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<p>Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att undersöka om amerikanska och brittiska stridserfarenheter av kalibern 5,56 i Afghanistan kan bidra till att utveckla den svenska Försvarsmaktens taktiska förmåga. Anledningen till varför jag valde att utgå från dessa länder är därför att de har fler öppna källor samt har mer erfarenhet än många andra. Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ textanalys av bland annat reglementen, rapporter och artiklar. Uppsatsen visar att Försvarsmaktens kaliber till sin automatkarbin, 5,56, var potent för stridstaktikanpassad för invasionsförsvar. Detta delvis på grund av kaliberns egna logistiska fördelar men även därför att de prioriterade vapensystemen för infanteriförbanden, lätta pansarvärnsvapnen, innebar relativt korta stridsavstånd. Studien visar därefter att idag, för amerikanska och brittiska styrkor i dagens konflikt i Afghanistan, är 5,56 otillräcklig. Stridsavstånden är generellt för långa för att kalibern skall avge sin optimala verkan i målet. Studien belyser vad dessa nationer vidtagit för åtgärder, samt vilka åtgärder som planeras eller finns som förslag för att förbättra sin stridstaktiska förmåga. Den mest optimala förbättringen anser många är att byta ut kalibern 5,56 mot en grövre mellankaliber i spannet 5,56-7,62. Förslag som förändrad skjututbildning, optikutveckling och nya vapeninköp nämns också. I diskussionen diskuteras om eller hur den svenska Försvarsmakten kan dra nytta av de andra nationernas erfarenheter. Resonemanget ger det generella slutsatsen att Försvarsmakten kan utveckla sin stridstaktiska förmåga genom att studera andra nationer. Ett snabbt konkret exempel vore att implementera skarpskyttevapnet ak4 med förstorande optiskt hjälpmedel i svenska Försvarsmaktens skytteförband.</p> / <p>The main purpose with this study is to investigate whether U.S. and British combat experience of the caliber 5.56 in Afghanistan is helping to develop the Armed Forces' tactical ability. The reason why I chose to rely on these countries is because they have more unclassified sources and has more combat experience than many others. This study was conducted through a qualitative text analysis of for example regulations, reports and articles. This essay shows that the Swedish Armed Forces standard caliber that is being used in today’s assault rifle (ak5c), were potent in battle tactics designed for the defence of Sweden. This is partly becauseof 5,56 own logistical advantages and also because light anti-tank weapons had priority over small arms weapons. This resulted in relatively short shooting distances. The study shows thereafter that the U.S. and British troops in today's conflict in Afghanistan, thinks that 5.56 is insufficient. Combat distances are generally too long for the caliber to deliver its optimum effect in the target. The study highlights what kind of actions these nations have taken, and what measures are planned to improve its combat tactical ability. The study reveals that the most optimal improvement, are to replace the 5.56 with a bigger medium sized caliber. Proposals to change the marksmanship training, optics development and to purchase new weapons are also mentioned. In the end of this essay there is a discussion on, or how the Swedish Armed Forces can implement U.S and British experiences. The reasoning in the final chapter gives the general answer that the Swedish Armed Forces indeed can develop their tactical combat skills by studying other nations. An example would be to implement the older ak4 with magnifying optics that could improve the longer range capabilities of the infantry units.</p>

Uppsatsens huvudsyfte är att undersöka om amerikanska och brittiska stridserfarenheter av kalibern 5,56 i Afghanistan kan bidra till att utveckla den svenska Försvarsmaktens taktiska förmåga. Anledningen till varför jag valde att utgå från dessa länder är därför att de har fler öppna källor samt har mer erfarenhet än många andra. Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ textanalys av bland annat reglementen, rapporter och artiklar. Uppsatsen visar att Försvarsmaktens kaliber till sin automatkarbin, 5,56, var potent för stridstaktikanpassad för invasionsförsvar. Detta delvis på grund av kaliberns egna logistiska fördelar men även därför att de prioriterade vapensystemen för infanteriförbanden, lätta pansarvärnsvapnen, innebar relativt korta stridsavstånd. Studien visar därefter att idag, för amerikanska och brittiska styrkor i dagens konflikt i Afghanistan, är 5,56 otillräcklig. Stridsavstånden är generellt för långa för att kalibern skall avge sin optimala verkan i målet. Studien belyser vad dessa nationer vidtagit för åtgärder, samt vilka åtgärder som planeras eller finns som förslag för att förbättra sin stridstaktiska förmåga. Den mest optimala förbättringen anser många är att byta ut kalibern 5,56 mot en grövre mellankaliber i spannet 5,56-7,62. Förslag som förändrad skjututbildning, optikutveckling och nya vapeninköp nämns också. I diskussionen diskuteras om eller hur den svenska Försvarsmakten kan dra nytta av de andra nationernas erfarenheter. Resonemanget ger det generella slutsatsen att Försvarsmakten kan utveckla sin stridstaktiska förmåga genom att studera andra nationer. Ett snabbt konkret exempel vore att implementera skarpskyttevapnet ak4 med förstorande optiskt hjälpmedel i svenska Försvarsmaktens skytteförband. / The main purpose with this study is to investigate whether U.S. and British combat experience of the caliber 5.56 in Afghanistan is helping to develop the Armed Forces' tactical ability. The reason why I chose to rely on these countries is because they have more unclassified sources and has more combat experience than many others. This study was conducted through a qualitative text analysis of for example regulations, reports and articles. This essay shows that the Swedish Armed Forces standard caliber that is being used in today’s assault rifle (ak5c), were potent in battle tactics designed for the defence of Sweden. This is partly becauseof 5,56 own logistical advantages and also because light anti-tank weapons had priority over small arms weapons. This resulted in relatively short shooting distances. The study shows thereafter that the U.S. and British troops in today's conflict in Afghanistan, thinks that 5.56 is insufficient. Combat distances are generally too long for the caliber to deliver its optimum effect in the target. The study highlights what kind of actions these nations have taken, and what measures are planned to improve its combat tactical ability. The study reveals that the most optimal improvement, are to replace the 5.56 with a bigger medium sized caliber. Proposals to change the marksmanship training, optics development and to purchase new weapons are also mentioned. In the end of this essay there is a discussion on, or how the Swedish Armed Forces can implement U.S and British experiences. The reasoning in the final chapter gives the general answer that the Swedish Armed Forces indeed can develop their tactical combat skills by studying other nations. An example would be to implement the older ak4 with magnifying optics that could improve the longer range capabilities of the infantry units.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T12:12:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFRS.pdf: 2872518 bytes, checksum: 745bb6d4d22ecbb4788958d4ee45dd45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T19:43:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFRS.pdf: 2872518 bytes, checksum: 745bb6d4d22ecbb4788958d4ee45dd45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T19:44:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFRS.pdf: 2872518 bytes, checksum: 745bb6d4d22ecbb4788958d4ee45dd45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T19:50:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseFRS.pdf: 2872518 bytes, checksum: 745bb6d4d22ecbb4788958d4ee45dd45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-11 / Não recebi financiamento / The Statistical Process Control (SPC) is recognized in the literature as one of the main tools for controlling and improving the quality and productivity. The control chart is a central element of the SPC; and these, statistical tools whose efficiency depends on certain skills and organizational behavior. With regard to the results to the organization, it is observed that the use of control charts can be divided into two groups: those that can be directly attributed to reduced variability called hard; and those associated with the motivational aspects, or organic, called Soft. Despite the arguments in favor of SPC survey, a study conducted in the automotive sector shows that about 70% of companies have some difficulty in conducting their activities related to the SPC. On this, the literature indicates that factors related to methodological, statistical and managerial aspects of control charts of the implementation process are conditions for the success of a structured plan of implementation of the SPC. Given this situation, it is objective of this thesis contribute to an effective use of control charts by national companies, and to advances in research. To this end, we opted for a field survey to capture and describe the perceptions of experts who use control charts and