RFMEA (radiology failure mode and effect analysis) är unika genom sin mångsidighet. Att använda standardiserade mätverktyg ger tillgång till kvalitativ och betydelsefull information som förbättrar vårdens kvalitet, patienternas säkerhet samt förenklar analysen av data. / Measuring and documenting clinical care work has not been prioritized in radiology operations. Access to comparative data would allow for different forms of standardization for improved quality of care and patient safety. That SPC charts (statistical process control charts) are not noticed affects patient safety work. This study aims to increase knowledge about measurement tools available, what answers they can provide and their usefulness. The purpose was to compare and analyze various standardized measuring tools that can be used in somatic in-patients care, to increase the quality of care and patient safety. If possible, with emphasis on radiology operations. A synthesizing (integrative) literature review, of the type systematic literature review, in absence of meta-analysis, was chosen. Method is qualitative inductive approach, mixed with quantitative method. Fourteen different measuring tools are presented in this study. Shewhart (control) charts, flow charts and cause-and-effect charts are most frequently described. All measurement tools, included in the study, improves the accuracy at decision making processes. Shewhart (control) chart shows variation (waste) over time and whether a process is stable or unstable. Flow charts and cause-and-effect charts show where improvement efforts should be focused primarily. The Lean measurement tools, WMS (workflow management system), RFMEA (radiology failure mode and effect analysis) are unique through their versatility. Using standardized measurement tools provides access to qualitative and meaningful information that improves quality of care, patient safety, and simplifies data analysis.

La Radiothérapie Conformationnelle par Modulation d’Intensité (RCMI) est aujourd’hui reconnue comme une technique de référence permettant d’augmenter le contrôle local de la tumeur tout en réduisant la dose reçue par les organes à risques avoisinants. Cependant, son développement est freiné par l’étape de préparation du traitement du patient qui nécessite une charge de travail considérable. Dans le but d’augmenter l’efficience de la mise en œuvre d’un traitement, deux axes de travail ont été déterminés. Le premier axe concernait l’optimisation automatique des incidences des faisceaux. Nous avons pour cela mis en œuvre un algorithme (le simplexe) qui a été intégré dans le système de planification de traitement. Il permet, à partir des objectifs dosimétriques fixés par l’utilisateur, de déterminer automatiquement les incidences de faisceaux optimales : irradiant suffisamment le volume cible tout en épargnant les organes à risques avoisinants. En plus d’un gain en temps, les résultats du simplexe ont montré – sur trois patients atteints d’un cancer de l’oropharynx – un gain en qualité par rapport à une sélection manuelle des faisceaux. En effet, pour une couverture du volume cible équivalente voire meilleure, il permet de réduire la dose reçue par les organes à risques. Le second axe concernait l’optimisation des contrôles pré-traitement. Nous avons pour cela utilisé une méthode industrielle : la Maîtrise Statistique des Processus (MSP) afin d’analyser rétrospectivement les résultats des contrôles de la dose absolue effectués avec la chambre d’ionisation au Centre Alexis Vautrin (CAV). Cette étude a montré l’intérêt de la MSP pour renforcer la sécurité des traitements grâce à la mise en place de cartes de contrôle. Elle a également montré que notre processus de délivrance de la dose était stable et statistiquement capable pour les traitements de la prostate, ce qui implique qu’une réduction du nombre de contrôles peut être envisagée pour ce type de traitement au CAV / Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) is currently considered as a technique of choice to increase the local control of the tumour while reducing the dose to surrounding organs at risk. However, its routine clinical implementation is partially held back by the excessive amount of work required to prepare the patient treatment. In order to increase the efficiency of the treatment preparation, two axes of work have been defined. The first axis concerned the automatic optimisation of beam orientations. We integrated the simplex algorithm in the treatment planning system. Starting from the dosimetric objectives set by the user, it can automatically determine the optimal beam orientations that best cover the target volume while sparing organs at risk. In addition to time sparing, the simplex results of three patients with a cancer of the oropharynx, showed that the quality of the plan is also increased compared to a manual beam selection. Indeed, for an equivalent or even a better target coverage, it reduces the dose received by the organs at risk. The second axis of work concerned the optimisation of pre-treatment quality control. We used an industrial method: Statistical Process Control (SPC) to retrospectively analyse the absolute dose quality control results performed using an ionisation chamber at Centre Alexis Vautrin (CAV). This study showed that SPC is an efficient method to reinforce treatment security using control charts. It also showed that our dose delivery process was stable and statistically capable for prostate treatments, which implies that a reduction of the number of controls can be considered for this type of treatment at the CAV