working in the automotive industry. The field research was structured in three basic dimensions - statistics, methodology and management, and the results achieved by the use of the SPC, divided into Soft and Hard. The method used was based on a survey, which has a population of interest was the managers of SPC programs that use the control charts for more than 01 years in the auto parts industry. This survey was sent to 98 individuals in the population of interest, identified in the Official Guide Auto parts Industry (2014), which resulted in 37 questionnaires and valid for analysis. The results of this field research validated the hypotheses in part the theoretical framework, but showed, besides the complexity and importance of methodological and managerial aspects in the implementation of the SPC, there is a significant gap between theory and practice. This may partly be explained by the dissonance between the main scientific advances in the field, especially in the statistical aspects, and the controversies about the real benefits of SPC program. As a result of this thesis is recommended that field research has been done for that to report real success stories of the SPC; whose cases are examined in depth so that good practice is disseminated in the academic environment. / O Controle Estatístico de Processo (CEP) é reconhecido na literatura como uma das principais ferramentas para o controle e melhoria da qualidade e da produtividade. Constata-se que as cartas ou gráficos de controle é um elemento central do CEP; sendo essas, ferramentas estatísticas cujo uso eficiente depende de determinadas habilidades e comportamentos organizacional. No que se refere aos resultados para a organização, observa-se que o uso das cartas de controle pode ser dividido em dois grupos: aqueles que podem ser diretamente atribuídos à redução da variabilidade, denominado de hard; e aqueles associados aos aspectos motivacionais, ou orgânicos, denominados de Soft. Apesar dos argumentos favoráveis ao CEP, pesquisa realizada no setor automotivo aponta que cerca de 70% das empresas apresentam alguma dificuldade na condução das suas atividades relacionadas ao CEP. Sobre isso, a literatura indica que fatores relacionados aos aspectos metodológicos, estatísticos e gerenciais do processo de implantação das cartas de controle são condicionantes para o sucesso de um plano estruturado de implantação do CEP. Diante deste quadro, é objetivo desta tese contribuir para um efetivo uso das cartas de controlo pelas empresas nacionais, e também para avanços no campo da pesquisa. Para tal, optou-se por uma pesquisa de campo para captar e descrever as percepções de especialistas que usam gráficos de controle estatístico e que atuam na indústria automotiva. A pesquisa de campo foi estruturada em três dimensões básicas - a estatística, a metodológica e a gerencial, e nos resultados alcançados pelo uso do CEP, subdivididos em Soft e Hard. O método utilizado baseou-se em uma pesquisa de campo por amostragem, cuja população de interesse foi os gestores dos programas CEP que utilizam as cartas de controle estatístico por mais de 01 ano na indústria de autopeças. Foi enviado um total de 98 questionários para indivíduos da população de interesse, identificados no Guia Oficial do Setor de Autopeças (2014), que resultaram em 37 questionários respondidos e válidos para análise. Os resultados desta pesquisa de campo validaram em parte as hipóteses do referencial teórico, porém mostrou, além da complexidade e a importância dos aspectos metodológicos e gerenciais na implantação do CEP, que há uma lacuna significativa entre a teoria e a prática. Isso em parte pode ser explicado pela dissonância entre os principais avanços científicos na área, sobre tudo nos aspectos estatísticos, e as controvérsias sobre os reais benefícios de um programa CEP. Recomenda-se, como resultado desta tese, que pesquisas de campo sejam realizadas para que se relatem casos reais de sucesso do CEP; cujos casos sejam analisados em profundidade, para que boas práticas sejam disseminadas no ambiente acadêmico.