”Statistical Process Control” har för syfte att genom av statistiska metoder, mäta och analysera variation för att upptäcka särskilda orsaker till variation i processen och sedan genom eliminering av de orsakerna, förbättra processens kapabilitet.Inom SPC finns några begrepp som kräver lite förståelse, till exempel olika typer av variation, skapandet av styrdiagram och tolkning av detsamma för att hitta särskilda variationer. Till författarens kännedom finns idag inget spel som på ett enkelt och konkret sätt underlättar förståelse av dessa teorier.Inom område ”Lean Produktion” finns ett spel (”Lean-spelet”) som har för syfte att förklara begreppet slöseri, olika typer av slöseri i produktionsprocessen och hur man kan förbättra produktionen genom eliminering av de olika slöserierna inom produktionsprocessen. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att se på möjligheterna till ett liknande spel för SPC.Utgångspunkten för skapande av sådant spel var design av en monteringsprocess som färdiggör en produkt (i detta fall en traktor). Montering av traktorn sker på fyra stationer där de första tre stationer (Förmontering, Monteringslina A och Monteringslina B) monterar några partier av traktorn och en slutmontering som monterar ihop bakvagn och framvagn. Efter slutmonteringen finns en kvalitetskontroll som har för uppgift att kontrollera om det finns defekta delar på den färdiga traktorn och samtidigt en station för processtyrning. Här mäts avståndet mellan traktorns skopor och värde av mättningen förs in i en lista. För varje station finns det några anvisningar som med hjälp av bilder och ord försöker att förklara hur monteringen sker vid varje station och vilken uppgift varje station har. De bilder och anvisningar för montering av traktorn har designats och ritats med hjälp av datorprogrammet Pro-Engineering.Spelet genomförs sedan i form av en tävling mellan två eller fler lag. Det finns en spelledare som ser över tävlingen, tar tid för spelet och ger poäng för olika moment. Poängsystemet är sådant att efter avslutad spelomgång plottar vardera lag ett och MR diagram – ju mindre variation, ju mer poäng erhålls. Det lag som monterar många traktorer med mindre antal defekta och utan särskilda variationer; det vill säga att monteringsprocessen är under kontroll; blir vinnare.Spelet sattes på prov för första gången mellan två lag under en lektion i statistisk process styrning och resulterade i att studenter med hjälp av spelet fick prova på en praktisk övning i av variation, skapande och tolkning av styrdiagram.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tsuyoshi.pdf: 2918778 bytes, checksum: 0582f83031f201cf5c9075263e1fe8c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / Manufacturing electronic mobile communication products requires high quality control, achieved through measurements and tunings of each unit produced. The goal of this publication is the evaluation of statistical process control (SPC) to monitor the quality of products and the process capability index Cpk. In other words, this study compares the sensitivity of control charts to detect variations in process mean and standard deviation. In this sense, Shewhart control charts and cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts were comparatively analyzed to select the best SPC in order to guarantee more accurate measurements and devices tuned with lower deviations. Shewhart, in this case, uses the mean and the standard deviation of samples measured during a defined period of time. CUSUM control charts, based on cumulative sums, are statistical tools successfully used to evaluate processes in different industries. The Shewhart control chart was optimized to monitor the capability index Cpk. According to results obtained under the conditions of this experience, CUSUM control chart has higher sensibility when the process has small shifts. It was not observed efficacy of optimized Shewhart control chart to monitor Cpk. / A manufatura de produtos eletrônicos de comunicação móvel demanda um controle de qualidade apurado que é atingido através de medições e de sintonias de cada unidade produzida. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o uso de controle estatístico de processo (CEP) para monitorar a qualidade dos produtos e o índice Cpk de capacidade do processo. Em outras palavras, este estudo compara a sensibilidade do gráfico de controle para detectar variações na média e no desvio padrão do processo. Nesse sentido, foi usada a medição de um parâmetro crítico do dispositivo produzido, a potência irradiada. Neste estudo, gráficos de controle de Shewhart e de soma cumulativa (CUSUM) foram analisados comparativamente para encontrar o melhor CEP para garantir medições mais exatas e dispositivos sintonizados com menores desvios. Shewhart, neste caso, usa a média e o desvio padrão de amostras observadas num período de tempo definido. Os gráficos de controle CUSUM, baseado em somas cumulativas, são ferramentas estatísticas usadas com sucesso para avaliar processos de diferentes indústrias. O gráfico de Shewhart foi otimizado para monitorar o índice de capacidade Cpk. De acordo com os resultados obtidos nas condições do experimento, o gráfico de controle CUSUM mostrou maior sensibilidade para pequenos desvios no processo. Não foi obsevada a eficácia do gráfico de Shewhart otimizado para monitorar o índice de capacidade Cpk.

Thin-film solar cells on glass substrates are likely to have a bright future due to the potentially low costs and the short energy payback times. Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si, grain size &gt 1 pm) has the advantage of being non-toxic, abundant, and long-term stable. Glass as a substrate, however, limits the processing temperatures to ~600??C for longer process steps. Films with large grain size can be achieved by solid phase crystallisation (SPC), and especially by solid phase epitaxy (SPE) on seed layers, using amorphous silicon deposited at low temperatures as a precursor film. With SPC and SPE, the amorphous silicon film is typically crystallised at ~600??C over hours. During this anneal at atmospheric pressure -depending on the properties of the amorphous silicon film- ambient gas can percolate the film and can negatively affect the crystallisation. In this work, a high-vacuum anneal chamber was designed and built to allow the in-situ crystallisation of amorphous silicon films deposited on glass in a PECVD cluster tool. An important aspect of the design was the comfortable and safe operation of the vacuum anneal chamber to enable unattended operation. This was realised by means of a state-of-the-art, programmable temperature controller and a control circuit design that incorporates various safety interlocks. The chamber interior was optimised such that a temperature uniformity of 2-3K across the sample area was achieved. The chamber was calibrated and tested, and SPC and SPE samples were successfully crystallised. In initial SPC crystallisation experiments with solar cell structures, after post-deposition treatments, a 1 -sun open-circuit voltage of 465 mV was obtained, similar to furnace-annealed samples. In initial experiments with SPE solar cell structures, difficulties regarding the characterisation of the unmetallised solar cells with the quasi-steady-state open-circuit voltage method (QSSVOC) were encountered after post-deposition hydrogen treatment. A possible explanation for these difficulties is the contact formation with the metal probes. Furthermore, limiting factors of the QSSVOC method for the characterisation of unmetallised cells with high contact resistance values were investigated and, additionally, the accuracyof the QSSVOC setup was improved in the low light intensity range.

近幾年來，台灣企業逐漸有品質意識，但在品質技術的落實有待加強。本研究將品質技術實際運用在電子廠的生產線上，利用QC七大手法，實施一連串製程改善活動。又由於市場結構的改變及消費型態的轉變，導致工廠的生產方式也有很大改變，過去單一批量的生產型態已逐漸減少，取而代之的是混合生產線的生產型態，此公司亦是混合生產線的生產型態，若採用傳統Shewhart管制圖以控制製程，既費時又費成本，因此本研究採Farnum提出的短程管制圖(Short-run control chart)來控制製程。接著引用更新理論方法建立一個非機遇因素成本模式，藉著最佳化技巧可決定np經濟管制圖的最佳設計參數值。最後，Shewhart np管制圖與np經濟管制圖間的成本比較，顯現出前者有顯著地改善。

Background: Following the wave of privatisation and deregulation during the last decades, buyers of infrastructure constructions, such as dams, roads and telecommunication, have changed from states or public authorities to private companies. Private buyers do not always have the financial strength to arrange the financing for a project and providing a financial arrangement, for example by helping customers to obtain loans, has become a means to compete on the market. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse how Swedish companies arrange project finance for large-scale projects. Method: In order to gain knowledge of our area of investigation we searched for relevant literature and articles from magazines. Result: The result of this study has showed that three factors are of special importance when choosing a certain financial arrangement. These three factors are the region in which the project is located, duration of the project and its size measured in monetary terms. / Bakgrund: Privatiseringsvågen och avregleringarna de senaste decennierna har medfört att många köpare av infrastruktur, t.ex. dammar, vägar och telekommunikation, gått från att vara statligt ägda företag till att vara privata företag. Privata köpare har inte alltid möjligheten att ordna finansieringen av projektet. Således har det blivit en viktig del av säljarens erbjudande att kunna erbjuda köparen en finansiell lösning, t.ex. förmedling av lån. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva och analysera hur svenska företag organiserar finansieringen av storskaliga projekt. Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie pekar på att det är tre faktorer som är speciellt viktiga när det gäller hur man ska organisera en projektfinansiering. Dessa tre faktorer är regionen där projektet är lokaliserat, projektets löptid och dess storlek.