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Gasperetti Bernardes.pdf: 340478 bytes, checksum: e7607ce7b14aaeb829dc30404a832e1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-14 / Si avvicina alla germogliatura del catasto de consumatori, di fronte alla necessità del commercio per proteggersi dell'insolvibilità. Presenta lo sviluppo della struttura di questo cadastros, in conformità con i progressi tecnologici significativi di ultime decenni. Analizza l'uso del catasto dei consumatori per istituzioni finanziarie e l'abuso di potere economico, commessi da coloro a scapito dei consumatori. Note gli abusi commessi da istituzioni finanziarie e dei mezzi di tutela dei consumatori. Conclude la definizione di quello che dovrebbe essere il ruolo del catasto dei consumatori a vantaggio dei consumatori e del commercio, senza alcun pregiudizio al diritto di una delle parti. / Aborda o surgimento dos cadastros de consumidores, face a necessidade do comércio de proteger-se da inadimplência. Apresenta a evolução da estrutura destes cadastros, de acordo com os significativos avanços tecnológicos das últimas décadas. Analisa a utilização dos cadastros de consumidores pelas instituições financeiras e os abusos do poder econômico cometidos por essas, em detrimento dos consumidores. Verifica as práticas abusivas cometidas pelas instituições financeiras e os meios de defesa do consumidor. Conclui definindo qual deve ser o papel dos cadastros de consumidores em benefício do comércio e dos consumidores, sem que haja lesão a direito de qualquer parte.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Thermodynamic models have been investigated extensively since Johannes van der Waals first devised a mathematical relation capable of predicting both vapour and liquid phases for a mixture at equilibrium. With the advent of modern computing power, these equations of state have gone from their humble empirical beginnings to the comprehensive and fundamentally derived models we have today. One such physically sound model is the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT) family of equations, derived from the molecular perturbation theories of the 1980’s. The relative youth of this thermodynamic framework has meant that much work has gone into modification and optimisation of the model recently. The variants of particular interest to this work are the simplified perturbed chain SAFT equations with the Jog & Chapman (sPC-SAFTJC) and Gross & Vrabec (sPC-SAFTGV) polar terms. Each of the polar terms supports one adjustable polar parameter that relates to the quantity of polar segments in the reference fluid but not necessarily its position in the carbon chain. The strength of polar interactions is known to decrease as the functional group moves away from the terminal methyl group and the effects of steric hindrance increase. Thus, in question here is whether the models can account for the change in polar interactions associated with the changing position of the polar group, by only adjusting the values of the existing pure component parameters; that is, in lieu of a position specific parameter. The carbonyl group in ketone molecules is one such polar group, and it is this homologous series that is the focus of this study. The decrease in polar interactions as the carbonyl group in a ketone molecule shifts centrally is apparent from the lower boiling points of the isomers where the polar group is central as compared to those where the functional group is nearer the terminal methyl group. The effect of this functional group shift on binary phase behaviour has not previously been assessed for any system however, as the lack of experimental data attests. Thus, experiments had to be conducted to generate phase equilibrium data for systems comprising each structural isomer of a mid-length ketone with a common second component with no functionality. This limitation was imposed to isolate the cause of experimentally observed phenomena to the shifting polar group alone. The generated data could then be appropriately modelled using the polar sPC-SAFT variants and the capabilities of each model, as outlined above, assessed. To this end, isobaric binary vapour-liquid equilibrium data were measured for 2-, 3- & 4-heptanone with three separate normal alkanes of similar length (n-octane, n-nonane & n-decane) at 40kPa. The apparatus used was a dynamic Gillespie VLE still with temperature and pressure accuracies of 0.03°C and 1.6mbar respectively. Equipment verification was achieved through the reproduction of experimental data for the ethanol/1-butanol system at 1.013bar. The vapour and liquid samples for all nine systems were analysed by gas chromatography with a maximum compositional error of ±0.022 mole fraction. All reported data were found to be thermodynamically consistent using both the L/W and McDermott-Ellis consistency tests. When paired with a common n-alkane, all three structural heptanone isomers displayed similar qualitative trends in phase behaviour. Minimum boiling azeotropes were measured in all nine systems; in the high alkane region for n-octane systems (~98 mole%), the equal concentration region for n-nonane systems (34 mole% to 53 mole%) and in the very dilute n-alkane region for n-decane systems (~3 mole%). The n-nonane systems in particular highlighted the effect of shifting functional group, with completely separate phase envelopes away from the pure alkane composition space evident in a particularly small temperature range. Modelling was performed using in-house developed software, with pure component parameters generated for each system using five different regression procedures. The first was traditional fitting of the segment diameter (σ), segment number (m), segment energy (є/k) and the respective polar parameter (xp, np) to DIPPR correlations of pure component saturated vapour pressure, liquid density and the heat of vaporisation. The latter four procedures included the fixing of the polar parameter according to functional group correlations and the three instances of including the binary VLE data set for each of the three alkanes considered in this work. When applied to the nine binary ketone-alkane systems measured in this work, excellent predictions of the experimental data were in evidence in most cases and only small binary interaction parameters were necessary to correlate the data where pure predictions were poor. The performance of the parameter sets based on the fixing of the polar parameter and the inclusion of VLE data were consistent and of a high quality for both models, with near identical parameters generated in all four cases for each of the nine systems. The parameter sets generated in this fashion were shown to be applicable not only to the systems measured in this work, but also successfully predicted the independently measured experimental data of the n-hexane/4-heptanone system. It was thus concluded that either of these regression alternatives are viable for the generation of accurate component parameters, and the choice of VLE data set included is trivial. The pure predictions of the sPC-SAFTGV model were generally better than its sPC-SAFTJC counterpart, particularly in the case of the traditionally regressed parameter sets. sPC-SAFTGV displayed constant qualitative agreement with the experimental data for each of the heptanone isomers with a given n-alkane. The quality of the predictions of sPC-SAFTJC, however, worsened significantly as the polar interactions diminished from 2- to 4-heptanone, with no predictions even possible for the least polar isomer. This was attributed to the different perturbation theories used in the development of these terms, but a more detailed study would be necessary to confirm this. This work thus shows an apparent inability of the sPC-SAFTJC equation of state to account for the decreasing polar interactions associated with the carbonyl group in a ketone molecule shifting centrally, while sPC-SAFTGV produces qualitatively good fits for all three isomers. These flaws can be overcome through the incorporation of VLE data in the regression procedure if such data is available, or otherwise through the use of group specific correlations for fixing the polar parameter value. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert Johannes van der Waals die eerste wiskundige verhouding ontwikkel het wat beide die damp- en vloeibare fases van 'n mengsel by ewewig kon voorspel, is die veld van termodinamiese modellering al deeglik ondersoek. Na die koms van die moderne rekenaars het hierdie vergelykings van hul nederige empiriese wortels gegroei tot die omvattende, fundamentele modelle wat ons vandag het. Een so 'n fundamenteel gebaseerde familie van vergelykings is die ‘Statistical Associating Fluid Theory’ (SAFT) modelle, wat afgelei is vanaf molekulêre versteuringsteorieë, ontwikkel in die 1980s. Hierdie relatiewe jong modelle het in die afgelope ruk aansienlike aanpassing en optimering ondervind. Modelvariante van besondere belang tot hierdie werk, is die vereenvoudigde versteurde ketting of ‘simplified perturbed chain’ SAFT vergelykings, met Jog & Chapman (sPC- SAFTJC) en Gross & Vrabec (sPC- SAFTGV) polêre terme. In die sPC-SAFT toestandsvergelyking word elkeen van die polêre terme ondersteun deur een polêre veranderlike. Hierdie veranderlike is afhanklik van die aantal polêre segmente in die verwysingsvloeistof, maar nie noodwendig hul posisie in die koolstofketting nie. Daarteen is dit bekend dat die polêre interaksies tussen molekules swakker word soos die polêre groep wegbeweeg van die terminale metielgroep, en steriese hindernis ʼn groter rol begin speel. Dus is die vraag of die model die verandering in die polêre interaksie, as gevolg van veranderende posisie van die polêre groep, kan voorspel deur in plek van ʼn posisie afhanklike parameter, slegs ʼn aanpassing van die polêre waardes van die suiwer komponente te maak. Die karbonielgroep in ketoon molekules is een so 'n