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) have a vital role in protecting computer networks and information systems. In this thesis we applied an SPC monitoring concept to a certain type of traffic data in order to detect a network intrusion. We developed a general SPC intrusion detection approach and described it and the source and the preparation of data used in this thesis. We extracted sample data sets that represent various situations, calculated event intensities for each situation, and stored these sample data sets in the data repository for use in future research. A regular batch mean chart was used to remove the sample datas inherent 60-second cycles. However, this proved too slow in detecting a signal because the regular batch mean chart only monitored the statistic at the end of the batch. To gain faster results, a modified batch mean (MBM) chart was developed that met this goal. Subsequently, we developed the Modified Batch Mean Shewhart chart, the Modified Batch Mean Cusum chart, and the Modified Batch Mean EWMA chart and analyzed the performances of each one on simulated data. The simulation studies showed that the MBM charts perform especially well with large signals ?the type of signal typically associated with a DOS intrusion. The MBM Charts can be applied two ways: by using actual control limits or by using robust control limits. The actual control limits must be determined by simulation, but the robust control limits require nothing more than the use of the recommended limits. The robust MBM Shewhart chart was developed based on choosing appropriate values based on batch size. The robust MBM Cusum chart and robust MBM EWMA chart were developed on choosing appropriate values of charting parameters.

The development of statistical process control has been for a long time and can be turned up in many manufacturing environments. However, statistical process control applications in process control generally limited to use the control chart applications, the deepening capacity for control charts such as process capability control, variation detection and evaluation, are rarely described so often so that statistical process control techniques is relegated. Meanwhile, statistical process control can detect the production process of the variations, but it can¡¦t integrate the production resource capacity. Although the process control of manufacturing processes can achieve real-time control of effects, but the resources of the production process appeared to be quite inadequate in response to future demand forecast and capacity analysis. Therefore, this study combined with statistical process control system simulation technology for innovative management. Through the process observation and sample collection, we can use simulation technology to propose the process feasibility and applicability in resource constraint and resource allocation for considering the variation of the statistical process control, and use the quality improvement tools and causal feedback map, the system dynamics tools, in the resource dynamic ability for decision-making management. The research result appears: 1¡BBased on the effective input parameters of simulation model , it can effectively simulate the actual production processes and produce an effective output. 2¡BThrough the appropriate statistical data validation, it can improve the sample reliability as an important reference to system simulation methods. 3¡BUsing the simulation technology, we can monitor the online process control, production resources allocation and capacity prediction.

In this thesis, we first investigate the use of automated variance estimators in distribution-free statistical process control (SPC) charts for univariate autocorrelated processes. We introduce two variance estimators---the standardized time series overlapping area estimator and the so-called quick-and-dirty autoregressive estimator---that can be obtained from a training data set and used effectively with distribution-free SPC charts when those charts are applied to processes exhibiting nonnormal responses or correlation between successive responses. In particular, we incorporate the two estimators into DFTC-VE, a new distribution-free tabular CUSUM chart developed for autocorrelated processes; and we compare its performance with other state-of-the-art distribution-free SPC charts. Using either of the two variance estimators, the DFTC-VE outperforms its competitors in terms of both in-control and out-of-control average run lengths when all the competing procedures are tested on the same set of independently sampled realizations of selected autocorrelated processes with normal or nonnormal noise components. Next, we develop WDFTC, a wavelet-based distribution-free CUSUM chart for detecting shifts in the mean of a high-dimensional profile with noisy components that may exhibit nonnormality, variance heterogeneity, or correlation between profile components. A profile describes the relationship between a selected quality characteristic and an input (design) variable over the experimental region. Exploiting a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) of the mean in-control profile, WDFTC selects a reduced-dimension vector of the associated DWT components from which the mean in-control profile can be approximated with minimal weighted relative reconstruction error. Based on randomly sampled Phase I (in-control) profiles, the covariance matrix of the corresponding reduced-dimension DWT vectors is estimated using a matrix-regularization method; then the DWT vectors are aggregated (batched) so that the nonoverlapping batch means of the reduced-dimension DWT vectors have manageable covariances. To monitor shifts in the mean profile during Phase II operation, WDFTC computes a Hotelling's T-square--type statistic from successive nonoverlapping batch means and applies a CUSUM procedure to those statistics, where the associated control limits are evaluated analytically from the Phase I data. We compare WDFTC with other state-of-the-art profile-monitoring charts using both normal and nonnormal noise components having homogeneous or heterogenous variances as well as independent or correlated components; and we show that WDFTC performs well, especially for local shifts of small to medium size, in terms of both in-control and out-of-control average run lengths.