polêre groep, en ʼn homoloë reeks ketone word in hierdie studie ondersoek. Die afname in die polêre interaksie soos wat die karbonielgroep in 'n ketoon molekule weg skuif vanaf die terminale metiel groep is sigbaar deur die afname in kookpunt van die verskillende isomere. Hierdie effek van die funksionele groepsposisie op binêre fasegedrag is nog nie voorheen vir enige stelsels geëvalueer nie en geen eksperimentele data is vrylik beskikbaar nie. Om hierdie tekortkoming in die literatuur aan te spreek, is eksperimentele fase ewewig data gemeet. ʼn Reeks stelsels is ondersoek wat elk bestaan uit ʼn struktuurisomeer van ʼn mid-lengte ketoon en ʼn tweede komponent met geen funksionele bydrae. Eksperimente is so opgestel om die effek van die skuiwende polêre groep op die fasegedrag te isoleer en kwalitatief te ondersoek. Die gegenereerde data is dan gemodelleer met behulp van die polêre sPC- SAFT variante, soos hierbo gespesifiseer, en die vermoëns van elke model is beoordeel. Isobariese binêre fase ewewig data is by 40kPa gemeet vir damp-vloeistof stelsels bestaande uit 2, 3 & 4 heptanoon, gemeng met drie verskillende normaal alkane van vergelykbare kettinglengte (n-oktaan, n-nonaan & n-dekaan). Die apparaat wat gebruik was is 'n dinamiese Gillespie VLE eenheid met temperatuur- en drukakkuraatheid van 0,03°C en 1.6mbar, onderskeidelik. Die akkuraatheid van die toerusting is bevestig deur eksperimentele data vir ʼn etanol/1-butanol stelsel by 1.013bar te reproduseer. Die damp en vloeibare monsters vir al nege stelsels is ontleed deur gaschromatografie met 'n maksimum komposisionele fout van ± 0,022 (molfraksie). Alle data is as termodinamies konsekwent gevind deur van beide die L/W en McDermott-Ellis konsekwentheidstoetse gebruik te maak. Mengsels van die drie strukturele isomere van heptanoon met ʼn gemene n-alkaan het tydens eksperimente soortgelyke kwalitatiewe tendense in fasegedrag getoon. Gedurende eksperimente is die lae kookpunt asiotrope gemeet vir al nege stelsels. Die asiotrope verskyn in die hoë alkaan konsentrasies (~98 mol%) vir n-oktaan stelsels, medium konsentrasies (34 mol% tot 53 mol%) vir n-nonaan stelsels en baie verdunde konsentrasies (~ 3 mol%) vir n-dekaan stelsels. Die n-nonaan stelsels beeld veral die effek van die verskuiwing van die funksionele groep uit, met diskrete fasegrense wat duidelik apart staan van die suiwer alkaan ruimte, binne ʼn klein temperatuurverskil. Modellering van die stelsels is uitgevoer met behulp van sagteware wat in-huis ontwikkel is. Suiwer komponent data is gegenereer vir elke stelsel deur van vyf verskillende regressie prosedures gebruik te maak. Die eerste is die tradisionele passing van die segment deursnee (σ), segment nommer (m), segment energie (є/k) en die onderskeie polêre parameters (xp, np) op DIPPR korrelasies van die suiwer komponent versadigde dampdruk, vloeistof digtheid en die hitte van verdamping. Die oorblywende vier prosedures sluit in die bepaling van die polêre parameter deur funksionelegroep korrelasies, en drie gevalle waar die binêre VLE data vir elk van die drie alkane ingesluit is. Deur hierdie prosedures op die modellering van die nege binêre ketoon/alkaan stelsels toe te pas, is uitstekende passings van die eksperimentele data verkry met slegs baie klein binêre interaksie parameters nodig waar voorspellings minder akkuraat was. Die prestasie van die parameter stelle, gebaseer op die bepaling van die polêre parameter en die insluiting van VLE data, is konsekwent en van 'n hoë gehalte vir albei modelle, met 'n byna identiese parameters gegenereer in al vier gevalle vir elk van die nege stelsels. Die parameter stelle wat op hierdie metode gegenereer is, is nie net toepaslik gevind op eksperimentele data gemeet in hierdie werk nie, maar ook op onafhanklike data vir die n-heksaan/4-heptanoon stelsel. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat beide van die regressie alternatiewe lewensvatbaar is vir die generasie van akkurate suiwer komponent parameters, en dat die insluiting van die VLE data triviaal is. Die suiwer sPC - SAFTGV voorspelling was oor die algemeen beter as die suiwer sPC- SAFTJC model met die voorspelling van data, veral in die geval van passings gedoen met parameters verkry vanaf tradisionele regressie metodes. sPC- SAFTGV het ʼn voortdurende, kwalitatiewe ooreenkoms met eksperimentele data getoon vir elk van die nege stelsels. Daarteen het voorspellings deur sPC- SAFTJC beduidend verswak soos die polêre interaksies afgeneem het vanaf 2- na 4- heptanoon, met geen akkurate voorspelling moontlik vir die minste polêre isomeer nie. Die verskynsel kan toegeskryf word aan die verskil in versteuringsteorieë wat gebruik word in die ontwikkeling van die onderskeie toestandsvergelykings, maar ʼn meer in-diepte ondersoek is nodig om hierdie teorie te bevestig. Hierdie werk toon dus 'n skynbare onvermoë van die sPC - SAFTJC toestandsvergelyking om die verandering in polêre interaksie, as gevolg van die veranderende posisie van die polêre groep, vir die karbonielgroep in ʼn ketoon te voorspel, terwyl die sPC-SAFTGV toestandsvergelyking goeie kwalitatiewe passings vir al drie isomere bied. Hierdie tekortkominge kan oorkom word deur VLE data, indien beskikbaar, in die regressie prosedure in te sluit, of deur die gebruik van groep spesifieke korrelasies vir die aanpassing van die polêre parameter.

Metodología para estimar un modelo matemático desarrollado y validado a partir de la información obtenida en un proceso, para explicar y predecir la variación observable en una característica de calidad así como un modelo que explique el coste de la variación. Los modelos se obtienen utilizando herramientas de control estadístico y los conceptos de costes de calidad y su combinación permite identificar las actuaciones más eficaces para la mejora del proceso y predecir su resultado. La aplicación práctica se realiza en un proceso de fabriación de baldosas cerámicas para reducir la variación dimensional.

With the globalization era, software companies around the world not only have to face competition in the domestic industry, as well as the subsequent challenge of large international companies. For this reason, domestic software companies must to upgrade their own software quality. Domestic government agencies and non-governmental units together promote Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). Hope to improve their quality of software development process through internationalized professional evaluation. Towards the high-maturity software development process, software development process should be estimated quantitatively in CMMI Level 4. There are frequently used statistical process control (SPC) methods, including control charts, fishbone diagram, pareto charts ... and other related practices. Its goal is to maintain stability of overall software development process, so the output performance can be expected. Primitive SPC applied in manufacturing industry, successfully improving the quality of their products. But some characteristics of software, such as software development is human-intensive and innovative activities. It increases not only variability of control, but also difficulties of implementation. In this study, collate and analyze the operational framework of SPC and CMMI Level 4 through study of literature and case study with the case company-A company's practices. It contains two points, one is organization point of view, the other is methodological point of view. Organizational point of view includes stage of CMMI Level 4 and SPC implemented in the software industry, as well as how to design the organizational structure. Methodological point of view includes the steps to run SPC¡Buseful methods and tools. Methodological point of view also uses control theory to collate relevant control mechanisms. Finally, we illustrate how to integrate SPC into the company's system development life cycle. The framework can provide a reference for domestic software companies of longing for implementing CMMI Level 4 and SPC.

The Diploma thesis is focused on possibilities of an assessment of a hydraulic switchboard and its manufacturing process. Furthermore, it analyses methods individually which are suitable for quality assurance and production reliability, which are described in details. The follow-up work focuses more on the Statistical Process Control (SPC) method which is applicable in the early warning system and the Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) method, applicable in the planning system. These two methods are further applied to the newly introduced process of machining the hydraulic switchboard as an effective tool not only for assessing the reliability of production, but also for its subsequent securing and maintaining in a relevant condition.

The aim of the theoretical part of this thesis is to describe the system of the aluminium casting alloys, with focus on the aluminium castings used for die casting. In this part of the thesis the different methods of the quality management are described. The practical application of these methods is described in the experimental part of this thesis, in which we focus on the evaluation of the statistical quality management and the process stability of the die casting parts of the selector mechanism cover. This part of the thesis also contains suggestion for the QFD method for this cast.